A major and stable QTL for wheat spikelet number per spike validated in different genetic backgrounds

The spikelet number per spike (SNS) contributes greatly to grain yield in wheat. Identifying various genes that control wheat SNS is vital for yield improvement. This study used a recombinant inbred line population genotyped by the Wheat55K single-nucleotide polymorphism array to identify two major and stably expressed quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for SNS. One of them (QSns.sau-2SY-2D.1) was reported previously, while the other (QSns.sau-2SY-7A) was newly detected and further analyzed in this study. QSns.sau-2SY-7A had a high LOD value ranging from 4.46 to 16.00 and explained 10.21–40.78% of the phenotypic variances. QSns.sau-2SY-7A was flanked by the markers AX-110518554 and AX-110094527 in a 4.75-cM interval on chromosome arm 7AL. The contributions and interactions of both major QTLs were further analyzed and discussed. The effect of QSns.sau-2SY-7A was successfully validated by developing a tightly linked kompetitive allele specific PCR marker in an F_2:3 population and a panel of 101 high-generation breeding wheat lines. Furthermore, several genes including the previously reported WHEAT ORTHOLOG OF APO1 (WAPO1), an ortholog of the rice gene ABERRANT PANICLE ORGANIZATION 1 (APO1) related to SNS, were predicted in the interval of QSns.sau-2SY-7A. In summary, these results revealed the genetic basis of the multi-spikelet genotype of wheat line 20828 and will facilitate subsequent fine mapping and breeding utilization of the major QTLs.     

细胞质背景和海拔差异对水稻形态性状遗传参数的影响

以云南海拔2 650 m高寒稻区种植的地方粳稻老品种小麻谷和具有籼稻细胞质背景的改良品系南34为亲本,分析比较了在400、1 860、2 200 m等3个不同海拔下产生的正反交F2群体中形态性状的遗传参数。结果表明:在不同海拔产生的水稻正反交F2群体形态性状遗传参数具有较大差异,细胞质和海拔各因素对形态性状具有明显的效应,但两者互作对形态性状的效应不明显。     

Quantitative morphological signatures define local signaling networks regulating cell morphology

Although classical genetic and biochemical approaches have identified hundreds of proteins that function in the dynamic remodeling of cell shape in response to upstream signals, there is currently little systems-level understanding of the organization and composition of signaling networks that regulate cell morphology. We have developed quantitative morphological profiling methods to systematically investigate the role of individual genes in the regulation of cell morphology in a fast, robust, and cost-efficient manner. We analyzed a compendium of quantitative morphological signatures and described the existence of local signaling networks that act to regulate cell protrusion, adhesion, and tension.     

快速鉴定稻种资源抗旱性的生理指标筛选及其遗传背景

在两个不同旱作环境下,通过对稻种资源13个快速、简便、易测的抗旱生理指标与单株产量的单因素逐步回归、多元相关、通径和灰色关联分析,筛选出表征稻种资源抗旱性的生理指标,并采用非等试验设计的数量遗传分析方法对其生理指标进行了遗传分析.结果表明①叶绿素a/ b、游离脯氨酸含量和自由水含量是表征稻种资源抗旱性的生理指标.②测定抗旱生理指标都存在遗传变异,并主要受加性效应的影响.③测定抗旱生理指标都存在显性×环境的互作效应,叶绿素a/ b和自由水含量还存在加性×环境的互作效应.④测定抗旱生理指标都存在普通狭义遗传率,但叶绿素a/ b和自由水含量还存在互作狭义遗传率,且互大于普通狭义遗传率,受环境影响较大.⑤叶绿素a/ b和游离脯氨酸含量只存在负向互作杂种优势,自由水含量杂种优势不明显. 因此,叶绿素a/ b、游离脯氨酸含量和自由水含量均可作为稻种资源抗旱鉴定、筛选与育种的可靠选择指标,其中以游离脯氨酸含量为最好、叶绿素a/ b其次,自由水含量稍差.     

The rhizospheric microbiome becomes more diverse with maize domestication and genetic improvement

Domestication and genetic improvement of maize improve yield and stress tolerance due to changes in morphological and physiological properties, which likely alter rhizosphere microbial diversity. Understanding how the evolution of maize germplasm impacts its rhizobacterial traits during the growth stage is important for optimizing plant-microbe associations and obtaining yield gain in domesticated germplasms. In this study, a total of nine accessions representing domestication and subsequent genetic improvement were selected. We then sequenced the plant DNA and rhizobacterial DNA of teosinte, landraces and inbred lines at the seedling, flowering and maturity stages in a field trial. Moreover, the soil chemical properties were determined at the respective stages to explore the associations of soil characteristics with bacterial community structures. The results showed that domestication and genetic improvement increased the rhizobacterial diversity and substantially altered the rhizobacterial community composition. The core microbiome in the rhizosphere differed among germplasm groups. The co-occurrence network analysis demonstrated that the modularity in the bacterial network of the inbred lines was greater than those of teosinte and the landraces. In conclusion, the increased diversity of the rhizobacterial community with domestication and genetic improvement may improve maize resilience to biotic stresses and soil nutrient availability to plants.     

Expression profiling of transgenes (Cry1Ac and Cry2A) in cotton genotypes under different genetic backgrounds

Transgenic cotton carrying the CrylAc gene has revolutionized insect pest control since its adoption,although the development of resistance in insect pests has reduced its efficacy.After 10 years of cultivating Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) cotton with a single Cry1 Ac gene,growers are on the verge of adopting Bt cotton that carries the double gene(Cry1 Ac+Cry2 A) due to its better effectiveness against insect pests.Thus,the current study was designed to evaluate the role of each gene in the effect...     

土菌消对水稻生长调节作用的研究

土菌消在适宜的浓度下能提高水稻的出苗率、秧苗素质、叶绿素含量和果糖—1、6—二磷酸酯酶活性,促进光合产物向穗部运输及养分吸收,增产稻谷9～20％。     

不同遗传背景籼稻Xa23基因品系的白叶枯病抗性筛选和评价

【目的】系统比较分析含Xa23基因的籼稻品系白叶枯病抗性,为白叶枯病抗性育种及水稻白叶枯病防治等提供种子资源,同时为白叶枯病分子抗性育种提供参考。【方法】以14种遗传背景不同且含有Xa23基因的81份籼稻品系为材料,孕穗期采用剪叶接种法接种7种南方稻区白叶枯病生理小种代表菌株（FuJ、YN24、HNA1-4、GDA2、PXO86、GD1358和PXO99）,接种20 d左右当参试材料的病情趋于稳定时,量取病斑长度,鉴定参试材料的抗病性。【结果】供试材料对7株白叶枯病菌菌株的抗感分析结果显示,81份品系中有74份品系对7株白叶枯病菌菌株均为抗病,其中35份品系对所有菌株为高抗;含Xa23基因品系对7株白叶枯病菌菌株的抗性频率大小为:PXO86和YN24（100.0%）>GD1358和HNA1-4（98.8%）>PXO99（96.3%）>GDA2（95.1%）>FuJ（93.8%）;同一遗传背景品系对7株白叶枯病菌菌株病斑长度的变异系数在100.0%以上的有遗传背景为A、B、C、E、F和H类品系对菌株FuJ,遗传背景为A、B、D和E类品系对菌株GDA2,遗传背景为A类品系对菌株GD1358和HNA1-4,遗传背景为A和B类品系对菌株PXO86、PXO99,遗传背景为A、C和E类品系对菌株YN24;对14种遗传背景不同品系白叶枯病抗性的方差分析结果表明,不同来源含Xa23基因的品系与7株白叶枯病菌菌株间病斑长度均无显著差异（P>0.05）;对含Xa23基因的品系在7株白叶枯病菌菌株诱发下的菌斑长度的相关性分析结果表明,菌株GD1358、HNA1-4、PXO86和YN24与对应的其他菌株间呈显著（P<0.05）或极显著（P<0.01）正相关。【结论】在白叶枯病抗性研究时选用菌株GD1358、HNA1-4、PXO86和YN24其中1种抗源接种试验材料,即可得到较宽抗谱的抗性材料,提高育种效率。     

Alcohol dehydrogenase in maize: genetic control of enzyme activity

A gene (Adhr(r)) which controls the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase in the scutellum of maize has been found. This gene is not allelic to the Adh(1) locus, which specifies the charge of the enzyme molecule and hence its migration rate. The two genes are linked and located about 17 crossover units apart. The Adh(r)(N) allele specifies equal activities of both the Adh(1)(S) and Adh(1)(F) products. The Adh(r)(L) allele gives lower activities of the Adh(1)(S) products only and operates in both the cis and the trans configurations.     

浅析信息时代高校专业图书馆馆员学科背景

本文结合国内高校图书馆馆员学科背景现状与存在的问题,分析了图书馆馆员学科背景、工作表现、工作满意度三者的相互关系,提出了解决高校图书馆馆员学科背景问题的一些具体措施.     

能量调控对草莓果实采后衰老过程中活性氧及保护酶的影响

以‘红颜'草莓果实为试材,采用呼吸链解偶联剂2,4-二硝基苯酚(DNP)和外源ATP处理草莓果实,研究抑制和促进能量生成条件对草莓果实衰老过程中活性氧和保护酶的影响。结果表明,在草莓果实采后衰老过程中,DNP处理、ATP处理和对照的脂氧合酶(LOX)活性、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)含量、超氧阴离子(O_2~-)产生速率、丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对电导率均为上升。DNP处理的LOX活性、O_2~-产生速率、MDA含量和相对电导率均高于对照,CAT活性和APX活性基本均低于对照;ATP处理后上述活性氧指标均低于对照,CAT活性和APX活性基本高于对照。以上结果说明,采用外源DNP处理果实使保护酶活性下降,同时加剧了活性氧的上升与积累;外源ATP处理则提高了保护酶活性,从而缓减了活性氧的上升与积累。能量水平和活性氧代谢相互作用影响果实衰老进程,能量调控可以影响活性氧代谢从而影响草莓果实的衰老。     

食品蛋白磷酸化改性的研究进展

食品蛋白的磷酸化改性是食品蛋白质改性的有效方式,能够改善食品蛋白质的功能特性,扩大食品蛋白质应用领域。综述了食品蛋白磷酸化改性的研究现状、存在的问题、改性产物的安全性,并对今后该领域的研究前景进行了展望。     

Appearance of vegetation in ultraviolet light: absorbing flowers, reflecting backgrounds

Flowers that uniformly absorb ultraviolet light may contrast strikingly with a bright ultraviolet-reflecting background, such as densely hairy or glaucous foliage, white soils, or the sky. Shadows will not resemble these flowers if the appearance of each in visible light is also considered. Examples are shown from Mexican heliotropiums and Michigan dune plants.