利用HJ-1A卫星遥感影像进行水稻产量分级监测预报研究

以江苏省盱眙县、金湖县和洪泽县为例,利用我国的环境减灾卫星(HJ-1)遥感影像,开展了水稻产量分级监测预报研究。在利用GPS实地取样调查和建立解译标志的基础上,进行HJ-1A卫星影像精校正,将GPS样点数据校验贯穿到整个水稻种植面积分类与解译过程中,面积信息解译精度在90%以上。分别利用水稻抽穗期归一化植被指数和比值植被指数反演了叶面积指数和生物量数据信息。结合水稻遥感估产模型进行产量估算,并叠加样点产量信息验证,估产精度达到85%以上;依据预测的水稻产量数据进行产量分级预报,制作了盱眙县、金湖县和洪泽县水稻产量遥感分级监测预报图。结果说明,环境减灾卫星影像基本能满足水稻种植面积提取和产量预报的需求,能够在遥感估产中推广应用。     

基于Landsat/TM遥感的冬小麦长势分级监测研究

为给遥感技术在冬小麦长势分级监测预报中的应用提供依据,以江苏省兴化市为例,利用TM卫星遥感影像,提取冬小麦的种植面积并分析了长势情况。在利用GPS实地取样调查和建立解译标志的基础上,进行TM影像校正、非监督分类和人机交互式判读解译等操作,并将GPS样点数据校验贯穿到整个分类过程中,信息解译精度在95%以上。结合NDVI指数反演的叶面积指数数据进行小麦长势分级分类,并制作了兴化市冬小麦长势分级监测图。     

基于组件式GIS的冬小麦遥感估产系统的开发研究

为给政府管理部门和冬小麦生产者提供适用于生产管理与决策支持的空间信息支持,基于组件式GIS的二次开发技术,利用面向对象的可视化编程语言Borland Delphi,设计开发了冬小麦遥感估产计算机软件系统。该系统包括四大子系统模块：数据管理模块、参数运算与模型模拟模块、信息统计与分析模块以及专题图制作与输出模块。通过系统功能和输入遥感图像数据,可实现大范围的冬小麦种植品种区划、面积分布等基本农情信息的简单查询;通过图像计算处理获取植被指数信息,结合样点参数建立长势和产量估算模型,可以进行实时的长势分级监测和产量预报,并且可以输出遥感监测分级专题图等信息产品。该软件系统的开发,是对作物遥感估产方法进行定量化、信息化研究的积极探索。     

基于NDVI密度分割的冬小麦种植面积提取

为解决作物面积遥感监测中常遇的混合像元问题,选用江苏省沭阳县冬小麦扬花期HJ-1A卫星遥感影像,基于不同地物光谱信息的差异性与可分割性,提出基于归一化植被指数(NDVI)密度分割的冬小麦种植面积提取方法。在利用GPS实地取样调查和建立解译标志的基础上,对HJ-1A卫星影像进行了几何与大气校正。利用NDVI灰度影像提取混合像元训练样本的NDVI值和小麦种植面积,计算小麦面积权重,确定混合像元的NDVI阈值。利用NDVI再归一化结果对NDVI灰度影像进行密度分割,依据不同密度分割系数下像元总面积及其所对应的小麦面积权重关系,最终得到沭阳县冬小麦种植面积。结果表明,根据NDVI密度分割法提取冬小麦面积为8.37×104 hm2,面积精度为92.37%,样本精度为93.31%。基于密度分割系数(P0.5)制作沭阳县冬小麦种植分布图,获取了全县冬小麦空间分布特征信息。以上结果说明NDVI密度分割法能较准确地提取研究区内冬小麦种植面积,可有效解决农作物种植面积提取中混合像元问题。     

北疆棉花遥感估产最佳时相选择研究

北疆是我国棉花的主产区,其播种面积和产量的变化都会影响新疆的经济.因此对北疆棉花进行产量预报是非常必要和迫切的.棉花遥感估产包括棉花种植面积的估算、棉花的长势监测和产量预测.因此,棉花遥感估产最佳时相选择应该包括棉花种植面积估算最佳时相和棉花产量预报最佳时相两大部分.     

基于生态因子的冬小麦产量遥感估测研究

为提高冬小麦遥感估产的精确性与适用性,在河南省的孟州市和沁阳市利用GPS定位布设田间试验,利用P-6卫星数据进行了冬小麦遥感估产研究.通过对遥感植被指数和冬小麦长势与产量GPS定位数据的综合分析,基于遥感影像信息获取的瞬时性和准确性,结合小麦灌浆期生态条件对小麦产量形成的影响,利用开花期遥感影像归一化植被指数(NDVI)和灌浆期生态因子(气温、日照、氮素营养、土壤水分)建立了冬小麦产量遥感估测模型,并检验了该模型的可靠性.结果表明,模型预测值与实测值较为一致,利用开花期遥感影像NDVI和灌浆期生态数据估测冬小麦产量的RMSE值为369.27 kg·ha-1,相对误差为6.45%.模型估测性能好,且具有一定的解释性.     

基于SVM的县域冬小麦种植面积遥感提取

冬小麦种植面积的精确提取,对于农业部门进行冬小麦生长监测与产量估测有着重要的支撑作用。本研究在对Landsat-8卫星15 m×15 m空间分辨率遥感影像进行预处理的基础上,基于最佳波段指数(OIF),采用支持向量机(SVM)算法中四种核函数进行影像分类,并比较分类精度,选择精度最高的核函数作为SVM最优核函数对盐城市大丰区冬小麦种植面积进行提取,与最大似然法、最小距离法的结果进行对比。结果表明,四种核函数中,Linear核函数分类精度最高,达到98.56%。将Linear核函数作为SVM最优核函数对大丰区冬小麦种植面积进行提取,提取到的种植面积为71 834.4 hm~2,提取精度、分类精度和Kappa系数分别为91.25%、98.56%和0.98。基于SVM的冬小麦面积提取效果明显好于传统监督分类方法,说明使用支持向量机与影像光谱特征进行影像分类能够准确提取县域冬小麦种植面积。     

基于GF-1影像面向对象分类方法的水稻种植信息提取研究

应用遥感技术提取水稻种植信息是农业遥感的重要内容。GF-1卫星WFV数据为农业信息提取提供了新的途径,面向对象的分类方法是遥感解译的重要方法。本研究以扬州市为研究区域,基于GF-1影像WFV数据,采用面向对象的分类方法,提取水稻种植信息,并实地调查验证试验结果,试图探讨GF-1数据面向对象分类方法在水稻种植信息提取中的可行性与影响提取精度的因素。结果表明,应用GF-1数据,采用面向对象的分类方法能够很好地完成扬州市水稻种植信息的提取,2016年扬州市有水稻种植面积214 524 hm~2,总体精度达到98.5%,Kappa系数0.95,面积精度达97.5%;实地考察能够提高提取精度,地形破碎程度越低,提取精度越高。     

应用隔年卫星遥感影像评估区域麦稻连作水平

为探讨利用稀缺或隔年卫星遥感影像估算大地理区域麦稻连作水平的可行性,以江苏省常熟市为例,利用隔年TM卫星遥感影像,提取小麦和水稻种植面积并分析了麦稻连作水平。在解译隔年稻麦卫星遥感影像获取麦稻连作面积信息的基础上,运用马尔可夫链建模方法构建麦稻连作水平评估模型来估算麦稻连作水平,并用GPS 实地取样调查对估算精度进行验证。结果表明,常熟市麦稻连作指数为0.76,即有76%的小麦连作水稻,估算精度在95%以上,与传统的地面调查方法相比较,统计麦稻连作指数或水平更能反映大地理区域麦稻连作的现状。     

冬小麦花期生理形态指标与卫星遥感光谱特征的相关性分析

为提高冬小麦花期长势遥感监测的精确性与普适性,在集丘陵地、河滩地及平原地为一体的冬小麦种植区域设计了田间试验,利用卫星影像信息结合地面GPS定点试验数据,在分析利用遥感技术监测冬小麦花期LAI和生物量两个主要群体长势指标可行的基础上,对卫星遥感光谱信息与冬小麦花期的主要生理生化指标(叶片叶绿素含量、叶片类胡萝卜素含量、叶片水分含量和叶片氮素含量)进行了综合分析.结果表明,NDVI(归一化植被指数)与LAI、叶片氮素含量和叶片水分含量的相关性较好,RVI(比值植被指数)与生物量和叶片类胡萝卜素含量的相关性较好,GVI(绿度植被指数)与叶片叶绿素含量的相关性较好,且均达到显著水平.说明NDVI、RVI及GVI是较为理想的可用于监测冬小麦花期生理形态指标的敏感遥感指数.进一步以这些敏感遥感指数作为因变量建立了冬小麦花期生理形态指标的遥感监测模型.利用本模型可以反演多个生理形态指标,便于对冬小麦花期的长势情况进行综合分析与判断.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.