基于生态因子的冬小麦产量遥感估测研究

为提高冬小麦遥感估产的精确性与适用性,在河南省的孟州市和沁阳市利用GPS定位布设田间试验,利用P-6卫星数据进行了冬小麦遥感估产研究.通过对遥感植被指数和冬小麦长势与产量GPS定位数据的综合分析,基于遥感影像信息获取的瞬时性和准确性,结合小麦灌浆期生态条件对小麦产量形成的影响,利用开花期遥感影像归一化植被指数(NDVI)和灌浆期生态因子(气温、日照、氮素营养、土壤水分)建立了冬小麦产量遥感估测模型,并检验了该模型的可靠性.结果表明,模型预测值与实测值较为一致,利用开花期遥感影像NDVI和灌浆期生态数据估测冬小麦产量的RMSE值为369.27 kg·ha-1,相对误差为6.45%.模型估测性能好,且具有一定的解释性.     

基于GF-6/WFV卫星遥感的大田冬小麦叶片氮素含量估测

为对大田冬小麦叶片氮素含量（LNC）进行快速、准确及无损监测,通过在江苏省泰州泰兴市、盐城大丰区和南通如皋市布设冬小麦遥感监测大田试验,在获取试验样点冬小麦冠层红光波段反射率（RED_ref）、近红外波段反射率（NIR_ref）和计算的十个光谱指数（RVI、NDVI、DVI、SAVI、OSAVI、MSR、RDVI、EVI2、NLI和SVI）基础上,将12个遥感光谱指标与冬小麦LNC进行相关分析,选出与LNC相关性较好的作为模型输入变量,构建基于BP神经网络的冬小麦LNC估测模型, 并利用GF-6/WFV卫星遥感影像对县域冬小麦LNC的空间分布开展监测。结果表明,12个遥感光谱指标与冬小麦LNC之间存在不同程度的相关性,其中NDVI、RVI、MSR、OSAVI和NLI与冬小麦LNC的相关性较好（相关系数不低于0.65）。将优选的5个遥感光谱指标作为模型输入变量,构建基于BP神经网络的冬小麦LNC估测模型（LNC-BPEM）,模型的估测精度r²=0.866,RMSE=0.246%,ARE=12.9%。将冬小麦LNC-BPEM估测模型和GF-6/WFV影像结合对县域冬小麦LNC的空间信息监测,获得了如皋县域冬小麦LNC的空间分布特征,该区域冬小麦LNC范围在0.9%~2.0%（长势正常）的种植面积为29 693.3 hm²,占冬小麦总种植面积的74%。这说明利用GF-6/WFV卫星的多个遥感光谱指标与神经网络结合建模可有效估测县域大田冬小麦叶片氮素含量。     

利用HJ-1A卫星遥感影像进行水稻产量分级监测预报研究

以江苏省盱眙县、金湖县和洪泽县为例,利用我国的环境减灾卫星(HJ-1)遥感影像,开展了水稻产量分级监测预报研究。在利用GPS实地取样调查和建立解译标志的基础上,进行HJ-1A卫星影像精校正,将GPS样点数据校验贯穿到整个水稻种植面积分类与解译过程中,面积信息解译精度在90%以上。分别利用水稻抽穗期归一化植被指数和比值植被指数反演了叶面积指数和生物量数据信息。结合水稻遥感估产模型进行产量估算,并叠加样点产量信息验证,估产精度达到85%以上;依据预测的水稻产量数据进行产量分级预报,制作了盱眙县、金湖县和洪泽县水稻产量遥感分级监测预报图。结果说明,环境减灾卫星影像基本能满足水稻种植面积提取和产量预报的需求,能够在遥感估产中推广应用。     

基于无人机遥感的水稻产量估测

水稻产量的准确估算在农业生产中具有重要意义。本文通过无人机搭载多光谱传感器,获取水稻主要生育期冠层光谱信息,通过提取不同生育期8种植被指数与水稻产量的实测值建立拟合关系,筛选出最优植被指数和最佳的无人机遥感作业时期,建立水稻估产模型。结果表明,水稻生长前期不适合估产,抽穗期至成熟期估产效果好。最佳估产生育期是水稻抽穗期,基于该时期的植被指数NDVI、RVI、DVI、GNDVI、MSAVI2建立的多元线性模型估测效果较好,验证精度佳。因此,利用无人机多光谱数据对水稻产量进行估测是可行的。     

基于卫星遥感的冬小麦拔节期长势监测

为给小麦调优栽培提供信息支持,利用卫星影像信息结合地面试验数据,通过分析小麦拔节期叶面积指数、生物量以及植株氮素含量三个群体质量指标与植被指数之间的关系,建立了基于归一化植被指数(NDVI)、比值植被指数(RVI)的小麦群体质量指标监测模型.结果表明,NDVI与叶面积指数和植株氮素含量呈现显著的正相关关系(R2分别为0.8483和0.8238),与地上部生物量间的相关性未达显著水平(R2=0.7746).RVI与叶面积指数和植株氮素含量呈线性正相关(R2=0.7651和R2=0.78),而与地上部生物量呈显著线性正相关(R2=0.8277).利用不同的试验数据对所建模型进行了检验,监测值与实测值较为吻合,根均方差(RMSE)分别为0.19、106.13 kg·ha-1和0.136%,显示模型具有较好的监测性和通用性.因此,在拔节期可以利用NDVI对叶面积指数和植株氮素含量进行监测,对地上部生物量的监测则以利用RVI数据较好.     

基于多源遥感数据和机器学习算法的冬小麦产量预测研究

为探讨基于多源遥感数据和机器学习算法预测冬小麦产量的可行性,利用中麦175/轮选987重组自交系F₇代群体中70个家系开展田间试验,通过无人机遥感平台和地面表型车平台及手持式冠层鉴定平台,获取冬小麦灌浆期光谱数据,分别用4种机器学习方法和集成方法建立产量预测模型。结果表明,在61个光谱指数中,除MCARI、DSI、PVI外,其余指数均与产量显著相关或极显著相关,700 nm和800 nm组合的高光谱指数能够比较准确地预测产量。相对于高光谱和多光谱,RGB传感器预测产量精度最高,平均决定系数(r²)为0.74,平均均方根误差(RMSE)为517.78 kg·hm^-2。相对于决策树(DT)、随机森林(RF)、支持向量机(SVM)三种传统机器学习算法,岭回归(RR)算法预测产量的精度最高,平均r²为0.73,平均RMSE为516.1 kg·hm^-2。与单一的传统机器学习算法相比,DT、RF、SVM、RR结合集成算法的预测精度高且稳定,r²高达0.77,RMSE也...     

基于高光谱的倒伏冬小麦产量预测模型研究

为利用高光谱遥感技术对倒伏小麦产量进行准确、快速地估算,选取在乳熟期发生不同程度倒伏的两个春性冬小麦品种为材料,利用光谱仪测定了不同倒伏级别下小麦冠层光谱反射率,研究植被指数与产量及其构成因素间的相关性,最终建立快速、有效估测倒伏小麦产量的数学模型。结果表明,不同级别倒伏对小麦千粒重和产量的影响均达显著水平（P<0.05）,随倒伏级别的增加,千粒重和产量均呈降低趋势,二者最高降幅分别为10.72%和17.69%。对倒伏小麦产量与冠层光谱反射率进行相关分析,在350~690 nm波段,相关系数随波长的增加总体呈下降趋势;在690~760 nm波段,相关系数呈上升趋势,在764 nm处,相关系数绝对值达最大,为0.734。千粒重与DVI_570,670的相关系数值最高,产量与DVI_764,407的相关性最好,且都通过了0.01水平检验。利用植被指数-千粒重-产量构建的反演模型,可提高模型预测精度,与单因子植被指数-产量模型、多因子植被指数-产量模型相比,能更好地反演不同倒伏程度的小麦产量。     

县域冬小麦生物量动态变化遥感估测研究

为给生产管理中及时掌握县域冬小麦长势的动态变化提供有效手段,以江苏省沭阳县为研究区,基于冬小麦生物量形成的生理生态过程,重构冬小麦生物量遥感估测模型。选用两景不同时相的HJ星影像数据,利用植被指数反演的LAI数据,对冬小麦生物量模型进行参数修订,并对县域冬小麦拔节期生物量的空间分布进行估测。在此基础上,进一步估测冬小麦抽穗期生物量分布特征及其动态变化特点。结果表明：（1）冬小麦拔节期生物量估测值和观测值范围分别为2 054.3~4 828.3 和1 962.5~4 568.4 kg·hm^-2 ,平均值分别为3 148和3 045.5 kg·hm^-2 ,RMSE为214.8 kg·hm^-2 ,决定系数为0.919 1,表明冬小麦生物量模型模拟精度较好;（2）冬小麦抽穗期生物量较拔节期发生明显变化,其中长势变化快的田块面积为20 108.7hm,占总种植面积的23.4%。春季气候因素的转好以及肥水措施的实施对冬小麦营养与生殖共生阶段的生长起到明显促进作用。说明本研究提出的基于遥感反演信息与生长模型协同的冬小麦生物量估测方法能有效估测县域冬小麦不同生长时期生物量的空间分布及其动态变化。     

多遥感光谱指标结合进行大田冬小麦叶片叶绿素含量估测研究

为解决大田冬小麦叶片叶绿素含量估测模型精度低、通用性弱的问题,在获取冬小麦拔节期和抽穗期冠层红光波段反射率(BR_red)和近红外波段反射率(BR_nir)的基础上,计算归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)、差值植被指数(DVI)、比值植被指数(RVI)、土壤调节植被指数(SAVI)、改进型比值植被指数(MSR)、重归一化植被指数(RDVI)、II型增强植被指数(EVI2)和非线性植被指数(NLI)等8个植被指数。经统计分析,选择与叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD值)相关性较好的5个遥感光谱指标(NDVI、MSR、NLI、BR_red和RVI)作为输入变量,建立了冬小麦叶片叶绿素含量的BP神经网络估测模型(WWLCC_BP),并对估测模型进行精度验证。结果表明,WWLCC_BP估测模型在拔节期估测的决定系数(r²)为0.84,均方根误差(RMSE)为5.39,平均相对误差(ARE)为9.87%。抽穗期的估测效果与拔节期较为一致。将WWLCC_BP和高分六号影像...     

基于遥感影像植被指数变化量分析的冬小麦长势动态监测

为进一步探究利用中低分辨率影像监测小麦苗情的机理,丰富小麦长势动态监测的模式,结合2017-2018年定点观测试验,以GF-WFV数据为遥感影像源,研究了孕穗-开花期冬小麦主要长势变化量参数和产量及其与植被指数变化量间的定量关系,以逐步回归方法筛选目标长势变化量参数,分别构建及评价基于GF-WFV影像遥感植被指数变化量的孕穗-开花期叶片含氮量变化量和叶绿素含量变化量监测模型。结果表明,冬小麦叶片含氮量变化量（ΔLNC）和叶绿素含量变化量（ΔCHL）与产量密切相关,而孕穗-开花期的归一化植被指数变化量（ΔNDVI）、比值植被指数变化量（ΔRVI）分别与ΔLNC和ΔCHL相关性最好,因此选择这两个植被指数变化量作为敏感参量构建冬小麦长势监测模型。经验证,基于ΔNDVI和ΔRVI构建的长势线性模型可靠且精度高,其决定系数分别为0.70和0.64,均方根误差分别为0.39%和0.08 mg·L^-1FW。基于预测模型和实测数据分级量化表达冬小麦长势的空间分布状况,能够很好实现了基于GF-WFV时相影像长势不同等级的遥感监测。     

Grain yield,starch, protein,and nutritional element concentrations of winter wheat exposed to enhanced UV-B during different growth stages

In order to alleviate the damage of UV-B on plants, it is important to determine at which growth stages are plants more sensitive to enhanced UV-B. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of UV-B on wheat yield and quality during different growth stages. Enhanced UV-B during heading, flowering and the whole growth stages (UCK, from seedling to grain filling) decreased yield by 6.6, 4.4 and 9.6%, respectively. Protein content in grain was decreased by enhanced UV-B during flowering and UCK over the control. Amylose, amylopectin and total starch content were not affected by UV-B treatments. UCK treatment resulted in a decrease of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) concentrations, while zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) concentrations increased. Enhanced UV-B during tillering, heading and flowering stages reduced Fe concentration, but increased Mn, copper (Cu) and Zn (except for flowering) concentrations. The results indicated that the changes in wheat yield and quality induced by enhanced UV-B during the whole growth stage were probably from the effects of UV-B radiation during heading and flowering stages. Therefore, to better defend the damage of UV-B to wheat, some methods should be undertaken during heading and flowering stages.     

Mute swan grazing on winter crops: estimation of yield loss in oilseed rape and wheat

Yield loss due to grazing by mute swans was measured on two fields each of autumn-sown oilseed rape and winter wheat, located in three regions of the UK. Using a paired plot design, a 33.7% reduction in yield (total dry weight of seed) and a 12.1% reduction in the thousand-seed weight was measured in the rape field subjected to the highest grazing intensity. No significant yield loss was measured in the other three fields. Yield loss was related to: (i) the timing of the onset of grazing, and (ii) the duration of grazing (both estimated from counts of mute swan droppings). Management measures which delay the onset of grazing and/or reduce the duration of grazing are therefore likely to reduce yield loss.     

基于遥感信息和产量形成过程的小麦估产模型

为提高小麦遥感估产的精确性和机理性,在广域环境条件下进行了多品种小麦的种植试验,并基于遥感信息获取的瞬时性与广域性,结合小麦产量形成的生理生态过程及其与气候环境的相互关系,建立了较为简化的小麦估产模型.通过组件化的设计方法实现了遥感信息和估产模型的耦合,即利用抽穗期遥感影像反演的LAI和生物量及时替换小麦估产模型对应参数变量,进而实现对小麦产量的估测.通过试验验证,小麦产量的预测值与实测值较为一致,预测小麦产量的RMSE为354.18 kg·ha-1,利用小麦估产模型可以对不同年份、不同区域的小麦产量形成情况进行监测预报.     

Two strategies for achieving higher yield under phosphorus deficiency in winter wheat grown in field conditions

Under field conditions, phosphorus (P) deficiency reduces wheat yield by affecting different yield components. However, the physiological strategies by which wheat genotypes with different yield structures respond to low-P stress are not clear. In the present study, we investigated tiller, floret, and root biomass, and P uptake and remobilization at two levels of P under field conditions in three winter wheat genotypes with different yield structures and P-efficiencies. Results showed that P-efficient cultivars CA9325 and ND139 got higher yield and total P accumulation than P-inefficient ND3291 at low-P, but not at normal P treatment. However, both the P-efficient wheat cultivars tend to have the same advantageous yield components at both high P and low-P stress. CA9325, a large-eared genotype, developed more fertile florets, and therefore had more grains at low-P stress. Increasing the number of grains formed a large sink for P demand during the grain-filling stage. Correspondingly, this genotype developed large roots for sustaining post-anthesis P uptake. ND139, a multi-eared genotype, developed many more tillers at low-P stress, and formed more ears at maturity. P from infertile tillers was probably reutilized by the surviving tillers to ensure floret development. Correspondingly, the contribution of pre-anthesis P uptake in ND139 and subsequent remobilization of P to the grains was higher. It was found that larger root rather than higher root activity was the determinant factor in efficient pre-anthesis P uptake in ND3291 and efficient post-anthesis P uptake in CA9325. It is concluded that increasing wheat yield at low soil P availability can be realized by either increasing ears per plant or increasing grains per ear through crop management or breeding.     

Fungicide treatments affect yield and moisture content of grain and straw in winter wheat

Straw and grain yield and water content in both grain and straw were measured during 3 years in 17 varieties of winter wheat following treatments with different fungicides. The water content of the straw varied significantly dependent on year, variety and fungicide treatment. In 1998, the water content in straw was significantly higher after the use of strobilurins compared with untreated and EBI fungicides (ergosterol biosyntesis inhibitors). On average water content in 10 varieties increased from 15% in untreated to 31% after applying two full dosages of azoxystrobin. In 1999 and 2000, lower dosages of azoxystrobin were used and water content increased only by 2–4 percentage units. The results indicate that in some years and with high doses precaution has to be taken following the use of strobilurins regarding handling and removing of the straw, which likely will include postponement of baling. Water content in grain was also increased significantly from fungicide treatments, but the increase was minor and at the maximum increase found to be 1.1% percentage unit. The effect of fungicide input on water content in grain was reduced much faster during the ripening period than for water content in straw. Fungicide treatments and varieties significantly influenced straw yields. The yield increases in straw varied between 0 and 1.0 tonnes/ha depending on year and variety, and was on average 0.42 tonnes/ha for two fungicide treatments. Two fungicide applications carried out at GS 31 and 45–55 gave only slightly higher increases compared with one application around ear emergence. Varieties showed variable increases following the use of fungicides. The variation was not influenced by the straw length (crop height). The increases in straw yield from fungicide treatments were relatively low compared to the increases in grain yield and no clear correlation was found between grain yield increases and straw yield increases.     

Effect of lowering the root/shoot ratio by pruning roots on water use efficiency and grain yield of winter wheat

A pot and a field experiment were conducted to assess the effects of root/shoot ratio (R/S) on the water use efficiency (WUE) and grain yield of winter wheat. The R/S was regulated by pruning the roots during the stem elongation stage, resulting in reduced root systems of the plants. At the heading stage, the root dry weight of root-pruned plants was less than that of intact-root plants, but their R/S was similar to that of intact-root plants under both experimental conditions. After tiller pruning, the R/S of root-pruned plants was significantly lower than that of intact-root plants (p < 0.05). Root pruning reduced the rate of leaf transpiration and lowered the number of tillers per plant (p < 0.05) during the vegetative stage. As a result, root-pruned wheat showed reduced water use when compared to intact-root plants before heading (p < 0.05). At anthesis, there was no significant difference in transpiration between plants with intact roots and those with pruned roots in the pots. However, under field conditions, transpiration of root-pruned plants was significantly higher than that of intact-root plants at anthesis. Additionally, at anthesis root-pruned plants had a higher rate of leaf photosynthesis and lower rate of root respiration, which resulted in a significantly higher grain yield at maturity when compared to plants with intact roots. Under both experimental conditions, there were no significant differences in shoot dry weight per plant between root-pruned and intact-root plants grown in monoculture. When root-pruned plants were grown with intact-root plants, the root-pruned wheat was less productive and had a lower relative shoot dry weight (0.78 and 0.86, respectively) than the intact-root plants (1.24 and 1.16, respectively). These results suggest that plants with pruned roots had a lower ability to compete and to acquire and use the same resources in the mixture when compared with intact-root plants. Root pruning improved the WUE of winter wheat under both experimental conditions. This suggests that appropriate management for the root system/tillers in wheat crops can be used to increase grain yield and water use efficiency. Specifically, lowering the R/S improved the grain yield and WUE of winter wheat significantly by lowering its competitive ability and improving root efficiency. Therefore, drought-resistance breeding to improve the grain yield and WUE, at least for wheat, should be made by targeted selection of less competitive progeny with a small R/S for cultivation in arid and semiarid areas.     

Effects of genetic improvements on grain yield and agronomic traits of winter wheat in the Yangtze River Basin of China

Wheat is an important food crop worldwide. Genetic improvements have contributed much to wheat production since the 1960s. Verifying the evolution of agronomic traits and the physiological basis of grain yield will facilitate breeders and agronomists in developing new wheat cultivars, with the aim of stable and high yields. Thirty-five wheat cultivars, bred or widely planted in the Yangtze River Basin from 1950 to 2005, were grown in field experiments under three N rates (0, 112.5, and 225 kg N ha⁻¹) from 2006 to 2009 in Nanjing, China. Wheat grain yield, kernels per spike, 1000-kernel weight (TKW), and harvest index (HI) increased linearly with cultivar development from the 1950s to the 2000s, whereas spikes per unit land decreased significantly with cultivar development during the same period, and stabilized with further genetic improvements in cultivars. Grain yield, kernels per spike, and TKW differed with N rate and with cultivar. Grain yield, spikes per unit land, and kernels per spike increased significantly with increasing N fertilizer, but TKW and HI decreased. Cultivar height decreased with cultivar development from the 1950s to the 1980s, and remained relatively stable in subsequent cultivars. The proportion of the length of the top internode to total plant height increased with cultivar development from the 1950s to the 1980s and thereafter fell, while the length of the basal internode (BI) maintained a shortening trend. Leaf area per culm, leaf area index (LAI), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), and photosynthetic activity duration (PAD) of the flag leaf increased with cultivar development. Leaf area, LAI, and Pn increased significantly with increasing N fertilizer, while PAD did not. Single spike yield increased linearly with genetic development in cultivars, and these increases mainly resulted from increasing kernel number and weight, which were closely related to source size and cultivar. Grain yield was positively correlated to leaf area, LAI, Pn_Max, PAD, and single spike yield; single spike yield was positively correlated to leaf area, LAI, Pn_Max, and PAD, suggesting that grain yield improvements were mainly associated with improvements in the source (leaf area, LAI, Pn, PAD, etc.) and sink (single spike yield). Sink-source ratios increased with genetic development of cultivars, suggesting that productivity per leaf improved and that sink-source relationships have reached close to optimum in the Yangtze River Basin. Furthermore, breeding for high yield should be related to improvement in kernels per spike and TKW per unit land and increased sink-source ratios with a feasible LAI, and N fertilizer management should be considered during breeding for higher yields.     

Effects of fungicides on the occurrence of winter wheat eyespot caused by fungi Oculimacula acuformis and O. yallundae

The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of fungicides on the occurrence of Oculimacula spp. on winter wheat stems using real-time polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR) method. The ratio of Oculimacula yallundae and Oculimacula acuformis in the population was assessed from 2009 to 2011 in the winter wheat crops after 2, 3, and 4 years of use of fungicides prochloraz, cyprodinil, prothioconazole, metrafenone, and boscalid. After 4 years of fungicide use, the highest relative reduction of DNA of both fungi, compared with the unsprayed control, was detected in the samples from cyprodinil-applied plots. Relatively less O. yallundae DNA was identified in the samples from prochloraz- and that of O. acuformis from prothioconazole-applied plots. Metrafenone and boscalid had little effect on the changes in Oculimacula population. Fungicide effect on O. acuformis and O. yallundae pathogenesis slightly differed. In Oculimacula population under the fungicide treatment, 10 days after application (BBCH 37), the ratio of O. acuformis in all treatments was reduced, but the ratio of O. yallundae was increased in prevalence compared to O. acuformis in cyprodinil and prothioconazole treatments. Later in the season (BBCH 75), the ratio of O. acuformis increased in metrafenone and O. yallundae in prochloraz treatments. The effect of fungicides used for eyespot control on winter wheat productivity was inconsistent. Prochloraz use led to a significant grain yield increase in 2010, while prothioconazole use showed a similar increase in 2009 and 2010. Cyprodinil, boscalid, and metrafenone did not have any effect on the yield in any of the experimental years. A significant increase in thousand grain weight was obtained in prochloraz, prothioconazole, and boscalid treatments.     

栽培措施对直播油菜冬前生物学性状及产量的影响

采用三元二次回归旋转组合设计,研究油菜直播栽培方式下,栽培密度、施氮量、施磷量与冬前植株各形态、生理指标及产量之间的关系,获得了产量高于3 000kg/hm2的优化农艺措施方案,以及冬前各形态、生理指标与产量之间的关系.     

Interaction between cultivar and crop management effects on winter wheat diseases, lodging, and yield

The breeding of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for resistance to major fungal diseases has been a priority over the last 15 years in France. During this period, integrated low-input strategies have been developed for winter wheat, to cope with falling grain prices and growing environmental concerns. We investigated the interactions between genotype and management for disease and lodging intensities, and analysed their effects on yield within an integrated crop management (CM) context.

A multi-environment experimental network (13 locations, studied in three seasons, between 1999–2000 and 2001–2002) comprising several combinations of cultivars and CM systems was carried out. Four rule-based CM plans were defined, with a decrease in input level from CM1 (a high-input CM plan designed to maximise the yield of a given cultivar) to CM4 (a low-input system with no fungicide protection, no plant growth regulator applications, a sowing density 40% lower than for CM1, and 90 kg ha⁻¹ less N fertiliser than for CM1). Cultivars were clustered into three groups (cultivar type (CT) CT1–CT3), according to their scores for resistance to diseases, for the analysis of yield, whereas the resistance cultivar rating (CR) for each disease and for lodging was considered for the analysis of disease and lodging intensities.

For all diseases, CM had a significant effect (P<0.0001), with disease intensity increasing from CM1 to CM4, whereas CR had a negative effect (P<0.005). An interaction between CR and CM was also detected for all diseases (P<0.005) except eyespot. Lodging intensity decreased significantly from CM1 to CM4 (P<0.0001), and significant increases in lodging resistance score (P<0.0001) were not associated with a genotype by management interaction.

Lastly, yield was significantly affected by CM (P<0.0001), CT (P<0.0003), and CM by CT interaction (P=0.0023). Cultivar ranking differed as a function of CM for yield, demonstrating that breeding programs focusing on cultivar evaluation in high-input environments do not result in the selection of cultivars suited to low-input environments.