牧草根际3种平脐蠕孢菌培养性状及对营养的利用能力

首次对我国典型草原牧草根际特异平脐蠕孢菌、高粱平脐蠕孢菌及麦根腐平脐蠕孢菌3种真菌的培养特性进行了研究.结果表明,3种平脐蠕孢菌菌丝生长的温限均为10～35℃,最适温度30℃.在试验的11种碳源中,D-果糖等碳源对3种平脐蠕孢菌菌丝生长有明显的促进作用,菊糖、氯醛糖有较强的抑制作用.在试验的12种氮源中,亮氨酸、L-谷氨酸、硝酸铵有明显的促进作用,而L-精氨酸、尿素、碳酸铵、甘氨酸有较强的抑制作用.高粱平脐蠕孢菌对多种碳、氮源利用能力较强,麦根腐平脐蠕孢菌则较弱.3种平脐蠕孢菌在不同碳、氮源培养基上菌落颜色、大小、边缘整齐度有明显差异.     

冰草根际蟋蟀草平脐蠕孢菌的研究

对冰草根际分离获得的蟋蟀草平脐蠕孢(Bipolaris eleusinea J.H.Peng et J.Y.Lu)的形态特征、培养性状及生物学特性进行研究,以期了解牧草根部平脐蠕孢菌的生长发育特点,并为该菌引起的牧草根病防治提供依据.结果表明:蟋蟀草平脐蠕孢分生孢子萌发的温度范围为5℃~40℃,适宜温度20℃~30℃;在各酸度下均能萌发,最适为pH 6.47;其分生孢子的萌发需要液态水,在相对湿度100%时分生孢子萌发率仅为3.2%,而相对湿度低于100%时孢子不萌发;低稀释倍数的土壤悬液、麦根浸出液、羊粪浸出液和蔗糖溶液[0]及高稀释倍数的麦根液和羊粪液均抑制孢子萌发,但高稀释倍数的土壤液和蔗糖液能促进孢子萌发;且孢子萌发对光不敏感.蟋蟀草平脐蠕孢菌丝生长的温度范围为10℃~40℃,最适25℃;碳源中D-木糖、氯醛糖对蟋蟀草平脐蠕孢菌生长具有明显抑制作用,而蔗糖、甘露糖和D-果糖对蟋蟀草平脐蠕孢菌丝生长具有明显促进作用;氮源中硝酸钠、亮氨酸对蟋蟀草平脐蠕孢菌丝的生长具有促进作用,而尿素等9种氮源均有抑制作用,并且此菌在含有各种碳、氮源的培养基上的菌落形态有差异.在国内首次报道此菌侵染冰草(Agropyron cristatum),为一新寄主植物.     

西藏秋播燕麦苗期褐斑病病原鉴定及生物学特性研究

通过病原菌的分离、回接及病原菌形态学鉴定,将西藏秋播燕麦褐斑病的病原鉴定为麦根腐平脐蠕孢（Bipolaris sorokiniana）。病菌菌丝在5～35℃均可生长,最适生长温度30℃;在10～30℃均可产孢,20℃时的产孢量最大。培养温度不同,孢子大小亦不同,20℃时孢子最大;15℃时孢子隔膜数最多。分生孢子在10%...     

牧草根际狗牙根平脐蠕孢菌的研究

对陇东典型草地牧草根际分离获得的狗牙根平脐蠕孢的形态、培养性状和生物学性状进行了研究。结果表明,狗牙根平脐蠕孢菌分生孢子在10~40℃及pH值4.53~9.18均能萌发,适宜温度为20~30℃,适宜pH值为4.53~6.47,在液态水中萌发良好,且对光不敏感。麦根浸出液、羊粪浸出液可抑制孢子萌发,而土壤液和低浓度蔗糖液能促进孢子萌发;葡萄糖、乳糖、D-树胶醛糖、D-半乳糖、可溶性淀粉、甘露糖、D-木糖等碳源及硝酸钠、L-谷氨酸和亮氨酸等氮源对菌丝生长有促进作用,为该菌的良好碳、氮源;麦芽糖和氯醛糖等碳源及碳酸铵、尿素、精氨酸、氯化铵和甘氨酸等氮源对菌丝生长有抑制作用,为该菌的不良碳、氮源。该菌在各种碳、氮源培养基上菌落形态有差异。     

禾草云斑病病原菌形态及生物学特性的初步研究

对禾草云斑病病原菌形态及生物学特性的研究表明,其病原菌菌落铺展,菌丝白色, 产孢细胞直接从菌丝生出,分生孢子梗缺,圆筒形,双孢10～20×2.5～5μm,孢子顶细胞具有锐角或直角向的喙状突起.菌丝生长温度范围6～39℃,最适温度24℃,孢子萌发温度范围6～36℃,最适温度24℃;菌丝和孢子在温度达70%以上均可萌发,并随湿度升高菌落铺展扩大,孢子萌发率升高,在水滴处理中孢子萌发率最大;不同光照处理均可促进菌丝生长,但差异不显著,光暗处理有利于孢子萌发,连续光照、黑暗均不利于菌丝生长和孢子萌发;菌丝生长pH值范围为2.5～7.5,最适pH值3.5～4,孢子萌发pH值为2.5～7.5,最适pH值为4.     

苜蓿根腐病菌(Fusarium solani)生物学特性研究

主要研究了温度、湿度、pH值、光照、营养对苜蓿根腐病菌(Fusarium solani)生长、产孢和孢子萌发的影响.该病菌菌丝生长的温度范围为8～38℃,最适20～28℃;产生分生孢子的温度范围为10～38℃,最适25℃;分生孢子萌发的温度范围为8～38℃,最适25～32℃.在pH值5～10的范围内该菌均能生长和产孢,菌丝生长最适pH值5～9;分生孢子产生和萌发最适pH值6～7.分生孢子在饱和湿度或水滴中萌发快,相对湿度低于85%时不能萌发.光照处理对该菌生长无显著影响.分生孢子的致死温度为50℃,10 min或55℃,5 min,菌丝体的致死温度为60℃,30 min或65℃,5 min.     

紫花苜蓿根腐病原菌--拟枝孢镰刀菌的鉴定及其生物学特性研究

本文对从内蒙古赤峰巴雅尔草业基地紫花苜蓿根部分离到的菌株 BYE27-2-5进行了致病性测定、形态学和rDNA-ITS 序列分析鉴定及生物学特性测定。结果表明,该菌菌丝生长、产孢和孢子萌发的最适温度分别为25,30和28℃;pH 值5．0～11．0均宜于菌丝生长,产孢最适 pH 8．0,孢子萌发最适 pH 7．0;光暗交替利于菌丝生长,光照利于产孢和孢子的萌发;孢子在相对湿度低于75％不萌发,高于95％萌发较快;葡萄糖蛋白胨培养基利于菌丝生长和孢子萌发,马铃薯蔗糖琼脂培养基利于产孢;碳源中葡萄糖利于菌丝生长和孢子萌发,蔗糖利于产孢;氮源中蛋白胨利于菌丝生长,酵母膏利于产孢和孢子萌发;菌丝致死温度为54℃（10 min）,分生孢子的致死温度为48℃（10 min）;根据其形态特征和 rDNA-ITS 序列分析结果,鉴定其为拟枝孢镰刀菌（Fusarium sporotrichioide ）。     

匍匐翦股颖叶斑病病原菌鉴定及生物学特性研究

对匍匐翦股颖Agrostis stoloni fera叶斑病的病原菌进行组织分离、培养,确定其病原菌为新月弯孢霉Curvularia lunata(半知菌亚门丝孢纲丝孢菌目暗色菌科弯孢霉属).对其进行生物学特性研究,发现温度、pH值对病原菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发存在着显著影响,光照对病原菌菌丝生长存在显著影响,对孢子萌发无显著影响.其中最适于病原菌菌丝生长的温度为28～31 ℃,pH值为5～6.最适于孢子萌发的温度为31～34 ℃,pH值为5～6.12 h光照交替有利于菌丝的生长.     

尖孢镰刀菌生物学特性及杀菌剂毒力测定

为了明确苜蓿根腐病致病菌尖孢镰刀菌的生物学特性和最佳杀菌剂,本试验采用不同培养基、温度、pH、光照和碳氮源的条件培养尖孢镰刀菌,测定菌落生长速率和孢子萌发率;用4种杀菌剂与PDA培养基混合制成含药培养基培养尖孢镰刀菌,测定菌落生长速率和抑制率。结果表明:适宜培养尖孢镰刀菌培养基有PSA、SNA和YMM;适宜生长温度为20～30℃、pH为7～8;黑暗条件适于生长。其中菌丝生长和孢子萌发的最适温度分别为25℃和20℃,最适pH分别为7和5,最适碳源分别为可溶性淀粉和麦芽糖,最适氮源分别为尿素和蛋白胨,菌丝和孢子的致死温度分别为52℃(10min)和50℃(10min)。在供试的4种杀菌剂中,75%百菌清抑制效果最好,在稀释500倍时抑制率为89%,EC_(50)为4.5279mg/L。     

当归炭疽病菌的生物学特性研究

本试验利用常规方法研究了当归炭疽病菌(束状炭疽菌Colletotrichum dematium)的生物学特性和营养利用能力,为明确当归炭疽病的发生流行规律提供了依据。结果表明,菌落生长和孢子萌发最低温度和最高温度为10 ℃到35 ℃,最适为25 ℃;在pH 5~11间菌落可以生长,最适pH为11;在pH 8~11间产孢,最适pH为10,但中性有利于孢子萌发;该菌对碳氮源利用范围广,但甘露糖、D-半乳糖和氯醛糖抑制其生长;菌落生长和孢子萌发对光照不敏感;相对湿度95%以上分生孢子能萌发,水中萌发率显著高于其他湿度条件(P<0.05),蔗糖能够促进孢子的萌发,但马铃薯汁液抑制其萌发。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein