几种农药对桑椹小粒性菌核病的防治效果试验

桑椹菌核病是果用桑树的重要病害,为高效、安全控制该病对桑果生产的危害,进行了大田农药防治筛选试验。结果表明,70%甲基托布津可湿性粉剂500倍液、50%多菌灵-硫磺粉剂500倍液和1 000倍液对桑椹小粒性菌核病具有较好的防治效果,且对桑叶和桑椹无明显药害;70%甲基托布津粉剂1 000倍液、25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油1 500倍和3 000倍液以及40%嘧霉胺粉剂1 000倍液也有一定的防治效果。     

不同海拔梯度嵩草种子的萌发机制

用4种不同试剂（KNO3、H2SO4、NaOH和温水）分别对西藏地区不同海拔梯度下的5种嵩草[四川嵩草（Kobresia setchwanensis）、喜马拉雅嵩草（K.royleana）、藏北嵩草（K.littledalei）、线叶嵩草（K.capillifolia）和高山嵩草（K.pygmaea）]进行浸种处理,以研究嵩草的萌发特性。结果表明,4种不同试剂处理均能显著影响各种嵩草种子的发芽势、发芽率以及嵩草幼苗的苗长和根长,且不同种子来源对发芽势、发芽率的影响较大,而不同试剂处理对幼苗苗长和根长的影响更大（P<0.05）。40%的NaOH溶液浸种后,四川嵩草和藏北嵩草发芽率分别达到98.00%和73.33%,且后者与对照差异显著（P<0.05）。NaOH浸种是增加嵩草幼苗高度的最优方法,将5种嵩草幼苗高度提高了13.0 mm以上,KNO3、H2SO4和温水对5种西藏嵩草种子的发芽均有一定的作用。     

盐酸头孢噻呋无菌检查方法的建立

为建立盐酸头孢噻呋无菌原料的无菌检查方法，本试验按照方法适用性试验的有关要求，对前处理、冲洗总量等进行了考察。取供试品500mg，加10mL2.6%无菌碳酸钠溶液使溶解，再转移至490mL0.85%无菌氯化钠溶液中，作为供试液按照薄膜过滤法处理，用pH7.0无菌氯化钠-蛋白胨缓冲液为冲洗液，每张滤膜每次冲洗量为100mL，冲洗5次。结果显示，方法适用性试验中，供试品6种阳性菌试验组与阳性菌对照组相比均生长良好，供试品组、阴性对照组均无菌生长，说明供试品在该条件下已消除其抑菌作用，方法合理，结果准确、可靠，可作常规无菌检查法。     

三种增菌液对食品沙门氏菌检验结果比较试验

本试验以三种增菌液，对３００份鲜猪肉和１２０份鲜鸡肉检样进行沙门氏菌增菌培养，比较三种增菌液的增菌检出效果。结果表明：ＭＭ液对鲜猪肉和鲜鸡肉检样中沙门氏菌捡出率最高，分别为２２．７％、５３．３％，平均捡出率３１．４％，敏感指数８８．０％；ＳＭ液次之，检出率２０．３％、４７．５％，平均检出率２８．１％，敏感指数７８．７％；ＳＢＧ液最低，检出率分别为１９．３％、４０％，平均检出率２５．２％，敏感指数７０．７％。ＭＭ液和ＳＭ液检出沙门氏菌菌株符合率均高于ＳＢＧ液，分别为８８．０％和７８．７％。     

Survival of Mycoplasma haemofelis and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' in blood of cats used for transfusions

Blood transfusions are commonly administered to cats; associated risks include the transmission of various infectious diseases including Mycoplasma haemofelis (Mhf) and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' (Mhm). Blood transfusions in citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine (CPDA-1) solution are commonly administered immediately or stored for up to 1 month prior to administration. It is unknown whether Mhf or Mhm survive in this solution or temperature. The purpose of this study was to determine if Mhf or Mhm remain viable after storage in CPDA-1 for varying periods of time. The results provide evidence that transmission of hemoplasmas to na?ve cats occurs after administration of infected feline blood that has been stored in CPDA-1 solution for 1h (Mhf) and 1 week (Mhm). These findings support the recommendation that cats used as blood donors be screened for Mhf and Mhm infections by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay prior to use.     

Disinfection of contaminated equipment: evaluation of benzalkonium chloride exposure time and solution age and the ability of air-drying to eliminate Flavobacterium psychrophilum

Disinfection of equipment that comes in contact with fish can help to minimize the spread of Flavobacterium psychrophilum (the etiological agent of bacterial coldwater disease) within and among fish culture facilities. We present the results of three studies that evaluated the potential use of benzalkonium chloride and air-drying to kill surface-attached F. psychrophilum. In the first study, we established a vat with a 600-mg/L benzalkonium chloride solution and sampled this solution 0, 14, 35, 56, 70, and 84 d after creation. The solution was kept outdoors and subjected to typical hatchery use. Plastic test strips were dipped in a solution containing F. psychrophilum and were then immersed in benzalkonium chloride for 0, 1, 10, 30, or 60 min. The strips were then rinsed with sterile water and streaked across a plate containing tryptone yeast extract salts (TYES) medium. No culturable bacteria were detected from any strips immersed for 10, 30, or 60 min. Bacteria were detected on 17% of the strips that were immersed for 1 min. The age of the benzalkonium chloride solution had no effect on disinfection ability. In the second study, plastic strips were immersed in a solution containing F. psychrophilum and then were dipped in a 600-mg/L benzalkonium chloride solution for 10 s. The strips were then air-dried for 1 h and were streaked onto TYES medium. No bacterial growth was observed from any strips in the second experiment. The third study determined whether air-drying alone was sufficient to kill F. psychrophilum. Plastic strips were dipped in a solution containing F. psychrophilum; were allowed to dry at room temperature for 0, 24, 48, or 96 h; and were then streaked across TYES medium. Bacteria were cultured from strips representing each drying interval, indicating that air-drying times of 96 h or less are insufficient to kill F. psychrophilum.     

生物制品中甲醛的含量测定

兽医生物制品中甲醛的含量有乙酰丙酮法和碱性复红两种方法，我们选用有罗好线性盯关系数的乙酰丙酮法作为２０００版《兽药典》方法。本方法测定油乳剂疫苗甲醛时，其回收率仅５０￣７０％，加入吐温－８０乙醇液后，回收提高到约１００％，本文详细叙述测定方法。     

Peptide-lignosulphonic acid precipitation zones in agar gel. A direct micro quantitative procedure for the determination of peptide-precipitating lignosulphonic acids in aqueous solution

The effects of incubation time and incubation temperature on precipitation zones of peptide-lignosulphonic acid complexes in agar plates are studied in relation to the mathematical dependence of zone diameter as a function of the concentrations of lignosulphonic acids in serial 2-fold dilutions. Optimal conditions are given for obtaining regression lines with not significant second degree coefficients under defined conditions.A diffusion unit, proposed as a measure of peptide-precipitating lignosulphonic acids in aqueous solution, is defined. The possibility is discussed of using the described procedure as a micro quantitative method for the determination of peptide-precipitating lignosulphonic acids in aqueous solution.     

影响精子受精力的因素

在人工授精及体外受精工作中，需要对精液进行稀释和处理，稀释及处理方法是否恰当，会直接影响精液的质量和受精能力。同时，稀释液中所添加的成分是否合适也会影响精液的质量和受精力。本文讨论精子处理过程以及稀释液中添加的有机物、无机离子、激素、维生素和细胞因子等对精子受精力的影响。     

不同苏木精——伊红染色液在组织石蜡切片中的应用

应用八种苏木精染色液和三种伊红染色液配制法,对组织石蜡切片进行了染色比较试验,试验结果表明,Harris苏木精液、Mayer苏木精液、Gill半氧化苏木精液、碘化钠氧化苏木精液和1%伊红复制液、1%伊红酒精液的染色性能稳定,能长期使用,氧化膜较薄,结晶析出较少,配制方法简便,染色效果良好。     

A "dipstick" enzyme immunoassay for detection of antibody to Brucella abortus in cattle sera.

An enzyme immunoassay that utilizes antigen bound to a matrix which can be removed from the substrate to stop development is described. The assay which is performed in glass or plastic disposable tubes uses Gel-Bond film strips for attachment of antigen. The only equipment requirements are a rotary shaker and a spectrophotometer (optional). The antigen coated strips are passed through a series of tubes containing test serum, wash solution, antibody-enzyme conjugate, wash solution and substrate-chromogen taking about 45 minutes to perform. In testing sera with or without antibody to Brucella abortus a very high correlation existed between same day tests and tests performed over several days as well as with data on the same sera obtained by an enzyme immunoassay in a microtiter format.     

The influence of porcine pancreas digestion parameters and islet histomorphology on islet isolation outcome

Transplantation of the pig islets of Langerhans is considered as the future treatment for patients suffering from type I diabetes mellitus. Despite the adaptation of modified Ricordi method and highly purified collagenase, the results of pancreas digestions are precarious. Selection of proper donor and optimal digestion procedure are fundamental. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of pancreas procuring parameters on pig islets yield. The pancreata were harvested from 69 market sows weighting over 150 kg. After intraductal injection of cold collagenase solution pancreata were transported in UW solution or under conditions of two layer method (TLM). In laboratory pancreata were digested at 37 degrees C according to Ricordi isolation method or stationary in the bottle. The particular parameters of isolation procedure were considered as substantial. Pig weight, volume of infused collagenase solution, TLM application and pancreas dividing before digestion positively affected islet yield. Additionally, the influence of pancreatic islet tissue histomorphology on isolation outcome was studied. Proper donor selection as well as adequate digestion parameters could improve pig islet recovery during islet isolation.     

三叶草叶蛋白提取工艺优化研究

作者选用三叶草为试验材料,通过正交试验L9(3⁴)分别对料水比、加盐比、不同pH和絮凝温度4个因素进行优化。以叶蛋白提取率、蛋白质量分数为指标,以期获得三叶草叶蛋白提取的最佳优化工艺参数。正交试验表明,提取三叶草叶蛋白的最佳提取工艺为A₃B₃C₁D₂,即料水比为1∶3、加盐量为5%、pH为3.0、絮凝温度为70 ℃为最佳的提取工艺组合。本研究初步用正交试验的方法对三叶草叶蛋白的最佳提取工艺进行了优化研究,为三叶草叶蛋白的开发应用提供了理论依据。     

The therapy of otitis externa

Summary The clinical findings following the instillation of an aqueous solution containing natamycin, neomycin and hydrocortisone into the ears of dogs exhibiting the signs of otitis externa are described. Out of a total of 143 cases, 50 were also examined microbiologically both before and after treatment in order to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal properties of the solution. The severity of the complaint appeared to be of little significance as far as the respons is concerned. A favourable response was noted clinically in 95% and microbiologically in 86% of the cases treated.     

Fluid and electrolyte therapy in ruminants.

Five important questions always must be asked and answered regarding fluid and electrolyte therapy in ruminants: (1) Is therapy needed? (2) What type of therapy? (3) What route of administration? (4) How much should be administered? and (5) How fast should the solution be administered? Food animal veterinarians routinely should carry the following commercially available crystalloid solutions and have the knowledge of how to use the products appropriately: Ringer's solution, 1.3% NaHCO3, acetated Ringer's solution, HS (7.2% NaCl), 8% NaHCO3, 23% calcium gluconate, calcium-magnesium solutions, and 50% dextrose. Ruminants with a blood pH less than 7.20 should be treated intravenously with 1.3% or 8.0% NaHCO3, and those animals with a blood pH greater than 7.45 should be treated intravenously with Ringer's solution. Oral electrolyte solutions or intravenous acetated Ringer's solution should be administered to ruminants with a blood pH greater than 7.20 but less than 7.45, and acetated Ringer's solution is preferred to lactated Ringer's solution. HS solution should be administered whenever rapid resuscitation is required. Oral administration of electrolyte solutions is underused in neonatal and adult ruminants. The optimal solution for oral administration to neonatal ruminants has a sodium concentration between 90 and 130 mmol/L; a potassium concentration between 10 and 20 mmol/L; a chloride concentration between 40 and 80 mmol/L; 40 to 80 mmol/L of metabolizable (nonbicarbonate) base, such as acetate or propionate; and glucose as an energy source. The optimal formulation for adult ruminants is unknown, but such a solution should contain sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and propionate to facilitate sodium absorption and to provide an additional source of energy to the animal. Acidemia is treated best by intravenous or oral administration of NaHCO3. Alkalemia is treated best by intravenous administration of Ringer's solution and oral administration of chloride-rich electrolytes such as KCl; the latter provides a physiologically more appropriate treatment than oral administration of vinegar or acetic acid solutions. Hypocalcemia is treated best by administering intravenous calcium borogluconate solutions or oral CaCl2 gels. Hypomagnesemia is treated best by intravenous or subcutaneous administration of combined calcium and magnesium solutions. Hypophosphatemia is treated best by oral administration of feed-grade monosodium phosphate. Hypokalemia is treated best by oral administration of feed-grade KCl; hyperkalemia is treated best by intravenous administration of 8.0% NaHCO3 or HS. The major challenges in treating fluid and electrolyte disorders in ruminants are making treatment protocols more practical and less expensive and formulating an optimal electrolyte solution for oral administration to adult ruminants.     

钼素对不同氮素形态营养液培养的盐角草生物量的影响

以盐角草(Salicornia europaea)为材料进行水培实验,研究了不同浓度钼素营养对硝态氮（NO－3 N）和铵态氮(NH+4 N)营养液中培养的盐角草生长的影响。结果表明,两种氮素形态营养液培养下,随着钼素水平的提高,盐角草肉质茎中硝酸还原酶（NR）和黄嘌呤脱氢酶(XDH)的活性增强,叶绿素含量、酰脲类物质（Ureides）含量升高,生物产量增加;3 μmol·L-1的钼素叶面喷施对盐角草肉质茎生长优于营养液添加钼素。不同氮素营养液培养下,盐角草生长有明显差异,NH+4 N营养液培养较NO3－ N营养液培养的盐角草叶绿素含量高,XDH活性高,Ureides含量增加,但NR活性下降,生物产量减少。通过对海水灌溉NO3－ N营养液培养的盐角草增施钼素,能提高NR和XDH活性,增加盐角草的生物产量。     

提取液及固-液分离方法对固态非淀粉多糖酶类活性的影响

本试验旨在探讨固态酶制剂评估中酶的适宜提取液及固-液分离方法。采用4×3双因素完全随机设计,其中提取液分别为去离子水、乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲液(0.1 mol/L,p H 5.50)、磷酸盐缓冲液(0.05 mol/L,p H 6.00)和0.9%Na Cl溶液;溶液提取后的固-液分离方法分别为不分离、3 000 r/min离心3 min和中速滤纸过滤。每个处理5个重复,每个重复设2个平行,测定各个处理下酶的活性,并考察提取液的类型对酶制剂产品(α-半乳糖苷酶除外)溶解离心后溶液中溶质及蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,磷酸盐缓冲液溶解木聚糖酶后活性最高(P0.05);乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲液、磷酸盐缓冲液及0.9%Na Cl溶液溶解β-葡聚糖酶后活性相当(P0.05),且均显著地高于去离子水(P0.05);去离子水溶解β-甘露聚糖酶后活性最高,其次为乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲液,两者都显著地高于磷酸盐缓冲液和0.9%Na Cl溶液(P0.05)。提取液类型对α-半乳糖苷酶活性无显著影响(P0.05)。酶制剂溶解后的固-液分离方法对木聚糖酶的测定活性无显著性影响(P0.05);提取液离心或过滤后β-葡聚糖酶活性最高(P0.05);提取液离心后β-甘露聚糖酶活性最高(P0.05);而提取液不分离时α-半乳糖苷酶的活性最高(P0.05)。提取液的种类和酶制剂溶解后的固-液分离方法对4种非淀粉多糖酶的测定活性有极显著的交互作用(P0.01)。乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲液对木聚糖酶制剂的溶解度最大(P0.05),去离子水和0.9%Na Cl溶液均对β-葡聚糖酶及β-甘露聚糖酶制剂的溶解度最大(P0.05)。然而,乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲液溶解木聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶、β-甘露聚糖酶后提取液中蛋白质的含量均最低(P0.05)。上述结果表明,乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲液溶解4种固态酶制剂可以最有效地将酶蛋白提取出来,α-半乳糖苷酶提取后不宜固液分离,而其他3种酶的提取液适宜进行离心分离。     

Effects of infusion of adenosine triphosphate-magnesium chloride on cardiopulmonary and clinicopathologic variables, cytokine activity, and endothelin concentration in horses administered a low dose of endotoxin

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate systemic effects of i.v. infusion of ATP-MgCl2 subsequent to infusion of a low dose of endotoxin in horses. ANIMALS: 12 adult horses. PROCEDURE: Horses were administered endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution i.v., during a 30-minute period. Immediately thereafter, horses in each group were infused i.v. with ATP-MgCl2 or saline solution. Two weeks later, horses were administered the opposite solution (LPS or saline solution), but it was followed by the same infusion as 2 weeks previously (ie, ATP-MgCl2 or saline solution). Cardiopulmonary and clinicopathologic variables, cytokine activity, and endothelin (ET) concentrations were recorded. RESULTS: IV infusion of ATP-MgCl2 after administration of a low dose of endotoxin failed to attenuate the cardiopulmonary, clinicopathologic, and cytokine alterations that develop secondary to endotoxin exposure. The combination of LPS and ATP-MgCl2 potentiated pulmonary hypertension, leukopenia, and neutropenia when compared with the combination of LPS and saline solution. The combination of LPS and ATP-MgCl2 resulted in thrombocytopenia. Endothelin concentration was increased in jugular venous and pulmonary arterial plasma in horses receiving LPS and ATP-MgCl2. Similar increases were not observed with LPS and saline solution. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Administration of ATP-MgCl2 did not protect horses from systemic effects of experimentally induced endotoxemia. Furthermore, the use of ATP-MgCl2 during endotoxemia may worsen the cardiopulmonary and clinicopathologic status of affected horses. Because ATP and other adenine nucleotides are released from cells during shock, their potential role in the development of hemodynamic derangements, leukocyte adherence, and coagulopathies during endotoxemic episodes warrants further investigation.     

Effect of drug formulation and feeding on the pharmacokinetics of orally administered quinidine in the horse

Quinidine is the drug of choice for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias in horses. The plasma concentrations vs. time profiles following oral administration of two formulations of quinidine sulphate, an oral solution and an oral suspension paste, were evaluated in nine horses. They received multiple administrations of the oral solution under fed and non-fed conditions and of the paste under non-fed conditions. A loading dose of 20 mg.kg_-1 and a maintenance dose of 10 mg.kg^-1 quinidine with dosing interval of 6 h were used. The relative bioavailability of the oral solution under fed conditions in comparison to the solution under non-fed conditions was 75.0 ± 10.2% for the loading dose and 97.18 ± 31.66% after the fourth dose. For the paste formulation the relative bioavailability values are not reported, as steady-state levels were not reached. There was a large variation in plasma quinidine levels when the paste formulation was administered. Feeding conditions had a significant influence on the C_max, values after administration of the loading dose. The T ^max values were not affected by food intake. It was concluded that an oral solution has to be preferred because of the variable drug bioavailability from the paste formulation and the poor acceptability of the paste by the horse.