农民科技培训的主要影响因素分析

为了解决社会主义新农村建设中存在的农民培训问题,通过对农民科技培训影响因素的理论研究和中国农民科技培训的现状的分析,提出了科学技术、供需关系、制度因素、资金投入是影响农民科技培训的主要因素,并运用实证分析方法对这几种影响因素进行了深入研究。通过剖析中国农村科技培训的供需关系、农村教育投入、现行制度因素,结合当前中国农民科技培训的现实状况,揭示了影响农民培训问题的深层次原因。以此来为新农村建设中的教育问题和农民培训问题提供研究平台。     

借鉴发达国家远程教育经验培养新型职业农民

随着网络技术的成熟和大数据时代的到来,中国的新型职业农民教育和培训面临着全新的挑战和机遇。利用中等职业学校的资源优势,借鉴发达国家对农民进行远程教育与培训的经验,发挥远程教育在新型职业农民教育和培训中的作用,完善中国的新型职业农民教育体系,培养新型职业农民。     

论中国农民信息素养教育与社会主义新农村建设

通过对中国农民信息素养概念提出的时代背景和内涵的论述,以及对中国农民目前受教育现状和农民信息素养教育存在的不利因素分析,认为中国农民信息素养现状是由于中国教育培养目标主体错位、农村农民教育基础薄弱、组织教育功能弱化等不利因素造成的。明确指出中国社会主义新农村建设重中之重是加强中国农民信息素养教育,提升中国农民信息素养水平;并提出完善农村教育体系,重视农村职业技术教育,构建符合农民特点的信息素养教育模式的相应对策。     

中国农民培训需求状况调查分析

以理论与实证研究相结合,运用定性与定量分析的研究方法,对中国农民培训需求状况进行调查分析,发现当前中国农民培训需求在内容、方式、费用等方面亟待改革,农民受教育程度低、政府培训宣传工作不到位、农民培训组织缺位,农民很多培训需求得不到满足。针对当前中国农民培训需求存在的问题,提出建立多元化资金投入机制、注重培训内容和方式的实效性等农民培训对策,旨在找到解决中国农民培训的有效途径。     

农村公共产品的供给与需求——基于安徽省364份调查问卷的分析

农村公共产品的供给对新农村建设具有重大意义,农村公共产品的需求决定了农村公共产品供给的优先顺序。本文运用安徽省的抽样调查资料,对农村公共产品的供给状况和需求进行了统计描述和分析。研究表明,安徽省农村的基础设施条件较差,公共产品供给的缺口较大。农民对农村公共产品投资需求顺序依次为农村道路、农田水利、技术服务和培训、村庄改造、搞好村建设规划、幼儿园及小学建设、合作医疗及统筹养老保险等。因此,政府在进行公共产品投资决策时,应根据农民需求考虑投资优先顺序,有所侧重并逐步推进。     

论新农村建设时期的农村人力资源开发

农村人力资源开发在建设社会主义新农村中起着战略性、基础性和决定性的作用。笔者结合建设新农村的具体要求,通过分析农村人力资源开发现状中存在的问题,指出了在建设新农村时期开发农村人力资源,必须要处理好自然资源开发与人力资源开发的关系,要加强农村保障体制和组织化程度建设,要重视农村教育的战略地位、农村劳动力技能培训的主导地位、建设学习型社会的根本地位,这样才能培育新农民,全面提高农民素质,为建设社会主义新农村提供人力支持和智力保障。     

天津农村人力资源素质分析及开发对策

加快农村人力资源开发,提高农村人力资源素质,是建设社会主义新农村的根本。天津农村人力资源总量大,但整体素质较低,人力资源结构不合理。造成天津农民素质素质较低和结构不合理的原因是多方面的,是历史、体制、政策等因素共同作用的结果。加快天津农村人力资源开发,应优先发展农村教育,完善农村教育体系,实施农民素质提高工程,全面提高农民整体素质和创业能力,健全农民教育培训体系,构建农民教育培训的长效机制。     

云南省低成本农业农村信息化模式研究

云南省受经济水平、基础设施以及农民科技素质的限制,农业农村信息化建设相对落后。本研究总结形成了以政府为主导的和以企业为主导的2种农业农村低成本信息化模式。以政府为主导的信息化模式是以县域为中心,构建县域农业科技信息服务平台和信息服务体系,以网络、短信、硬盘播放器等多技术融合为手段,以项目共建共享为途径,采用一站多用方式,实现信息进村入户;以企业为主导的信息化模式,是针对云南省网络覆盖不全面地区,以企业为中心,围绕农业标准化生产和产业化发展需求,建设企业集群服务器和信息服务平台,采用无线通信技术和无线覆盖技术,实现对企业生产基地和加盟农户的网络信息全覆盖。2种模式相互结合,较好地解决了西部边疆民族地区因经济条件、基础设施和农民素质造成的信息化建设最后一公里问题。     

中国西北地区现代农业建设中新型农民教育培训研究——基于陕西、甘肃和宁夏的调查

建设现代农业,最终要靠有文化、懂技术、会经营的新型农民,对农民进行培训则是培养新型农民的一种有效途径。以陕西、甘肃和宁夏的农户问卷调查资料和县(区)、乡(镇)、村制度调查资料为依据,分析了西北地区农民素质现状、西北地区农民培训需求现状、培训供给现状、需求与供给之间的缺口,并提出弥补需求和供给之间缺口、完善西北农民培训工作的政策建议。     

北京市现代农民远程教育与培训体系建设、成效与思考

随着网络技术的成熟和信息时代的到来,中国农民教育与培训面临全新的挑战和机遇。对北 京市现代农民远程教育与培训体系建设内容,从综合网络技术系统建设、学习支持系统建设、教育资 源系统的开发、远程接收系统建设、组织管理服务系统建设五方面进行了阐述。并对取得成效进行了 介绍;以及对体系建设过程中存在的问题进行了进一步的分析,包括基层人才、信息资源建设、培训 过程的交互性、以及远程站点利用与发展等问题,以期为中国现代农民远程教育与培训体系的建设 提供参考。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.