Effect of processing on some chemical and nutritional characteristics of pre-cooked and dehydrated legumes

The effect of processing on chemical composition and protein quality of three legumes was studied. The species analyzed were beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), Tórtola and Coscorrón varieties; lentils (Lens esculenta), Laird variety; and chick peas (Cicer arietinum), California-INIA variety. The legumes were soaked in a solution of Na₂ EDTA at 0.03% for 16 h and cooked for a predetermined period for each species. They were dried in a tray drier with cross currents of air flowing at a speed of 10 m/min until the residual mositure content was 8%. The water activity in the resulting products ranged from 0.574 to 0.587, thus completely assurring no microbial activity. No important changes were observed in the legumes protein, fat, or fibre contents after processing. The soaking solution was effective in reducing the phytic acid content from 2.99 to 1.64 mg/100 g in the Tórtola beans, which had the highest acid value prior processing. In all the species the heat treatment reduced the activity of the trypsin inhibitors by at least 50%. Cooking and drying significantly increased protein digestibility in all the legumes studied, with chick peas showing the most dramatic increase: from 54.7% pre-processing to 94.9% post-processing. With regard to Net Protein Ratio (NPR), chick peas had a value of 4.03, followed by Tórtola beans (3.29), Coscorrón (3.09) and lentils (2.61). The NPR value for the casein diet was 4.20.     

Nutritional evaluation of some commercial wheat varieties grown in Pakistan

The nutritive value of some commercial wheat varieties grown in Pakistan was measured chemically, including amino acid analysis, and biologically in N-balance experiments with growing rats. The protein content ranged from 13.2% in Punjab-83 to 16% in Barani-83. Lysine per 100g protein varied between 2.46 and 2.75%. The available carbohydrate ranged from 67.3 to 74.7%. Iron content was highest in Sonalika while the concentration of zinc and manganese was highest in Sarhad-82. The protein digestibility (TD), biological value (BV) and net protein utilisation (NPU) varied between 92–95%, 56–68% and 53–65% respectively. Level of wheat protein was negatively correlated with available carbohydrate (r=–0.93), lysine per unit protein (r=–0.67) and BV (r=–0.76). The lysine content (g/16gN) of commercial wheat varieties showed a positive correlation (r=+0.95) with the BV. The protein quality was lowered in varieties having higher content of protein.     

Chemical constituents and physical properties of guayule wood and bark

About 15 Parthenium species grow in the North American continent with Parthenium argentatum (guayule) as the only species containing harvestable amounts of the rubber latex. The predicted commercialization of the guayule plant for its hypoallergenic latex will result in a significant amount of waste fiber or bagasse biomass that can also be put to use for making wood, paper, and other chemical products, as well as in energy production. Thus, the guayule wood and bark fibers can be considered a new source of plant biomass that may be used as a direct substitute for forest-based wood fiber. However, little information is available on the chemical composition of the wood and bark tissues of guayule (P. argentatum). The objectives of this study were to determine the chemical and fiber composition of guayule and to compare it with other wood fiber sources.Three germplasm lines of mature guayule (Cal-6, AZ-101, and G7-15) and another species of Parthenium (P. tomentosum, PT), juvenile soft maple (Acer rubrum), a deciduous tree, and milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.) that has long fibers were the plant sources. Separate wood and bark tissues were analyzed for hot water, 1% sodium hydroxide, and alcohol–toluene extracts. In addition, the lignin, holocellulose, alpha-cellulose, and pentosan contents were determined.All the chemical components in the wood fibers for the Partheniums were equal to or greater than the juvenile maple tree. Milkweed had higher alpha-cellulose and lower alcohol–toluene extract contents than both the guayule and soft maple. The guayule bark fibers had more chemical extracts than the wood fibers. The specific gravity of guayule wood was greater than the deciduous wood species. However, the fiber lengths of soft maple wood, guayule wood, and milkweed are similar. Based on the chemical composition, P. argentatum and P. tomentosum could serve as raw materials for the paper and chemical industries as well as for energy production.     

Nutrient composition and protein quality of minor millets

Nutrient composition of five minor millets produced and consumed in dry land regions and tribal areas of Andhra Pradesh, India, was evaluated. The millets analysed were Italian millet (Setaria Italica), French millet (Panicum miliaceum), Barnyard millet (Echinachloa colona), Kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum) and little millet (Panicum miliare). The nutrients analysed were proximate principles, amino acids, fibre components, calcium, Phosphorus and Iron. Protein and energy were evaluated by true digestability (TD), biological value (BV), net protein utilization (NPU) and digestible energy (DE) in rats. The protein content was higher and lysine content lower, when compared to major millets. Dehusked millets had lower total dietary fibre (TDF) and tannin. The TD of protein ranged between 95.0 to 99.3, whereas the BV was between 48.3 and 56.5. All the millets were poor sources of calcium, phosphorus and iron, with the exception of french millet.     

小麦面团揉混特性的遗传变异及与其他品质性状的相关性

为了解小麦种质资源的品质状况,并给小麦品质改良提供参考,以来源于国外及国内不同麦区的230个小麦品种(系)为材料,研究小麦面团揉混特性参数的变异和分布特点及与其他品质性状的相关性.结果表明,参试品种(系)面团揉混参数间均存在极显著差异(P＜0.01),除峰值高度、尾高和8 min尾高外,其他揉混参数的变异系数均在30％以上.同时,在本试验中,国外引进品种的面团揉混参数均高于国内品种,多数参数的差异达到显著水平(P＜0.05);来源于北方春麦区的品种(系)面团揉混参数值较高,来源于华南冬麦区的品种(系)各揉混参数均最低,且部分参数达显著差异(P＜0.05).同时筛选出一批揉混参数值极高或极低的材料,可作为小麦品质育种的优选亲本.相关性分析结果表明,多数揉混参数与籽粒硬度、蛋白含量、吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、粉质质量指数和干、湿面筋含量呈显著或极显著相关.     

Nutrient and antinutrient composition of Amaranthus muricatus

The chemical and nutritional composition of theaerial parts of Amaranthus muricatus wasassessed. This is a wild plant growing well in aridand poor soil, which are not suitable for cereals. Thematerial under study was boiled, dried and ground andthen evaluated for chemical, nutritional andantinutritional properties. Protein concentration ofthe amaranth flour was 15.74 g/100 g and total dietaryfiber content was high (53.81 g/100 g), with 79%coming from insoluble dietary fiber. The calciumcontent was 1533 mg/100 g and the Ca/P ratio (5.94)was markedly higher than the value suggested in the1989 Recommended Dietary Allowances. Fifty-ninepercent of the fatty acids present were unsaturatedwith linoleic acid accounting for 40% of the totalfatty acid content. Nitrate, hemagglutinin, trypsininhibitor and saponin contents were within thenon-critical values. Net protein utilization (NPU),true digestibility (tD) and biological value (BV)measurements indicated a nitrogen gain of 74% that ofcasein. The results of this study indicate a nutritivepotential for the A. muricatus leaves, therefore,domestication of this plant is suggested along withassessment of its chemical and nutritionalproperties.     

Phenolic Compounds as Cultivar- and Variety-distinguishing Factors in Some Plant Products

The aim of the study was to determine whether phenolic compounds in some varieties of buckwheat, winter and spring barley and peas can be used as factors which distinguish selected cultivars and varieties of plant material. It was observed that the content of total phenolics might be useful as a cultivar-distinguishing factor for all the plant materials analyzed, but it was a distinguishing factor for only some varieties. Individual cultivars and varieties were best distinguished by the content of syringic acid. The levels of syringic and vanillic acids were in reverse proportion to the total amount of phenolics soluble in methanol and a positive correlation between syringic and ferulic acid was observed. Moreover, the protein content of plant material was analyzed and a significant (p ≤ 0.05) correlation between this component and ferulic and vanillic acids was noted.     

小麦不同抗白粉病基因及品种在成都平原抗病的有效性

为了解小麦含已知抗白粉病基因材料及审定品种在成都平原对白粉病的抗性表现,2015-2017年在四川省江油市武都镇(104.47°E,31.52°N)和广汉市连山镇(104.18°E,30.59°N)设置病圃,种植42份含已知抗白粉病基因的材料以及85份小麦审定品种,于2016-2018年乳熟后期调查病害级别、普遍率和严重度。结果表明,已知抗白粉病基因材料中,Coker983(Pm5+6)、Wembley(Pm12)、Brigand(Pm16)、南农9918(Pm21)、赤牙糙(Pm24)、NCD7(Pm34)、NCD3(Pm35)、NCD4(Non-Pm1)、复壮30(Pm5e)和Tabasco(Pm46)在两个病圃(2016和2018年)均表现抗白粉病,而Kavkaz(Pm8)、W150(Pm3e)、Hope/8cc(Pm5a)、Timgalen(Pm6)和5P27(Pm30)在两个病圃内均表现感病。85份小麦审定品种中,国豪麦3号、蜀麦375、蜀麦482、杏麦2号、绵阳29号、绵阳33、绵麦228、西科麦5号和良麦4号9个品种连续三年(2016-2018年)在两地均表现抗病,有37个品种三年在两地均表现感病。其余27个含已知抗性基因材料和39个小麦审定品种的抗病性表现则在不同地点和年份并不稳定。     

Productivity and nutritional value of 20 species of perennial legumes in a low‐rainfall Mediterranean‐type environment in southern Australia

In the rain‐fed mixed‐farming systems of southern Australia, the consistent supply of high‐value forage is limited by a range of climatic, edaphic and systems constraints. Over 2 years, we compared biomass production and nutritional value of 30 accessions of perennial legumes, and predicted intake, grazing days and growth of ewes and lambs. There was significant variation in nutritional value and biomass production between and within species. Lucerne (Medicago sativa) and sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) produced the greatest amount of biomass and energy. There was variability among accessions in digestibility (DMD), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and crude protein, and the rate of change in these traits as plants matured. Trifolium species had the highest DMD across all growth stages. Hairy canary clover (Dorycnium hirsutum), erect canary clover (Dorycnium rectum), greater birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus uliginosus), Australian trefoil (Lotus australis) and running postman (Kennedia prostrata) had energy levels that would not maintain liveweight of mature sheep. In the second year, species differed in response to harvesting treatments. Lucerne and sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) were more productive under a frequent cutting regime. Accessions of white clover (Trifolium repens), red clover (Trifolium pratense), alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum), cullen (Cullen australasicum), strawberry clover (Trifolium fragiferum), sainfoin and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) showed some promise, while Tedera (Bituminaria bituminosa) and milkvetch (Astragalus cicer) performed poorly under the experimental conditions. We conclude by discussing additional agronomic and nutritional factors that need consideration when developing novel perennial legumes for mixed‐farming systems in the context of a changing climate.     

外源甘草根系分泌物对春小麦产量及品质的影响

为了研究不同甘草根系分泌物对后茬春小麦产量和品质的影响,以宁春55号、宁春50号和农麦4号三个春小麦品种为供试材料,于灌浆期分别喷施甘草根系分泌物草酸、乳酸、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)和蒸馏水(对照组),采用随机裂区设计,分析喷施不同外源甘草根系分泌物对小麦株高、穗长、穗粒数和千粒重等产量性状及籽粒中蛋白质和7种人体必需氨基酸含量的影响。结果表明,3个春小麦品种在DIBP处理下的株高、穗长均显著增高,在草酸处理下的穗粒数和穗粒重均显著增高。在籽粒品质方面,3种外源甘草根系分泌物处理显著降低了宁春55号和宁春50号的籽粒蛋白质含量,乳酸和DIBP处理提高了农麦4号的籽粒蛋白质含量。12种氨基酸含量与蛋白质含量呈正相关关系;不同春小麦品种在相同处理下蛋白质和氨基酸含量的变化规律不同,其中,农麦4号在草酸、乳酸、DIBP处理下赖氨酸和苏氨酸含量均提高,在DIBP和乳酸处理下必需氨基酸占比显著提高。本试验结果对研究甘草根系分泌物对春小麦的影响以及甘草种植地后茬春小麦品种的选择具有积极意义。     

小麦TaWRKY2基因组分析及在进化和育种材料中的检测

小麦WRKY转录因子在抗旱抗逆等方面有重要作用。为小麦抗旱抗逆分子模块组装育种提供参考,本研究在已有小麦TaWRKY2基因cDNA序列（GenBank登录号：EU665425）的基础上,从小麦品种晋麦79号中克隆获得TaWRKY2基因全长序列,并对TaWRKY2的基因结构、基因组信息进行研究,同时检测其在部分小麦亲缘种、黄淮麦区水旱地代表品种、本课题组选育的高代品系及部分水旱地杂交组合F₁代中的分布。结果表明,克隆所得到的TaWRKY2基因全长DNA序列包含4个外显子和3个内含子,其中,3个内含子长度变化范围为111~172 bp;外显子和内含子的交接处序列符合GT-AG原则;与乌拉尔图小麦（Triticum urartu,AA）和粗山羊草（Aegilops tauschii,DD）中的片段序列同源性分别为93%和99%,与中国春小麦（AABBDD）1AS、1BS和1DS染色体的片段序列同源性分别为93%、88%和99%。除野生一粒小麦外,在小麦进化祖先种、黄淮海水旱地推广的代表品种、课题组选育的高代品系及F₁代共78份材料中,都能够检测出该基因的普遍存在,说明该基因可应用于小麦抗旱抗逆分子设计育种中。     

Effect of plant development during first and second growth cycle on chemical composition,condensed tannins and nutritive value of three sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) varieties and lucerne

Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) is a temperate legume that contains condensed tannins (CT), i.e., polyphenols that are able to bind proteins and thus reduce protein degradation in the rumen. Few studies have investigated the relation between plant phenology, CT characteristics and nutritive value of sainfoin. In this study we investigated differences among three sainfoin varieties (Esparcette, Ambra and Villahoz) that were of different geographical origin, and which were cultivated at the same site over the course of two growth cycles and compared with a tannin‐free legume, lucerne (Aubigny). Plants were harvested on nine dates in the first and four dates in the second growth cycle. Phenological stages were analysed for leaf‐to‐whole‐plant ratio, nitrogen (N), organic matter digestibility (OMd) by the pepsin‐cellulase method, cell‐wall concentration, N solubility (solN) plus CT concentration, biological activity and structures. Leaf‐to‐whole‐plant, cell‐wall concentration, N of sainfoin and lucerne were closely related to the phenological stage. Although sainfoin developed earlier than lucerne, its pepsin‐cellulase digestibility was higher than or close to lucerne. Esparcette had the lowest OMd, N and solN and the highest CT concentration. CT concentration, proportion of prodelphinidins (PD) and mean degree of polymerization (mDP) increased with the phenological stage (or plant maturity), and these parameters were associated with lower biological activity of CT. Sainfoin varieties differed in their relationships between phenological stages, nutritional parameters and CT characteristics. The results demonstrated that sainfoin can be a valuable alternative forage legume to lucerne.     

安徽省小麦产业体系展示品种HMW-GS组分及GMP的研究

为了解安徽省淮北及黄淮麦区的小麦加工品质,以52个安徽省小麦产业体系展示品种为材料,分析了供试小麦品种HMW-GS的组成和分布、谷蛋白聚合体(GMP)含量、小麦蛋白质含量、Zeleny沉降值及湿面筋含量。结果表明,52个供试小麦品种的HMW-GS变异类型众多,共发现13种变异类型,包含6种优质亚基类型;共出现了21种HMW-GS组合。按照GMP、蛋白质、湿面筋含量及Zeleny沉降值可将52个供试品种分为4类。供试品种的品质评分介于4~10分之间,平均7.4分。基因位点Glu-A1含有1亚基的品种,GMP含量高于含有Null亚基的品种。     

黄淮麦区部分强筋小麦品种的遗传差异分析

为明确黄淮麦区现有强筋小麦品种遗传组成，本研究利用SDS-PAGE、KASP技术和35K SNP芯片技术对黄淮麦区具代表性的27个强筋小麦品种进行了高分子量谷蛋白鉴定、品质相关基因检测及遗传多样性分析。HMW-GS鉴定结果显示，供试品种在 Glu-A1、 Glu-B1和 Glu-D1位点优质亚基分布频率分别为85.2%、74.1%和81.5%。从位点间亚基组合看，含有三个、两个及两个以下优质亚基的品种数为14个、10个和3个，分别占比51.9%、37.0%和11.1%。1BL/1RS、PPO活性和黄色素含量基因鉴定结果显示，优势单倍型非1BL/1RS、 Ppo-A1b(低PPO活性)、 Ppo-D1a(低PPO活性)、 Psy-A1b(低黄色素)和 Psy-B1b(低黄色素)分布频率分别为66.7%、66.7%、29.6%、48.1%和51.9%。同时含两个低PPO活性单倍型( Ppo-A1b/ Ppo-D1a)的品种有7个，占比25.9%;同时含两个低黄色素单倍型( Psy-A1b/ Psy-B1b)的品种有9个，占比33.3%。籽粒硬度基因鉴定显示，供试品种基因型较为单一，除西农5...     

Aspects of the productivity of forage legumes in Northern Europe

A database on the productivity of red clover (Trifolium pratense), white clover (Trifolium repens), lucerne (Medicago sativa), lotus (Lotus corniculatus) and galega (Galega orientalis) was compiled. It contains 1852 observations for 330 trials at fifty‐three sites in eight north European countries for the period from 1977 to 1997. The database includes information on climatic and site characteristics, as well as agronomic data, collated into four smaller data sets. This has permitted four key agronomic issues to be examined, namely: (i) how yield for a given variety varies under different environmental conditions; (ii) how the relative performance of different species varies between sites; (iii) how persistence varies between species and sites; and (iv) what the nature of the relationship is between varieties, yield and sites within a species? Cluster analysis revealed that geographical location had a fairly strong influence on yield. Across sites for an individual variety, the cumulative day‐degrees during the regrowth period had the highest correlation with total yield. In terms of the relative performance of different forage legume species across sites, red clover and lucerne were estimated to yield about 2·5 t DM ha^?1 more than white clover and there was a significant impact of cumulative day‐degrees during regrowth and the age of ley on the total yield. It was found that red clover had the lowest persistence index and lucerne the highest. As regards the interaction between yield, varieties and sites, the length of growth period and the age of the ley explained two‐thirds of the variation in total yield in red clover varieties of contrasting maturity types.     

Effect of forage species and ensiling conditions on silage composition and quality and the feed choice behaviour of goats

The hypothesis was that forage species and ensiling conditions have an impact on the formation of biogenic amines and the feed choice of goats in short‐term preference trials. At ensiling, lucerne (Medicago sativa L., first cut), red clover (Trifolium pratense L., first cut) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam ., second cut) were treated differently to obtain a range of fermentation qualities. Six treatments of each forage species were prepared and included different dry‐matter concentrations, chemical and biological silage additives, and additions of soil. Silages were sampled for chemical analyses (proximate constituents, fermentation products and other volatile compounds, crude protein fractions and biogenic amines) and stored anaerobically in vacuum‐sealed plastic bags for use in preference trials (one trial for each forage species) with Saanen‐type wethers (n = 8 or 6). Each possible two‐way combination of the six silage treatments and a standard hay (n = 21 combinations) was offered for ad libitum intake for 3 hr. Data were analysed using multidimensional scaling, analysis of variance and correlation analysis between silage characteristics and dry‐matter intake (DMI). For each forage species, fermentation characteristics and crude protein fractions revealed only small differences among treatments. Although the degree of proteolysis, as measured by non‐protein nitrogen, of all silages was high, biogenic amine and butyric acid concentrations were low. The different treatments apparently had no direct influence on the formation of biogenic amines and feed choice. The preference behaviour within one forage species was strongly divergent, but DMI rankings of the three species were very similar.     

Artificial Diets With Different Protein Levels for Rearing Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a pest of great economic importance which can feed on more than 300 plant species. As it is polyphagous, its host plants may have variable physical and chemical constitutions. This may influence larval development, as protein and carbohydrate levels are important factors for adequate biological development. The aim of this study was to evaluate insect developmental parameters as well as to compare the food consumption of S. frugiperda larvae reared using diets with different protein levels under laboratory conditions. Three artificial diet formulations were used: one typically used for routine laboratory rearing, based on bean, wheat germ and brewer’s yeast (D₁); one containing half the original amount of protein (D₂), and the other with twice the original amount of protein (D₃). The relative consumption rate (RCR), relative growth rate (RGR), and efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) for S. frugiperda fourth instar larvae varied among diets. The protein present in the diet influenced the duration of larval and pupal periods and pupal weight, but did not affect larval survival, fecundity and longevity of adults. The different protein levels in the diets did not negatively influence population growth, so these three diet variations can be used for mass rearing in the laboratory. However, the influence of these diets on successive generations of the insect remains untested.     

Influence of endosperm texture on milling,chemical composition and nutritive quality in maize

Three maize varieties namely Vijay, SO/SN composite and Shakti, which differ in their nutritional quality and endosperm texture were processed to prepare semolina (sooji) and process-flour. The nutritional quality of these products was determined and compared with whole kernel flour of the respective variety. Distinct differences in milling and chemical composition of three varieties were recorded. In quality evaluation tests lysine and tryptophan content, biological value and true digestibility were better in semolina and process-flour. Moreover, decrease in acid value in semolina and process-flour compared with whole maize flour recorded in all the varieties suggested improvement in shelf-life.     

小麦品种面粉白度的变异及其影响因素分析

为提高小麦品种的面粉白度,以来自不同种植区的216个小麦品种(系)为材料,研究了小麦面粉白度的分布规律及与其他品质指标的相关性,并初步探讨了储藏时间对面粉白度的影响。结果表明,面粉白度在小麦品种(系)间存在极显著差异(P0.01),年份间极显著正相关;参试材料的面粉白度平均为72.9,变幅为54.1~80.1,高于80的品种较少,大多数品种(系)的白度值在70~75之间。来源于西南冬麦区的小麦品种(系)的面粉白度值最高,显著高于黄淮冬麦区和北方冬麦区(P0.05),长江中下游冬麦区的白度值也较高;国外引进品种的白度值普遍较低,平均值为69.53;软麦的白度值显著高于硬麦(P0.05)。面粉白度与出粉率、籽粒硬度、蛋白含量和粉质参数等指标均呈负相关,尤其与硬度的负相关性最强(r=-0.798)。储藏一段时间可略微增加面粉白度,但增幅不明显。同时,筛选出一批优质高白度材料,可作为培育强筋高白度小麦品种的优良亲本。     

新疆小麦籽粒SOD活性及TaSOD-A1位点等位变异的分布

为了解新疆小麦品种(系)籽粒超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性及TaSOD-A1位点等位变异的分布,用两个功能标记SODA1和SODA11对117份新疆小麦品种(系)的 TaSOD-A1位点(基因ID为TraesCS5A01G290800)进行等位变异检测,并结合SOD活性检测结果,分析 TaSOD-A1位点不同等位变异与SOD活性的相关性。结果表明,含有 TaSOD-A1a等位变异材料的籽粒SOD活性显著高于含有 TaSOD-A1b等位变异材料的籽粒,二者占比分别为50.4%和49.6%;新疆冬小麦品种(系)中, TaSOD-A1a等位变异的分布频率高低依次为引进品种(系)>自育品种(系)>地方品种;新疆春小麦品种(系)中,只有3份材料含有 TaSOD-A1a等位变异,早期品种(系)中未发现含有 TaSOD-A1a等位变异的材料。新疆冬小麦品种(系)的籽粒SOD活性平均值显著高于新疆春小麦品种(系),且新疆冬小麦引进品种(系)中含有 TaSOD-A1a等位变异材料的籽粒SOD活性平均值也显著高于含有 TaSOD-A1b等位变异材料的籽粒SOD活性。