森林草莓与栽培草莓体外抗氧化能力比较

为了鉴定草莓抗氧化物质含量和抗氧化能力,筛选具有较高营养价值的草莓遗传资源,以森林草莓和10个栽培草莓品种为试材,测定抗氧化物质,如总多酚、类黄酮、花青素、维生素C含量;采用2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐自由基(ABTS)清除法、铁离子还原能力(FRAP)测评了不同试材的体外抗氧化能力。结果表明,森林草莓抗氧化物质含量和抗氧化能力要远高于测试的栽培草莓;在10个栽培品种中,哈尼和凤冠的营养品质表现较好;总多酚含量与抗氧化能力呈显著正相关关系。主成分分析表明总多酚是草莓抗氧化能力的重要物质基础,即花青素与维生素C也是草莓抗氧化能力的主要组成参数。遗传背景对于草莓的抗氧化物质和抗氧化能力起重要作用;森林草莓的抗氧化能力高于测试的栽培品种,具有进一步开发和综合利用潜力。     

笋子芥和茎瘤芥生物活性物质与抗氧化能力分析

为了全面了解笋子芥和茎瘤芥的营养价值,以笋子芥和茎瘤芥为研究对象,对茎肉、茎皮和叶柄等食用部位的生物活性物质含量与抗氧化能力进行分析。结果表明,不同类型和食用部位间的生物活性物质含量与抗氧化能力存在显著差异。叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、原花青素、类黄酮、总酚和抗氧化能力均呈现叶柄茎皮茎肉的趋势,维生素C与之相反;茎瘤芥中的生物活性物质含量显著高于笋子芥,而笋子芥的抗氧化能力显著高于茎瘤芥。主成分分析表明,生物活性物质含量差异主要来自于食用部位因素,其次是类型因素。遗传方差比率分析表明,叶绿素、维生素C、原花青素和类黄酮含量和抗氧化能力的变异受食用部位的影响大于类型的影响,而类胡萝卜素和总酚则相反,此外,叶绿素和维生素C受类型×食用部位互作因素的影响较大。相关性分析表明,抗氧化能力与原花青素和类黄酮含量呈显著正相关关系,表明原花青素和类黄酮对抗氧化能力可能有较大贡献。本研究为人们日常膳食及其营养搭配提供一定依据和参考。     

腌制加工对不同品种叶用芥菜抗氧化物质含量和抗氧化活性的影响

本试验以4个不同品种叶用芥菜为材料,研究了腌制加工对叶用芥菜抗氧化物质含量(维生素C、总酚、总黄酮)和抗氧化活性(TEAC值和FRAP值)的影响。结果表明:与腌制前相比芥菜中抗氧化物质含量与抗氧化活性都有不同程度的下降。维生素C含量下降最为显著(P<0.01),幅度为40.70%~57.46%,总黄酮含量下降不显著,幅度为2.30%~10.62%,总酚介于二者之间;抗氧化活性的变化在品种间存在较大差异,雪里蕻和金丝芥腌制后抗氧化活性下降幅度未达到显著水平(TEAC 8.49%~10.83%,FRAP 9.03%~14.06%),而笋壳青菜和瘤子芥菜下降幅度达到显著水平(TEAC 14.45%~19.14%,FRAP 28.05%~35.77%,P<0.05)。总酚和总黄酮与抗氧化活性呈现极显著的正相关,总酚与TEAC和FRAP的R2分别为0.9482和0.9395,总黄酮与TEAC和FRAP的R2分别为0.8287和0.9129。维生素C与抗氧化活性的相关性较弱(TEAC,R2=0.2968,FRAP,R2=0.0979),酚类物质在腌制叶用芥菜抗氧化活性中起重要作用。     

日喀则市青稞全籽粒抗氧化品质研究

为揭示日喀则青稞全籽粒所含酚类物质与抗氧化能力间的关系,遴选出抗氧化品质优异的品种,对13份青稞材料的酚类物质含量和抗氧化能力进行了品种间的多重比较分析、酚类物质含量和抗氧化能力的相关分析、抗氧化品质的主成分分析以及品种间的聚类分析。结果表明,按籽粒颜色可将13份青稞品种划分为棕、紫、黑三色,深色(紫色和黑色)品种中花色苷、原花青素、总黄酮和总酚含量较高,且氧化自由基吸收能力(ORAC)、铁离子还原能力(FRAP)、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基清除能力也高于浅色(棕色)品种。ORAC、FRAP、DPPH自由基清除能力与酚类物质含量之间存在显著或极显著相关性,而金属离子螯合能力(MCC)与酚类物质无显著相关性。主成分分析和聚类分析结果表明,可通过籽粒颜色来进行青稞抗氧化品质初筛,深色青稞品种尤其是黑色青稞品种籽粒抗氧化品质最高。研究青稞籽粒酚类物质抗氧化有助于完善青稞抗氧化品质评价体系,为开发青稞抗氧化功能食品筛选出抗氧化能力优异的品种。     

加工过程中冷打浆沙棘浓缩浊汁理化特性的变化

为了研究沙棘浓缩浊汁加工及其品质的变化,该文以沙棘果为原料,研究了冷打浆法生产沙棘浊汁及浓缩浊汁加工和贮藏过程中的理化变化。结果表明:冷打浆工艺制得到的沙棘浊汁品质优良,其可溶性固形物质量分数高达18.0%,总酸度达4.24%,含维生素C 729.69 mg/100 mL,总黄酮445.17 mg/100 mL,总多酚924.67 mg/100 mL,多糖25.22 mg/100 mL。在45℃,真空度为0.095~0.1 MPa的条件下对沙棘浊汁减压浓缩,随着浓缩倍数的增加,加热时间延长,沙棘浊汁营养和保健成分减少,总酸度增加,pH值减小,褐变指数增大,5-HMF含量增加;与3倍和4倍沙棘浓缩浊汁相比,2倍沙棘浓缩浊汁营养和保健成分保存率最高,褐变指数较小、5-HMF含量较低。不同浓缩倍数的沙棘浊汁在自然室温(10~25℃)和冷藏条件(5~8℃)下放置60 d,维生素C、总黄酮、总多酚和多糖含量呈下降趋势,pH值和总酸度变化不明显,褐变指数增加,5-HMF含量增加;相同浓缩倍数的沙棘浊汁在冷藏条件下放置比在自然室温条件下放置时营养和保健成分的保存率高,冷藏条件下2倍沙棘浓缩浊汁的营养和保健成分的保存率最高,其维生素C、总黄酮、总多酚、多糖的保存率比室温条件下2倍沙棘浓缩浊汁分别高11.46%、20.44%、18.37%、9.83%,且冷藏条件下放置的沙棘浓缩浊汁褐变指数小,5-HMF含量低,冷藏条件有利于沙棘浓缩浊汁的保存;2倍沙棘浓缩浊汁在室温条件下贮藏不稳定,在冷藏条件下其贮藏稳定性优于3倍和4倍沙棘浓缩浊汁。     

油菜素甾醇对萝卜芽菜生物活性物质的影响

为探究油菜素甾醇对萝卜芽菜生物活性物质的影响,用表油菜素内酯及其类似物高芸薹素单独或者与氯化钠共同处理萝卜芽菜,测定并分析其芥子油苷、花青素、维生素C和总多酚的含量以及抗氧化能力的变化。结果表明,20 nmol·L~(-1)表油菜素内酯单独处理时,芥子油苷含量显著降低,但与40mmol·L~(-1)氯化钠共处理时,芥子油苷含量显著上升;20 nmol·L~(-1)高芸薹素单独处理或者与40 mmol·L~(-1)氯化钠共处理则对芥子油苷含量无显著影响。此外,表油菜素内酯和高芸薹素单独处理或者分别与氯化钠共处理均能显著提高花青素和维生素C的含量,但对总多酚含量和抗氧化能力均无显著影响。综上,表油菜素内酯与氯化钠共处理是提高萝卜芽菜中芥子油苷、花青素以及维生素C等主要生物活性物质的有效手段,这为通过化学调控的方法改良萝卜芽菜的品质提供了理论依据和技术支撑。     

超声预处理大米蛋白制备抗氧化肽

为优化中性蛋白酶酶解大米蛋白制备抗氧化肽的工艺条件,采用超声波预处理大米蛋白.以1,1-二苯基-2-苦基苯肼(DPPH)清除率为响应值,用响应面分析法研究超声功率、超声处理时间和超声处理初始温度对制备抗氧化肽工艺的影响.同时研究了其抗氧化肽清除超氧自由基、DPPH、羟自由基能力及螯合Fe2 和还原能力.结果表明:最佳超声预处理大米蛋白的工艺为:超声功率1500 W、超声处理时间20 min、超声处理初始温度40℃,该条件下的抗氧化肽(2.2057 g/L)清除DPPH可达到74.8%,抗氧化肽得率为33.2%.与未经超声预处理比较,抗氧化肽得率提高了43.7%,DPPH的半抑制率(IC50)降低了17.7%.抗氧化试验表明,大米蛋白抗氧化肽清除超氧自由基、DPPH和羟自由基的IC50值分别为0.0678、0.9315和0.1173 g/L,分别是维生素C的IC50值的1.8、175.8和1.4倍;其螯合Fe2 的IC50值是乙二胺四乙酸的42.2倍,还原能力是维生素C的0.7倍.     

3种热带果树叶子甲醇粗提物的抗氧化活性比较

为了研究热带果树的抗氧化活性,以木菠萝、人心果和龙眼叶为原料,经75%甲醇超声辅助提取,得到3种提取物。分别采用Folin-Ciocalteau法和分光光度法测定总酚和类黄酮含量;以维生素C为对照,分别测定各提取物对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基(DPPH·)、自由基阳离子(ABTS+·)、铁离子和钼离子的还原能力及金属螯合能力。结果表明:人心果叶、木菠萝叶和龙眼叶都具有较强的清除DPPH和ABTS自由基能力、对铁离子和钼离子还原能力和金属螯合能力,其中人心果叶活性最强,龙眼叶最弱,且抗氧化活性与总酚含量存在显著的相关性。人心果叶、木菠萝叶和龙眼叶是较好的抗氧化原料,将具有广阔的应用价值和利用前景。     

香椿老叶中活性物质提取及其抗氧化活性的研究

该文对香椿老叶抗氧化活性物质的提取工艺进行了研究,筛选出纯化用大孔吸附树脂,并对该树脂纯化出的活性物质进行了抗氧化活性研究。结果表明,最佳提取工艺为60％乙醇、60℃、料液比1∶30、提取4 h;筛选出最优纯化树脂AB-8,经该树脂纯化后物质具有很强的抗氧化活性,总还原力为(863.59±13.90)mg/g,1,1-二苯基苦基苯阱(DPPH)自由基清除能力和三价铁还原抗氧化能力测试(FRAP)均呈现明显的剂量依赖性关系,显著高于相同浓度的2,4二叔丁基甲基苯酚(BHT)(P<0.01),与同浓度的维生素C相当。     

刺梨及其近缘种质叶片主要活性物质含量及抗氧化性分析

为明确刺梨及其2个近缘种质无籽刺梨和无刺刺梨叶片中活性物质含量变化及其对抗氧化能力的贡献,本研究以刺梨、无籽刺梨和无刺刺梨为试验材料,测定其不同叶龄叶片(幼叶、成熟叶和老叶)中维生素C(Vc)、总三萜、总酚、总黄酮含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性变化,并用铁离子还原(FRAP)、2,2'-联氨-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)和1,1-二苯基-2-苦肼基(DPPH)3种体系分析其体外抗氧化能力,同时对5种抗氧化活性物质进行主成分分析。结果表明,3个材料的不同叶龄叶片中,总酚、总黄酮、Vc含量和SOD活性变化以及3种抗氧化活性均依次表现为成熟叶>幼叶>老叶,而总三萜含量均在老叶中为最高;3个试验材料成熟叶中,无刺刺梨的总酚含量及其对ABTS自由基的清除能力、刺梨的Vc含量及其对DPPH自由基的清除能力,以及无籽刺梨的SOD活性及其对FRAP抗氧化能力均高于其他2个材料,刺梨老叶中的总三萜含量显著高于其他2个材料。相关性分析表明,总酚、总黄酮、Vc与3种抗氧化方法测定结果呈显著正相关;主成分分析表明,成熟叶中具有抗氧化能力的5种活性物质对抗氧化能力贡献依次表现为总酚、Vc>总三萜、SOD>总黄酮,且3种主成分的累计贡献率达90%以上。本研究结果为了解和开发利用上述3个蔷薇属种质叶片功能成分提供了理论依据。     

Effects of blood orange juice intake on antioxidant bioavailability and on different markers related to oxidative stress

Orange juice is a source of antioxidants that might afford in vivo protection from oxidative stress. To test this hypothesis, we carried out a human intervention study with blood orange juice containing high amounts of vitamin C, anthocyanins, and carotenoids. Sixteen healthy female volunteers were enrolled in a crossover study and were given 600 mL/day of blood orange juice or a diet without juice for 21 days. Before and after each intervention period, plasma vitamin C, cyanidin-3-glucoside, and carotenoids were quantified. Furthermore, plasma antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde concentration in plasma, 11-dehydrotromboxane B(2) urinary excretion, and lymphocyte DNA damage were evaluated as biomarkers of oxidative stress. Blood orange juice consumption determined a significant increase in plasma vitamin C, cyanidin-3-glucoside, beta-cryptoxanthin, and zeaxanthin. Also, lymphocyte DNA resistance to oxidative stress was improved whereas no effect was observed on the other markers that we analyzed. In turn, these results suggest that blood orange juice is a bioavailable source of antioxidants, which might moderately improve the antioxidant defense system; however, the long-term effects of its consumption are to be further investigated.     

Storage temperature effects on blood orange fruit quality.

Orange fruits of two blood varieties (Tarocco and Moro) were stored at 8 degrees C and 22 degrees C for 85 and 106 days, respectively, and analyzed periodically for standard quality parameters (total soluble solids, total acidity, ascorbic acid, juice yield, and rind color) and sensory influencing parameters (anthocyanins, and total and free hydroxycinnamic acids). A decrease in total acidity (TA) and juice yield during storage was observed for both cultivars; total soluble solids (TSS) increased only in the Tarocco oranges stored at 8 degrees C. The increase in TSS observed for Tarocco and the simultaneous decrease in TA in both varieties resulted in a higher maturity index (TSS/TA) for the two cultivars. No loss of vitamin C was noted in Tarocco orange at either temperature, whereas a sharp reduction in vitamin C occurred in the first 50 days of storage for Moro. A significant increase in anthocyanin content was observed in Tarocco and Moro stored at 8 degrees C. Overlong storage induces extensive hydrolysis of hydroxycinnamic derivatives to free acids in Moro orange and these, in turn, could develop the malodorous vinylphenols.     

Characterization of major anthocyanins and the color of red-fleshed Budd Blood orange (Citrus sinensis)

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array detection was applied for the characterization of anthocyanins in red-fleshed Budd Blood (Citrus sinensis) orange. More than seven anthocyanin pigments were separated within 30 min by using a binary gradient (0.1% H(3)P0(4) in water and 0.1% H(3)PO(4) in acetonitrile) elution on a Prodigy ODS column. Separations by reversed-phase HPLC and semipreparative HPLC on a Prodigy 10-microm ODS Prep column, and acid and alkali hydrolyses were used for identification of anthocyanins. The primary anthocyanins in Budd Blood orange grown in Florida were cyanidin-3-(6"-malonylglucoside) (44.8%) followed by cyanidin-3-glucoside (33.6%). Two other minor pigments were also acylated with malonic acid. Malonated anthocyanins represented the major proportion (>51%) of anthocyanins in Budd Blood orange. Total anthocyanin contents and juice color parameters (CIE L,a,b) were compared with six other Florida-grown blood oranges.     

Phytochemical stability and color retention of copigmented and processed muscadine grape juice

Muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia) grape juice was assessed for color and phytochemical stability as influenced by anthocyanin copigmentation with a water-soluble rosemary extract, fortification with ascorbic acid, and processing by heat or high hydrostatic pressure (HHP). The roles of polyphenolic cofactors in the presence and in the absence of ascorbic acid were assessed as a means to improve the overall processing stability of the juice. Addition of rosemary extract from 0 to 0.4% (v/v) readily formed copigment complexes with anthocyanins and resulted in concentration-dependent hyperchromic shifts from 10 to 27% that corresponded to increased antioxidant activity. The presence of ascorbic acid was generally detrimental to juice quality, especially in the presence of rosemary extract, and resulted in overall anthocyanin, ascorbic acid, and antioxidant activity losses. Although thermal and high-pressure processing methods were detrimental to juice quality, HHP resulted in greater losses after processing, likely due to action from residual oxidase enzymes. Although physicochemical attributes were enhanced by copigmentation with rosemary extract, methods to inactivate residual enzymes should be addressed prior to copigmentation to prevent degradation of anthocyanins in the presence of ascorbic acid.     

Antioxidant effectiveness as influenced by phenolic content of fresh orange juices.

Several fresh orange juices, obtained from five different Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck varieties (three pigmented varieties, Moro, Sanguinello, and Tarocco, and two blond varieties, Valencia late and Washington navel), were subjected to antioxidant profile determination (including total polyphenols, flavanones, anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamic acids, and ascorbic acid). The antioxidant activity of these juices was then assessed by means of different "in vitro" tests (bleaching of the stable 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical; peroxidation, induced by the water-soluble radical initiator 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride, on mixed dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/linoleic acid unilamellar vesicles; scavenging activity against nitric oxide; total antioxidant status). All orange juices tested showed an evident antioxidant effect. Our findings indicate the following: (1) the antioxidant efficiency of orange juices may be attributed, in a significant part at least, to their content of total phenols, (2) while ascorbic acid seems to play a minor role; (3) the antioxidant activity of orange juices is related not only to structural features of phytochemicals contained in them, but also to their capability to interact with biomembranes; (4) finally, as to pigmented juices, their antioxidant efficiency appears to be widely influenced by the anthocyanin level. One could speculate that the supply of natural antioxidant phenols through daily consumption of orange juice might provide additional protection against in vivo oxidation of cellular biomolecules.     

Use of Aloe vera gel coating preserves the functional properties of table grapes

Table grapes (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Crimson Seedless) were coated with Aloe vera gel according to our developed patent (SP Patent P200302937) and then stored for 35 days at 1 degrees C, and the subsequent shelf life (SL) was monitored at 20 degrees C. Uncoated clusters showed a rapid loss of functional compounds, such as total phenolics and ascorbic acid. These changes were accompanied by reduction of the total antioxidant activity (TAA) and increases in total anthocyanins, showing an accelerated ripening process. On the contrary, table grapes coated with Aloe vera gel significantly delayed the above changes, such as the retention of ascorbic acid during cold storage or SL. Consequently, Aloe vera gel coating, a simple and noncontaminating treatment, maintained the functional properties during postharvest storage of table grapes.     

Reliability of analytical methods for determining anthocyanins in blood orange juices

Quantitative analysis of anthocyanins was performed on a series of blood orange juices according to various spectrophotometric and HPLC methods, and the causes for different concentration resulting from the application of such procedures were investigated. Spectrophotometric methods utilizing aqueous ethanol as a solvent provided an anthocyanin content higher than that determined by HPLC. Discrepancies were ascribed to the use of impure standards and/or unsuitable calibration lines. The most consistent results with the HPLC findings were obtained by a method utilizing water as a solvent and cyanidin-3-glucoside as a standard. Actual concentration of anthocyanins in blood orange juice was remarkably lower than that currently determined by procedures used in the juice producing factories.     

Chemical constituents and antioxidant activity of sweet cherry at different ripening stages

The development and ripening process of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L. cv. 4-70) on the tree was evaluated. For this purpose, 14 different stages were selected in accordance with homogeneous size and color. Some parameters related to fruit quality, such as color, texture, sugars, organic acids, total antioxidant activity, total phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, and ascorbic acid were analyzed. The results revealed that in sweet cherry, the changes in skin color, glucose and fructose accumulation, and softening process are initiated at early developmental stages, coinciding with the fast increase in fruit size. Also, the decrease in color parameter a was correlated with the greatest accumulation of total anthocyanins. Ascorbic acid, total antioxidant activity (TAA), and total phenolic compounds decreased during the early stages of sweet cherry development but exponentially increased from stage 8, which coincided with the anthocyanin accumulation and fruit darkening. TAA showed positive correlations (r(2) = 0.99) with both ascorbic acid and total phenolic compounds and also with the anthocyanin concentration from stage 8. Taking into account the reduced shelf life of sweet cherry and to ensure that these fruits reach consumers with the maximum organoleptic, nutritional, and functional properties, it is advisable to harvest sweet cherries at stage 12 of ripening.     

Capillary electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography determination of polyglutamyl 5-methyltetrahydrofolate forms in citrus products

The 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5mTHF) polyglutamates in citrus products were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Folate species were purified from citrus products and concentrated from 2- to 100-fold using combined folate-affinity chromatography and C18 extraction. Seven polyglutamyl 5mTHFs were found in most not-from-concentrate (NFC) orange juices (OJ) in total amounts of approximately 1 nmol/mL, with varying distributions of individual polyglutamates. Folate amounts and distributions were also measured in orange fractions, single-strength OJ from concentrate, NFC grapefruit juice, and citrus peel molasses. Models containing ascorbic acid had folate thermal degradation rates one-seventh that of models without ascorbic acid. Pasteurization studies demonstrated that folate loss was <2% for commercial OJ pasteurization conditions (i.e., 93 degrees C for 5 s, 88 degrees C for 15 s, and 82 degrees C for 30 s). Both methods were precise, reproducible, and potentially faster than traditional analytical procedures requiring enzymatic deconjugation and microbial assays.     

Stability of copigmented anthocyanins and ascorbic acid in a grape juice model system

The stability of red grape anthocyanins (Vitis vinifera) was evaluated in a model juice system during normal (25 degrees C) and accelerated storage (35 degrees C) in the presence of ascorbic acid. Rosemary polyphenolic cofactors (0, 0.2, and 0.4% v/v) were evaluated as anthocyanin stabilizing agents. Cofactor addition resulted in concentration-dependent hyperchromic (up to 178%) and bathochromic (up to 23 nm) shifts, indicating a more intense red coloration of the models. Anthocyanin and ascorbic acid degradation followed first-order kinetics during storage. Results showed that copigmented treatments underwent a lower conversion of L-ascorbic acid into dehydroascorbic acid during storage when compared to the control, favorably impacting the vitamin retention of these models. Copigmentation did not affect anthocyanin degradation in the absence of ascorbic acid but in its presence aided to retain a higher anthocyanin content than the control. This study indicated that the addition of anthocyanin cofactors could be used to reduce the pigment and vitamin degradation while masking detrimental color changes in anthocyanin containing products.