天津滨海新区泡桐丛枝病植原体16S rDNA基因序列分析

利用分子生物学技术对天津滨海新区泡桐丛枝病病原进行分类鉴定。采用植原体16S rDNA通用引物R16mF2/R16mR1对患病植株总DNA进行PCR扩增,得到约1.4 kb特异性片段。克隆测序、Blast比对和iPhyClassifier分析结果表明,天津滨海新区泡桐丛枝植原体16S rDNA基因片段长1 432 bp,与国内泡桐丛枝植原体PY株系相似性最高,达99.86%,归属于16SrI组(aster yellows group,翠菊黄化组)D亚组。系统树构建与分析显示,泡桐丛枝病天津滨海株PaWB-TJBH与16SrI其他亚组亲缘关系较近,同在16SrI组进化枝上,与16Sr I-D组亲缘关系最近;16S rDNA序列RFLP电子酶切图谱表明,PaWB-TJBH属于16SrI-D组一个成员,与同源性比较和系统进化分析结果一致。     

我国几种植物植原体的快速分子鉴别与鉴定的研究

 选用桑萎缩病(Mulberry dwarf,MD)、枣疯病(Jujube witches'-broom,JWB)、酸枣丛枝病(Wild jujube witches'-broom,WJWB)、泡桐丛枝病(Paulownia witches'-broom,PaWB)和苦楝丛枝病(Chinaberry tree witches'-broom,CWB)5种不同植物植原体和来源于3个不同地区PaWB和JWB材料进行16S rDNA和23S rDNA PCR扩增、异源双链迁移率分析(HMA)、PCR产物的RFLP分析和16S rDNA的克隆和测序等比较研究,建立了一种快速确定未知植原体种类和分类地位的分子鉴别与鉴定优化程序;并可对田间采集的各种植物植原体样品进行快速鉴定和鉴别。16S rDNA PCR产物HMA分析结果显示,JWB与CWB、MD和PaWB皆可形成明显的异源杂交双链;而CWB、MD和PaWB植原体之间未能形成异源双链。JWB和PaWB不同地区样品之间、JWB和WJWB之间也未发现异源杂交双链的形成。而23S rDNA PCR产物HMA分析则可以将MD与PaWB区分开。进一步对未知分类地位的CWB序列测定及与其它植原体16S rDNA的RFLP和同源性比较结果显示,CWB与PaWB同源性为99.5%,其中与MD的同源性高达99.7%,因而应将CWB归为翠菊黄花组16Sr I-B,16Sr I-B (rp-B)。     

海南省木豆丛枝病植原体的分子检测及鉴定

 利用植原体通用引物R16mF2/R16mR1和rp (Ⅱ) F1/rp (Ⅱ) R1对海南木豆丛枝病植原体16S rDNA和部分核糖体蛋白(ribosomal protein,rp)基因序列进行PCR扩增、克隆和测序。获得海南木豆丛枝病植原体16S rDNA基因片段为1430bp,rp基因片段为1170bp。核苷酸同源性比较和系统进化树构建表明,引起海南木豆丛枝病的植原体应属于16SrⅡ组中的亚组ⅲ。本研究首次从分子水平确定了引起我国海南木豆丛枝病的病原物为植原体,明确了其分类地位,为该病害流行学研究和防治提供了理论依据。     

荧光猝灭法测定梨小食心虫性诱剂含量以及田间应用

β-环糊精（β-CD）与中性红（NR）在碱性缓冲溶液中形成包合物（β-CD-NR）,使中性红的荧光强度F增大,而加入梨小食心虫性诱剂主要成分顺-8-十二碳烯醇乙酸酯（Z8-12：Ac）后,β-CD-NR的荧光发生猝灭,以此建立了测定Z8-12：Ac含量的新方法：在含有1.0 mL 1.0×10^-3 mol/L中性红、5.0 mL 1.0×10^-2 mol/L的β-CD、7.0 mL 0.2 mol/L的NaH₂PO₄-Na₂HPO₄缓冲溶液（pH 7.4）的荧光体系中,加入Z8-12：Ac,以双蒸水定容至25.0 mL,超声反应20 min后,将其放置在4℃的环境下冷却,得待测液。在激发波长为460 nm、发射波长为580 nm的条件下测定待测液的荧光强度F和β-CD-NR体系的荧光强度F₀,计算荧光猝灭值ΔF（ΔF＝F₀—F）。比较分析不同浓度的Z8-12：Ac标准溶液与相应的荧光猝灭值ΔF的关系,结果表明：在Z8-12：Ac浓度为1.0×10^-4～4.0×10^-4 mol/L范围内,荧光猝灭值ΔF与Z8-12：Ac的浓度c呈现良好的线性关系,线性方程为：ΔF＝28.3 c—16.8,R²＝0.9978。对2.0×10^-4 mol/L的Z8-12：Ac溶液进行11次平行测定,得出方法检出限为1.25×10^-5 mol/L（S/N＝3）,RSD为±1.5%,方法灵敏度和精密度良好。加标回收率在98.0%～103.0%,说明方法准确度良好。利用新方法测定了田间梨小诱芯中Z8-12：Ac随时间的残留量,统计了不同残留量对应的诱虫量。结果表明,本方法可以成功测定不同天数下诱芯中Z8-12：Ac的残留量,掌握了诱芯中Z8-12：Ac的衰减趋势,而且与实际诱虫量变化趋势基本吻合。本方法可为确保田间虫情监测预报的精确性以及保持性诱芯的诱杀效果提供技术支撑。     

喜树丛枝植原体的分子鉴定及TaqMan探针实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

 为确定在云南文山地区喜树上发生的疑似丛枝病的病原种类及快速检测喜树丛枝病,本研究利用植原体16S rDNA基因通用引物P1/P7和R16F2n/R16R2对感病喜树总DNA进行常规PCR和巢式PCR扩增、克隆和测序,通过系统进化分析,明确了喜树丛枝植原体属于16SrXXXII组。然后根据喜树丛枝病植原体16S rDNA基因保守区域设计并合成特异性引物和TaqMan探针,制备了喜树丛枝病植原体标准质粒,确定了最优引物浓度和最佳探针浓度,制作的标准曲线有极好的线性关系,决定系数(R²)达到0.999,建立的实时荧光定量PCR检测方法能够特异性地检测喜树丛枝植原体。本研究首次明确了喜树丛枝植原体的分类地位,优化和建立了喜树丛枝植原体TaqMan探针qPCR检测方法,为快速检测喜树丛枝病植原体提供参考。     

马铃薯块茎蛾幼虫致病黏质沙雷氏菌的分离鉴定及杀虫活性

从马铃薯田自然罹病马铃薯块茎蛾幼虫上,分离到1株对马铃薯块茎蛾幼虫具有较强致病作用的菌株ML-1,通过形态及16S rRNA序列测定分析,确定该菌株ML-1为黏质沙雷氏菌Serratia marcescens。采用饲喂法分别测定了该菌株ML-1菌悬液、发酵液及发酵上清液对马铃薯块茎蛾初孵3日龄幼虫的毒力。结果表明,用ML-1菌悬液、发酵液及发酵上清液饲喂后第7 d时,马铃薯块茎蛾3日龄幼虫的累积校正死亡率分别为63.16%、80.70%和49.12%,在3.0×10⁹ cfu/mL浓度下的LT₅₀分别为4.71、3.04和6.47 d,在发酵液处理后第3、5和7 d的LC₅₀分别为9.784×10¹⁰、1.855×10⁸和5.434×10⁵ cfu/mL。综上所述,黏质沙雷氏菌ML-1菌株对马铃薯块茎蛾幼虫有较强的毒力,在马铃薯块茎蛾绿色防控中具有一定的开发潜能。     

16S nested-PCR技术检测玉米细菌性枯萎病菌

 玉米细菌性枯萎病是玉米上的重要种传病害,病原菌为Pantoea stewartii subsp.stewartii。本研究设计了16S通用引物,扩增该病菌及其近似种的16S rDNA,通过序列测定和分析,针对该病菌设计了特异性引物,采用nested-PCR技术,能够准确地区别该病菌及其近似种,检测的灵敏度在DNA水平上达到10^-3 pg级,检测活菌则达到2 cfu。检测人工污染的玉米种子时,不受种子提取液中其它物质的干扰,灵敏度依然达到2 cfu。     

烟草脆裂病毒(Tobacco rattle virus)牡丹分离物-TRV-Pa的研究

 牡丹受一种病毒为害后,叶片呈现黄色花叶同时伴有少量的花药败育现象。经系统鉴定,此病毒被确认为烟草脆裂病毒的牡丹分离物(TRV-Pa)。该病毒人工接种时可侵染7个科的21种植物;其TDP为80℃,DEP为10^-3-10-4,L则为40天以上。TRV-Pa具有两种长度的杆状粒子,其大小分别为35-80×25nm和125-200×25nm。A 260/280为1.13,RNA含量为5.0%。经PAGE分析粒子有两条谱带,其Rf分别为0.25及0.26-0.28。迁移率分别是-1.57——1.6×10^-3及-1.71——1.75×10^-3cm²·Sec^-1·V^-1(BYDV的迁移率为-1.43——1.45×10^-3cm²·See^-1·V^-1)。两种核酸的分子量分别为RNA₁=2.45×10⁶,RNA₂=0.65×10⁶(标准核酸为TMV和雀麦花叶病毒的核酸分子)。外壳蛋白亚基是单一的,其分子量是2.11×10⁴(标准蛋白分别是牛血清清蛋白、胃蛋白酶,胰蛋白酶和细胞色素C)。并含有较多的天冬氨酸、谷氨酸,苏氨酸和丝氨酸,未明显测到酪氨酸和苯丙氨酸,缺少胱氨酸。对牡丹花药进行病理解剖学和血清学研究时,在花粉粒子中检测到病毒,被病毒侵染的花粉约有80%为空瘪。在牡丹的繁育中,应选用无毒繁殖材料防止TRV通过无性繁殖过程在牡丹上传播。     

铁盐对水稻白叶枯病菌噬菌体的钝化作用

 在测定单价、二价和三价金属盐和杀菌物质等对水稻白叶枯病菌[Xantho-monas oryzae(Uyeda et Ishiyama) Dowson]噬菌体影响的过程中,发现铁盐可以钝化OP1型的游离噬菌体,而时已经被吸附的噬菌体则完全没有影响。铁盐的钝化噬菌体主要是铁离子的作用。三价铁盐的钝化作用比二价亚铁盐强。对低浓度的噬菌体悬浮液(n×10⁴/毫升),其最低有效浓度为3-5×10^-3M;对高浓度(n×10^8-9/毫升)的噬菌体悬浮液,其最低有效浓度为1×10^-3M。铁盐溶液的浓度超过1×10^-3M时,不仅使游离噬菌体全部钝化,对细菌也有致死作用。     

防治苹果树腐烂病杀菌剂的室内筛选

 The inhibitory effects of 10 fungicides on apple tree valsa canker were compared on dishes and twigs. The results showed that conidia germination and mycelial growth were inhibited by all fungicedes tested. The EC₅₀ value of Difenoconazole was 6. 1×10^-3μg·mL^-1, the lowest among tested fungicide in inhibiting conidia germination. Tebuconazole and Imazalil also showed obvious inhibition effect. Thiophanatemethyl was the least efficient with the EC₅₀ value 2.6×10¹ μg·mL^-1. Difenoconazole also showed the highest activity for inhibiting mycelial growth with ECho value of 2.3×10^-2 μg·mL^-1. Tebuconazole was better than other fungicide. Thiophanate-methyl and Propineb were the least efficient with quite high EC₅₀ value. Furthermore, the size of the lesion after inoculation on excised twigs also revealed that Difenoconazole was most efficient because it showed the smallest lesion of 394 mm² compared with other tested fungicides. So Difenoconazole and Tebuconazole could be used to control apple tree valsa canker in field to subsititute forbided fungicides such as asomate.     

广东枣疯病植原体的鉴定

Several jujube plants with witches′ broom, little leaf, and big bud symptoms, which were likely infected by jujube witches′ broom (JWB) phytoplasma, were collected in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province. To identify the pathogen, PCR was performed using phytoplasma 16S rDNA universal primer pairs R16mF2/R1 and P1/P7 and SecA gene primer pair SecAfor1/rev3 with total DNA of the symptomatic plants as templates. Specific fragments, 1.4 kb, 1.8 kb, and 0.8 kb in length, were amplified from one of three symptomatic samples. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA verified that the pathogen harming jujube plants in Guangzhou was jujube witches′ broom phytoplasma which belonged to 16SrV-B subgroup. Comparison results also showed that the 16S rDNA sequence of Guangzhou JWB phytoplasma shared the highest nucleotide identity (100%) with the reported jujube witches′ broom phytoplasma Japanese strain (AB442218) and JWB strain (AY197661) and shared the nucleotide identity ranging from 99.74% to 99.80% with the other JWB phytoplasma strains. In addition, phylogenetic analysis based on SecA also showed that Guangzhou jujube witches′ broom phytoplasma belonged to 16SrV-B subgroup and shared 99.28%-99.76% similarity with other phytoplasma strains. All these results suggested that jujube witches′ broom phytoplasma has infected jujube plants in Guangdong Province.     

榆树黄化病植原体的分子检测与鉴定

 利用植原体16SrRNA基因的通用引物R16rrLF2/R16mR1和R16F2n/R16R2对山东泰山上发生的榆树(Ulmus parvifolia)黄化病感病植株总DNA进行巢式PCR扩增,得到了约1.2kb的特异性片段,从分子水平证实了榆树黄化病的病原(EY-China)为植原体。将扩增到的片段测序,并进行一致性和系统进化树分析。结果表明,该分离物属于植原体榆树黄化组(Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi),与该组成员16SrRNA序列的一致性均在98.2%以上,其中与16SrV-B亚组中的纸桑丛枝(Paper mulberry wiches'-broom)和枣疯病(Jujube witches'-broom)植原体一致性最高,达到99.4%,在系统进化树中与该亚组成员聚类到同一个分支,说明该分离物属于植原体16SrV-B亚组。本研究首次对在中国引致榆树黄化病的植原体进行了分子检测,并通过核酸序列分析将其鉴定到亚组水平。     

小麦矮腥黑粉菌及其近缘种的RPB2基因片段序列分析

以小麦矮腥黑粉菌（Tilletia controversa Kühn）及其近缘种小麦网腥黑粉菌［T. caries （DC.）Tul.］、小麦光腥黑粉菌(T. laevis Kühn)和其他6种黑粉菌的DNA为模板,用RNA聚合酶II的第2亚基RPB2基因的通用引物RPB2-740F/RPB2-1365R进行PCR扩增。结果表明,3种小麦腥黑粉菌均能扩增出617 bp大小的DNA片段,供试的其他6种黑粉菌没有任何扩增产物。利用DNAMAN软件进行序列分析结果表明,3种小麦腥黑粉菌的RPB2蛋白基因序列的相似性为99.08%,存在17个碱基的差异。利用RPB2基因的通用引物作为小麦腥黑粉菌的内置对照引物,与小麦矮腥黑粉菌的特异引物CQUTCK2/CQUTCK3相结合可提高小麦矮腥黑粉菌检测的准确性。     

灰枣红点软腐病病原菌的鉴定

 The damage and symptoms of jujube fruit soft rot in Xinzheng, Henan Province, were investigated from 2006 to 2008, and the pathogen was identified based on the morphological characteristics and the ITS se-quence of ribosome DNA. The results showed that the aerial mycelium of colony was white in color in the first four days, then turned gray after incubation on PDA for 5-6 d at 25℃ and became black two weeks later. The mycelia grew luxuriantly with velvet character. The pycnidium was flask-shaped with a height of 196.9μm and a width of 213.3μm on the avereage. The conidium was colorless with single cell and had the shape of spindle, its size was (15.0-20.0)μm× (4.5-6.5)μm. The conidiophore was fastigiate. The homology of ITS sequence of ribosome DNA between the tested strain NXK and Botryosphaeria dothidea (GenBank ac-cession number:AJ938005) reached 99.87%, with a difference of only two base pairs. Based on the results of both morphological characters and molecular identification, the pathogen of jujube fruit soft rot in Xinzheng was identified as B. dothidea (Moug. ex Fr.) Ces. et de Not..     

小麦纹枯病菌核糖体基因内转录区序列比较

 对7个从江苏省小麦纹枯病样本分离到的丝核菌菌株,进行形态学鉴定、融合群分类和致病性测定,提取病菌的DNA,采用通用引物ITS1(TCC GTA GGT GAA CCT GCG G)和ITS4(TCC TCC GCT TAT TGA TAT GC),扩增病菌的rDNA内转录区(ITS),并对扩增产物进行了测序.用这些序列在NCBI中进行BLAST分析,得到与这些菌株亲缘关系最近的菌株序列,并明确了这些菌株的分类地位.对以上的菌株序列进行Alignment分析,结果表明,病菌的5.8S rDNA序列高度保守,而ITS区的可变性则相对较高,在双核和多核丝核菌、双核丝核菌CAG1融合群和非CAG1融合群菌株间存在差异,可用于反映菌株间的进化关系和双核丝核菌种下分类.     

Identification of Rhizoctonia solani associated with field-grown tulips using ITS rDNA polymorphism and pectic zymograms

Methods based on internal transcribed spacers (ITS) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) polymorphism and pectic zymograms (ZG) were compared for their use in routine identification of Rhizoctonia solani isolates occurring in flower bulb fields. Thirty three AG 2-t isolates, pathogenic to tulips, could be distinguished from AG 1-IC, AG 2-2IIIB and AG 2-2IV, AG 3 and AG 5 by means of ITS rDNA fragment length and after digestion with EcoR I from AG 4 and AG 5. AG 2-t isolates and two Japanese isolates, pathogenic to crucifers and tulips, had an estimated fragment size of 710 bp, whereas Dutch AG 2-1 isolates, non-pathogenic to tulips, showed an estimated fragment size of 705 bp on agarose gel. Digestion of AG 2-t and AG 2-1 isolates with EcoR I, Sau3A I, Hae III and Hinc II revealed four and five distinct ITS rDNA digestion patterns, respectively. In AG 2 isolates 2tR114, 21R14 and 21R61 a double digestion pattern, indicating different ITS sequences within an isolate, was found. The observed ITS fragment length polymorphism between isolates pathogenic and non-pathogenic to tulips were considered too small to be used in routine screening of field isolates. Sequencing of AG 2 isolates 21R01, 21R06, 2tR002 and 2tR144 showed a total ITS rDNA fragment length of 715, 713, 714, and 728 bp. As an alternative to ITS rDNA fragment length polymorphism, pectic enzyme patterns were studied using a commercially available vertical gel-electrophoresis system and non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels amended with pectin. Anastomosis tester isolates AG 1 to AG 11 revealed different ZG. Fifty AG 2-t isolates and five AG 2-1 isolates belonged to a homogeneous pectic zymogram group. We propose to assign AG 2 isolates pathogenic to crucifers and tulip to ZG5-1. AG 2-1 isolates, non-pathogenic to tulip, formed a heterogeneous group with 4 distinct ZG. Pectic zymography provides an easy, quick and unambiguous method for routine identification of large numbers of field isolates. Such a technique is needed for research on the dynamics of Rhizoctonia populations to develop environmentally friendly control measures of rhizoctonia disease in field-grown flower bulbs.     

黄土高原丘陵区枣和酸枣叶脉序特征分析

为了研究枣(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)和酸枣(Z.jujuba var.spinosa)叶脉序的关系,选用黄土高原丘陵枣区的枣(55个)、酸枣(28个)和过渡型(7个)共计90个样品,利用LEAF GUI叶脉序分析技术,测定了叶脉密度(VLA)、叶脉间距离(IVD)和节点数(Nodes)等14个指标,主成分分析选出8个枣叶脉序特征指标,研究了枣和酸枣叶脉序指标特点及特征。结果表明,在干旱、贫瘠生境中生长的酸枣,其叶脉间距离(0.094 mm)、网眼面积(2.84×10~(-4)mm~2)和节点数(17 823个)都显著低于黄土高原丘陵区枣园栽培条件下的枣(p0.05),而酸枣的叶脉密度(7.14 mm·mm~(-2))显著高于栽培条件下的枣,表现出很高的生态适应性。并且,枣叶脉序特征指标的变异系数范围(15.24%～74.69%)大于酸枣(20.37%～52.84%)。因此,枣和酸枣可以通过权衡叶脉序指标之间的关系,采取不同的适应策略。酸枣相比枣,更倾向于选择高叶脉密度、低网眼面积、低节点数的适应策略。对陕北样品聚类分析,在相似系数为1.8时,分为I、II两大类群;对黄土高原丘陵区的样品聚类分析,在1.69时,分为I、II两大类群,分别为酸枣和枣,过渡型在两个类群中都有。说明酸枣经过渡型向枣的演化,也说明叶脉序可以区分枣和酸枣。而栽培枣被分为4个类群,相似系数为1.29,种间结构较为复杂,是由长期的人工选择和营养繁殖模式所决定。     

干旱绿洲区微喷灌枣园蒸散量时空尺度转换研究

为探究干旱绿洲区不同时空尺度单棵枣树蒸散量向枣园尺度蒸散量的转换关系,通过涡度系统、茎流计和微型蒸渗仪对枣园蒸散量、枣树蒸腾量和土壤蒸发量进行了监测.通过对茎流系统与涡度系统测量的不同时间、空间尺度的枣园蒸散量进行分析,分析从点(枣树)尺度蒸散量向面(枣园)尺度蒸散量的转换关系得出:(1)全生育期蒸腾量为403.2 m...     

新疆首次报道轮枝镰孢菌引起骏枣果实黑点病

Black spot disease was found on fruits of Jun jujube in Hetian area, Xinjiang, in June,2010. The typical spots on fruits were round or suborbicular, concave slightly,dark brown and the diameter was about 4 mm. The colony grew fast with irregular edge on PSA medium, while relatively slow with smooth edge on PDA medium. The colonies were white at the early stage, slightly pink finally and flocculent on the both culture medium. The conidia arranged chain shape and the spore chain was basipetal. The rDNA ITS sequence,cyt b gene sequence and EF-1α gene sequence were amplified and analyzed. The result showed that the homology was above 99% between the isolate and Fusarium verticillioides strains based on the three DNA sequences. By morphology combining with molecular biology techniques,the pathogen of Jun jujube black spot disease was identified as F. verticillioides. It is the first report on jujube disease caused by F. verticillioides in the world.     

小麦蓝矮病植原体16S rDNA基因片段的比较分析

 小麦蓝矮病是陕西乃至西北冬麦麦区的一个重要病害,由介体条沙叶蝉专化性传播。对小麦蓝矮病株叶片和带毒条沙叶蝉进行超薄切片及电镜观察,在叶片韧皮部和叶蝉后肠中均观察到大量典型植原体。利用植原体16S rDNA基因保守序列通用引物对Rm16F2/Rm16R1,应用PCR技术从小麦蓝矮病株叶片中扩增到1.4 kb的特异片段。通过对16S rDNA基因片段序列同源性比较,结果表明小麦蓝矮病病原与三叶草绿变、翠菊黄化、绣球花绿变、草莓矮化和番茄巨芽植原体亲缘关系较近,其同源率为99.2%~99.9%。据此可以判定小麦蓝矮病植原体是属于植原体16SrⅠ组,确定了其分类地位。