大豆多肽制备中蛋白酶的选择

对酶解法制备大豆多肽中不同来源蛋白酶的价格、酶解工艺、产品特性等进行了比较,指出了微生物蛋白酶作为制备大豆多肽用酶的优越性,分析了目前大豆多肽研究中存在的一些问题,并针对存在的问题提出了几点建议.     

Breeding for pre-harvest sprouting resistance in bread wheat under rainfed conditions

Pre-harvest sprouting in wheat is the germination of seeds within the spikes when rains occur after or during grain ripening, which occurs commonly in the barani tract of Pakistan. Therefore, 10 cultivars and five advanced lines of spring bread wheat were evaluated for pre-harvest sprouting resistance. After natural rainfall, seeds were immediately collected from the wet spikes and tested for germinating ability. Three different germination tests were applied to hand-threshed seed: (1) spikes threshed on the day of sampling and germination tested immediately, (2) spikes threshed on the day of sampling and germination tested 1 week later, and (3) spikes threshed 1 week after sampling and germination test immediately after threshing. Seeds and spikes kept for 1 week were place on blotting paper at room temperature. Cultivars BARS-09, 09FJ17, Doukkala-12, NARC-09 and Ouassou-20 exhibited higher sprouting resistance while other genotypes were susceptible to pre-harvest sprouting in each of the three tests. A diallel crossing was conducted with six susceptible and two resistant genotypes to assess the genetic behavior of pre-harvest sprouting resistance. The combining ability (CA) demonstrated a higher proportion of additive genetic effects for sprouting resistance, because of higher variance of general and specific CA for both parameters under study. Doukkala-12 and BARS-09 showed increased pre-harvest sprouting resistance in their F₁ descendants.     

原料含水率对筒仓式反应器堆肥氮素转化的影响

为研究原料含水率对工程规模筒仓式反应器堆肥过程中氮素转化的影响,提高堆肥产品中有效氮养分含量,以污泥和稻糠为主要原料,设置堆肥起始物料含水率(质量比)为57%、60%、63%和66%,分析堆肥过程中温度与种子发芽指数等基础指标和不同形态的氮素指标变化。结果表明:原料含水率为60%~63%时,堆肥物料在反应器内升温较快,堆体温度可达60 ℃以上且在不同物料深度分布较均匀,种子发芽指数达到80%以上。随着原料含水率的增加,总氮和硝态氮含量先增加后减少,铵态氮含量逐渐下降,有机态氮和酰胺及氰氨态氮含量逐渐增加。原料含水率为63%时总氮养分含量最高(14.20 g/kg),原料含水率为60%时有效态氮养分含量最高(9.53 g/kg)。综上,筒仓式反应器堆肥过程中原料含水率为60%~63%时有利于提高堆肥物料中氮养分含量。     

Contribution of ear photosynthesis to grain yield under rainfed and irrigation conditions for winter wheat cultivars released in the past 30 years in North China Plain

To understand the contribution of ear photosynthesis to grain yield and its response to water supply in the improvement of winter wheat, 15 cultivars released from 1980 to 2012 in North China Plain(NCP) were planted under rainfed and irrigated conditions from 2011 to 2013, and the ear photosynthesis was tested by ear shading. During the past 30 years, grain yield significantly increased, the flag leaf area slightly increased under irrigated condition but decreased significantly under rainfed condition, the ratio of grain weight:leaf area significantly increased, and the contribution of ear photosynthesis to grain yield changed from 33.6 to 64.5% and from 32.2 to 57.2% under rainfed and irrigated conditions, respectively. Grain yield, yield components, and ratio of grain weight:leaf area were positively related with contribution of ear photosynthesis. The increase in grain yield in winter wheat was related with improvement in ear photosynthesis contribution in NCP, especially under rainfed condition.     

Apparent electrical conductivity measurements in an olive orchard under wet and dry soil conditions: significance for clay and soil water content mapping

Mediterranean olive trees traditionally grow under rainfed conditions, on poor soils with steep slopes. Rainfall is mainly concentrated during autumn and winter and is characterized by intense rain pulses, separated by dry periods. The use of electromagnetic induction (EMI) techniques in these olive orchards might be questioned since EMI surveys are generally recommended to be performed under moist soil conditions. A 6.7 ha olive orchard was surveyed for EMI-based apparent electrical conductivity (ECa), both under wet and dry soil conditions. In addition, 48 soil samples were analyzed for soil texture and for soil water content (SWC) under both soil conditions. The relationships between ECa, soil texture and SWC, under both soil conditions were evaluated. Despite the significantly larger ECa values measured during the wet survey as compared to the dry survey, a similar spatial correlation structure was found, indicating temporally stable ECa patterns. Significant correlations (r) were found between both surveys for ECa (r = 0.67) and for SWC (r = 0.63). The correlation between SWC and clay content exceeded 0.60 for both surveys, and the correlation between ECa and clay content was twice as high under wet soil conditions as compared to dry soil. In both situations, the ECa surveys revealed the same patterns of soil texture, indicating that moist soil conditions are not an absolute prerequisite for the use of EMI to map the spatial variability of these soil properties. Nonetheless, measuring the ECa under different moisture conditions can provide additional information about soil moisture dynamics.