Force-clamp spectroscopy monitors the folding trajectory of a single protein

We used force-clamp atomic force microscopy to measure the end-to-end length of the small protein ubiquitin during its folding reaction at the single-molecule level. Ubiquitin was first unfolded and extended at a high force, then the stretching force was quenched and protein folding was observed. The folding trajectories were continuous and marked by several distinct stages. The time taken to fold was dependent on the contour length of the unfolded protein and the stretching force applied during folding. The folding collapse was marked by large fluctuations in the end-to-end length of the protein, but these fluctuations vanished upon the final folding contraction. These direct observations of the complete folding trajectory of a protein provide a benchmark to determine the physical basis of the folding reaction.     

双波纹管万向伸缩节侧向力与内压力的关系

介绍了双波纹管万向伸缩节的性能特点，它是用一段短管两端各接一个波纹管再用拉杆起来而成的，使波纹管不会因内压而伸长，拉杆可在一定角度内的任意方向摆动，该伸缩节可在垂直轴线的任意方向变化，它可作为管道补偿器，也适合作油罐柔性管接头，以吸收地震，夺基下沉等引起的油罐与管道的相对变位，指出伸缩节的变位反力是管道固定支座设计的依据，并对侧向力与内压力的关系进行了分析论证，在国外资料中，有的认为侧向力与内压力     

Understanding the anomalous electrophoresis of bent DNA molecules: a reptation model

In polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the retardation of DNA molecules containing regions of intrinsic curvature can be explained by a novel reptation model that includes the elastic free energy of the DNA chain. Computer simulations based on this model give results that reproduce the dependence of anomalous mobility on gel concentration, which is quantified by new experimental data on the mobilities of circularly permuted isomers of kinetoplast DNA fragments. Fitting of the data required allowing for the elasticity of the gel.     

Elastic behavior of cross-linked and bundled actin networks

Networks of cross-linked and bundled actin filaments are ubiquitous in the cellular cytoskeleton, but their elasticity remains poorly understood. We show that these networks exhibit exceptional elastic behavior that reflects the mechanical properties of individual filaments. There are two distinct regimes of elasticity, one reflecting bending of single filaments and a second reflecting stretching of entropic fluctuations of filament length. The mechanical stiffness can vary by several decades with small changes in cross-link concentration, and can increase markedly upon application of external stress. We parameterize the full range of behavior in a state diagram and elucidate its origin with a robust model.     

导入燕麦DNA的小麦变异后代幼穗分化特性的初步研究

利用花粉管通道将燕麦总DNA导入宁夏主栽品种宁春4号小麦,对导入后代中筛选到的部分变异品系进行幼穗分化发育特性观察发现,小麦幼穗发育进程与植株外部营养器官的发育有一定的相关性.变异品系的幼穗分化发育过程与宁春4号小麦间存在差异.具体表现在:单棱期变异品系持续时间短于受体;二棱期和雌雄蕊分化期变异品系的持续时间长于受体;药隔期各变异品系持续时间不一致.幼穗分化的特点显示变异品系具有形成大穗多小穗的可能.方差分析表明,变异品系与受体在穗长、结实小穗数和主穗粒数上均有差异.幼穗分化及主要农艺性状的差异可能与燕麦DNA的导入有关.     

单平行多杆式油菜钵苗移栽机构的设计及优化试验

为了解决黏重土壤油菜移栽时易出现钵体入土困难、栽植速度缓慢的问题,设计了单平行多杆式油菜钵苗推苗式移栽机构.该机构由曲柄摇杆机构和平行四杆机构组合而成.平行四杆机构上端短杆固定,长杆通过连杆与曲柄连接,并随曲柄的转动前后摆动,在开沟装置完成开沟后,从水平方向上将油菜钵苗进行推苗移栽.在曲柄长度为20 mm,转速为90 ...     

不同种植模式对小麦/玉米带田水分利用效率的影响研究

在小麦/玉米带田对玉米带采用平作、开沟种植、微垄种植3种种植模式进行了带田水分利用效率的影响研究.结果表明:不同种植模式下带田小麦的产量差异不显著,玉米带开沟种植处理的小麦、玉米合计产量最高,为16 503.8 kg/hm2,平作次之,微垄种植最低;开沟种植模式玉米与小麦间0～100 cm土层土壤的平均含水量的差异最大,微垄种植次之,平作最小;玉米带开沟种植模式带田的玉米单株产量、百粒重、生物产量、双棒数、行数、行粒数、株高、穗周长、穗长均高于其它处理,而穗位高、茎周长、秃顶长最小.     

DNA synthesis generates terminal duplications that seal end-to-end chromosome fusions

End-to-end chromosome fusions that occur in the context of telomerase deficiency can trigger genomic duplications. For more than 70 years, these duplications have been attributed solely to breakage-fusion-bridge cycles. To test this hypothesis, we examined end-to-end fusions isolated from Caenorhabditis elegans telomere replication mutants. Genome-level rearrangements revealed fused chromosome ends having interrupted terminal duplications accompanied by template-switching events. These features are very similar to disease-associated duplications of interstitial segments of the human genome. A model termed Fork Stalling and Template Switching has been proposed previously to explain such duplications, where promiscuous replication of large, noncontiguous segments of the genome occurs. Thus, a DNA synthesis-based process may create duplications that seal end-to-end fusions, in the absence of breakage-fusion-bridge cycles.     

End-to-end stacking and liquid crystal condensation of 6 to 20 base pair DNA duplexes

Short complementary B-form DNA oligomers, 6 to 20 base pairs in length, are found to exhibit nematic and columnar liquid crystal phases, even though such duplexes lack the shape anisotropy required for liquid crystal ordering. Structural study shows that these phases are produced by the end-to-end adhesion and consequent stacking of the duplex oligomers into polydisperse anisotropic rod-shaped aggregates, which can order into liquid crystals. Upon cooling mixed solutions of short DNA oligomers, in which only a small fraction of the DNA present is complementary, the duplex-forming oligomers phase-separate into liquid crystal droplets, leaving the unpaired single strands in isotropic solution. In a chemical environment where oligomer ligation is possible, such ordering and condensation would provide an autocatalytic link whereby complementarity promotes the extended polymerization of complementary oligomers.     

High-Pressure Brillouin Studies and Elastic Properties of Single-Crystal H2S Grown in a Diamond Cell

High-pressure Brillouin spectra of crystalline hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) have been measured at up to 7 gigapascals at room temperature. The best fit of the angular dependence of Brillouin acoustic velocities between experimental values and calculations based on Every's expression for elastic waves of an arbitrary direction yielded the orientation of an H(2)S cubic crystal grown in the diamond-anvil high-pressure cell. In situ determinations of sound velocities, as a function of pressure, could be made for any direction, the refractive index, the density, and the elastic constants. This method provides a means for the systematic study of elastic properties and phase transitions of condensed gases under ultrahigh pressures.     

Capillary wrinkling of floating thin polymer films

A freely floating polymer film, tens of nanometers in thickness, wrinkles under the capillary force exerted by a drop of water placed on its surface. The wrinkling pattern is characterized by the number and length of the wrinkles. The dependence of the number of wrinkles on the elastic properties of the film and on the capillary force exerted by the drop confirms recent theoretical predictions on the selection of a pattern with a well-defined length scale in the wrinkling instability. We combined scaling relations that were developed for the length of the wrinkles with those for the number of wrinkles to construct a metrology for measuring the elasticity and thickness of ultrathin films that relies on no more than a dish of fluid and a low-magnification microscope. We validated this method on polymer films modified by plasticizer. The relaxation of the wrinkles affords a simple method to study the viscoelastic response of ultrathin films.     

非独立试验数据的一般线性混合模型分析

传统方差分析模型的假设条件之一是试验数据相互独立,实际的试验数据未必能满足其条件,这使方差分析的应用范围和分析的效果受到限制。近年来,一般线性混合模型得到发展,为分析非独立试验数据提供了新途径。本文讨论了一般线性混合模型分析非独立试验数据的方法及其在SAS软件的实现,对小麦品比和玉米灌溉2个不同试验的非独立数据进行了一般线性混合模型与方差分析模型的对比分析。结果表明,与传统方差分析法相比,一般线性混合模型数据拟合效果好,在小麦品比试验使小麦品系效应比较的平均标准误降低18.4%,平均分析相对效率为1.5,而在玉米灌溉试验使灌溉效应比较和品种×灌溉交互效应比较的平均标准误降低9.1%￣10.8%,平均分析相对效率均约为1.2。因此,对非独立试验数据,一般线性混合模型分析的准确性和效率要比传统方差分析模型高。     

黄瓜产量性状的Hayman遗传分析

将黄瓜6个亲本,按照完全双列杂交配制30个杂交组合,用Hayman分析方法估计第一雌花节位、早期产量、总产量、单株结果数、单果重和株高等产量性状的遗传参数。Wr对Vr的回归分析表明,第一雌花节位、早期产量、单株结果数、单果重和株高的遗传符合"加性-显性"模型,总产量的遗传不符合"加性-显性"模型。Wr Vr与Yr的相关性分析表明,早期产量、单株结果数、株高呈负相关,说明含有更多显性基因的亲本具有较小的Wr Vr值;第一雌花节位、总产量、单果重呈正相关,说明含有更多显性基因的亲本具有较大的Wr Vr值。遗传参数估算表明,早期产量、单株结果数、单果重的遗传加性效应方差小于显性效应方差;第一雌花节位、株高的遗传是加性效应方差大于显性效应方差;总产量的遗传是显性方差显著的大于加性效应方差,同时还存在显著的上位性效应。     

新疆野苹果17个种下类型的果实和种子形态对比研究

通过对新疆野苹果种下类型果实和种子形态特征的观察,对新疆野苹果果实的单果重、果形指数、果梗长与粗度,以及种子长度与宽度进行测量,利用扫描电镜观察种皮细胞的微观形态,测量细胞的长度与宽度,所得数据用 LSD 法进行方差分析,以了解其种下类型的关系。结果表明,新疆野苹果的果实外部性状和种子具有极丰富的表型变异,种内的分化高于种间分化;同时根据种子表皮细胞的形态将17个类型的新疆野苹果划分为7个差异明显的类别。     

非线性弹性杆中的应变孤波

当非线性弹性杆承受平向拉、压突加载荷时产生几何弥散效应后,杆中可能形成应变孤波.本文对该问题的数学模型进行分析,利用Galerkin逼近方法结合能量估计得到了该应变孤波存在的充分条件,并且证得应变孤波解是唯一的,且连续依赖于初始值.改进了已有的结果.     

Saturation of cubic optical nonlinearity in long-chain polyene oligomers

The scaling of the cubic nonlinearity gamma with chain length in polyenic molecules has received considerable theoretical attention. Earlier experimental investigations have been restricted to oligomers with fewer than 20 double bonds because of problems associated with the synthesis and solubility of conjugated molecules. These synthetic difficulties have been overcome in the present study by the use of modern living polymerization techniques. Solution measurements of gamma as a function of chain length in long-chain (up to 240 double bonds) model polyene oligomers are reported. A saturation of the increase of gamma with chain length is observed, and the onset of this saturation occurs for chain lengths considerably longer than predicted from theory.     

Spatial scales of current speed and phytoplankton biomass fluctuations in lake tahoe

Spectral analysis of current speed and chlorophyll a measurements in Lake Tahoe, California and Nevada, indicates that considerably more variance exists at longer length scales in chlorophyll than in the current speeds. Increasingly, above scales of approximately 100 meters, chlorophyll does not behave as a simple passive contaminant distributed by turbulence, which indicates that biological processes contribute significantly to the observed variance at these large length scales.     

人工林杨树木材纤维形态特征及其变异的研究

对人工林杨树木材I-69杨(Populus deltoides cv.I-69/55) 的纤维长度、纤维直径、纤维壁厚、纤维长宽比和壁腔比等纤维形态特征指标进行了系统的测试.结果表明,在径向上,木材纤维长度、纤维宽度、长宽比的变异都是自髓心向外开始逐年增大,到一定年轮达最达值,此后再逐渐减小或保持平稳;而纤维壁厚、壁腔比变化幅度不大.纤维形态各指标的径向变异均要大于轴向变异.     

油菜秸秆纤维混凝土抗冻性能的试验研究

将处理后的油菜秸秆纤维切成10 ~ 15 mm、>15 ~ 20 mm、>20 ~ 25 mm、>25 ~ 30 mm等4种长度，以体积掺量分别为0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%掺入混凝土中，进行冻融循环试验，观察油菜秸秆纤维混凝土冻融循环25、50、75、100次的表观形貌，测定其质量和动弹性模量，研究油菜秸秆纤维长度和体积掺量对混凝土抗冻性能的影响，并对油菜秸秆纤维混凝土的使用寿命进行预测。结果表明：当油菜秸秆纤维长度>15 ~ 20 mm、体积掺量为0.2%时，混凝土的抗剥落能力最强，冻融循环100次后，其相对动弹性模量最大，为93.1%，较普通混凝土的提高34.4%，抗冻性能最佳；威布尔分布模型和一元二次函数模型均能较好地反映油菜秸秆纤维混凝土的冻融损伤过程，一元二次函数模型的拟合精度均大于0.98；仅考虑冻融劣化作用，抗冻性能最佳组的油菜秸秆纤维混凝土的使用寿命约为普通混凝土的2.4倍，在哈尔滨使用寿命可达16.7 a、拉萨可达17.3 a、石家庄可达36.7 a、长沙可达136.1 a、上海可达189.3 a。