播期和种植密度对小麦纹枯病发病程度的影响

通过小麦播期、种植密度对小麦纹枯病发病程度的影响对比试验,结果表明,播期早、播种密度大是纹枯病发生程度加重的主要原因。冬前和播种—拔节期积温多,拔节前后气温高,纹枯病病情指数高。     

集雨种植模式下不同施肥水平对土壤水分消耗及冬小麦产量的影响

于2012—2014年在宁南旱塬区布设旱地冬小麦垄膜沟播试验,研究了集雨种植模式下不同施肥水平对小麦不同生育阶段土壤水分、产量和水肥利用率的影响。试验设置集雨(R)和传统平作(B)两种种植模式,每种种植模式设置高(N+P:270+180 kg·hm~(-2))、中(N+P:180+120 kg·hm~(-2))、低(N+P:90+60 kg·hm~(-2))和不施肥4种施肥水平。结果表明:集雨种植模式在冬小麦生育前期可以显著提高0~200 cm土层的土壤贮水量,两年的平均产量较平作提高了10.57%(P0.05),水分利用效率提高了3.83%,肥料农学效率提高了54.99%(P0.05)。施肥对冬小麦生育期土壤水分有明显影响,冬小麦生育前期随着施肥量的增加土壤贮水量呈增加趋势,生育后期土壤贮水量随着施肥量的增加而减少。无论是集雨还是平作种植模式,各施肥处理的冬小麦经济产量和水分利用效率随着施肥量的增加呈增加趋势,但相邻肥力梯度间增幅随施肥量的增加逐渐降低,高肥处理虽产量和水分利用效率最高,但较中肥处理增产幅度不显著(P0.05),集雨种植中肥处理的肥料农学效率最高,两年平均为3.91 kg·kg~(-1)。由此认为,集雨种植模式配合中量施肥(N+P:180+120 kg·hm~(-2))可显著提高半干旱区旱作冬小麦产量及水肥利用效率。     

不同种植密度对玉米田杂草发生及玉米产量的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了不同种植密度39 000~63 000株/hm~2对春玉米和夏玉米田间杂草数量和生物量、玉米株高、产量构成因素及产量的影响。结果表明,随着种植密度增加,春玉米田总杂草的数量,春玉米田和夏玉米田总杂草的生物量、穗粒数和千粒质量均呈逐渐降低趋势;春玉米的株高随种植密度的增大而增高,夏玉米的株高变化不明显;随着种植密度增加,玉米的产量呈现增加趋势,尤其是种植密度较低时,春玉米的产量增幅明显。因此,在四川省适当提高玉米的种植密度既可以降低田间杂草发生量,又可以增加玉米产量,但春玉米种植密度不宜高于57 000株/hm~2,夏玉米最高可达63 000株/hm~2。     

密度、施肥、种植方式及杀虫剂处理对玉米穗腐病及伏马毒素污染的影响

为明确不同种植密度、施肥水平、耕作方式以及杀虫剂处理对玉米穗腐病发生及籽粒中伏马毒素污染水平的影响,于2014—2015年以浚单20、先玉335为供试玉米品种进行田间试验,通过改变种植密度、施肥水平、耕作方式及使用杀虫剂氯虫苯甲酰胺处理,在收获期调查玉米穗腐病的病情指数,采用高效液相色谱柱后衍生法检测玉米籽粒中伏马毒素含量。结果表明,先玉335和浚单20在田间发生穗腐病的病情指数及其籽粒中伏马毒素含量均随种植密度的增加而显著增大,在密度为7.5万株/hm~2时,其病情指数在2014年分别为16.00和10.33,在2015年分别为18.15和16.38,伏马毒素含量在2014年分别为2.38、1.53 mg/kg,在2015年分别为3.23、2.20 mg/kg,均显著高于密度为6.0万株/hm~2和4.5万株/hm~2时;穗腐病的病情指数及伏马毒素含量随着施肥量的增加而增大,在施肥量为675 kg/hm~2时,病情指数在2014年分别为12.35和8.37,在2015年分别为15.11和13.30,伏马毒素含量在2014年分别为1.35、0.85 mg/kg,在2015年分别为2.39、2.19 mg/kg,均显著高于施肥量为450 kg/hm~2及225 kg/hm~2时;耕作方式对穗腐病病情指数及伏马毒素含量无显著影响,旋耕后播种方式下穗腐病病情指数及伏马毒素含量略小于贴茬直播方式;使用杀虫剂氯虫苯甲酰胺处理后,能显著降低穗腐病发生的严重程度及伏马毒素的污染水平。     

基于小麦白粉病菌rDNA ITS序列的PCR分子检测

 Wheat powdery mildew(Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici) is the one of main wheat diseases in China.Based on the internal transcribed spacer(ITS) sequences of ribosome of B.graminis f.sp.tritici,three molecular primer pairs(F1/R,F2/R and F3/R) were designed to detect the fungal pathogen of wheat powdery mildew.The species specificity of these primers was confirmed.F1/R was demonstrated a higher sensitivity than the other two primer pairs,and could detect as low as 1 pg DNA of B.graminis f.sp.tritici.Furthermore,F1/R primer pair was used to detect the pathogen DNA extracted from wheat leaves showing chlorosis and typical symptoms of powdery mildew caused by artificial inoculation with B.graminis f.sp.tritici.The preliminary results demonstrated the usefulness of this primer pair and its potential applications in efficient detection of wheat powdery mildew pathogen from leaves with latent infections at early growth stages of wheat.     

黄土高原长期施肥对小麦产量及土壤肥力的影响

重点分析黄土高原长武试验站长期定位施肥试验地2004年长期施肥对小麦产量、肥料利用率及土壤肥力影响的试验结果,表明:单施磷肥和单施氮肥的产量很低,与对照的产量无明显差异,氮磷钾配施与氮磷配施能显著提高小麦的产量。单施磷肥的磷肥利用率最低,为1%;单施氮肥的氮肥利用率为12.5%;氮磷配施的氮、磷肥利用率均较高,磷肥利用率比单施磷肥提高5.7%,氮肥利用率比单施氮肥提高42.1%。氮磷钾配施较氮磷肥配施的氮肥利用率降低了4.5%,而磷肥利用率升高了2.2%,钾肥的利用率不高,仅为7.3%。单施磷肥只增加土壤磷素含量而降低了氮素含量,单施氮肥能增加土壤中氮素的含量,速效磷含量增加了31%,氮磷肥配施增加了土壤中有机质和氮、磷养分含量。氮、磷配施或氮、磷、钾配施是提高黄土高原小麦产量和土壤肥力的有效措施。     

平衡施肥对小麦产量的影响

平衡施肥是实现小麦丰收的基础,而BB肥（散装掺混肥料）是推广平稳施肥技术的有效载体,只有推广平衡施肥这一物化了的技术,才能促进小麦丰产,农业丰收。     

不同机制杀菌剂对小麦白粉病的敏感性及与三唑酮的交互抗性

为明确三唑酮和氟环唑、吡唑醚菌酯、啶酰菌胺、嘧菌环胺、乙嘧酚5种不同作用机制的杀菌剂对小麦白粉病的敏感性及交互抗性,采用田间小区试验和室内喷雾离体叶段法测定了不同杀菌剂对小麦白粉病的防治效果。结果表明,5种不同作用机制杀菌剂对小麦白粉病的防治效果可达90%以上,而三唑酮最高的防治效果仅为72.17%;小麦白粉病菌群体对氟环唑、吡唑醚菌酯、啶酰菌胺、嘧菌环胺、乙嘧酚的敏感性EC50分别在0.087~1.901、0.058~1.402、0.186~3.014、0.222~6.005、0.006~1.742μg/mL之间,5种不同作用机制杀菌剂的敏感性均呈连续单峰曲线,可作为小麦白粉病菌对5种不同作用机制杀菌剂的敏感基线。研究表明,三唑酮与氟环唑、吡唑醚菌酯、啶酰菌胺、嘧菌环胺、乙嘧酚之间不存在交互抗性。     

种植密度对糜子生长发育及产量影响

采用完全随机区组试验设计,以河曲大红黍为材料,设定6个密度处理,研究不同种植密度对糜子的株高、茎粗、分蘖数等形态指标,单株叶面积、叶绿素相对值、光合速率等光合指标,干物质积累量,产量构成因素及产量的影响;运用非线性回归分析的方法,对密度与作物产量的经验模型进行模拟.结果表明:种植密度超过一定范围值时,随着密度的增加,株高增大,茎粗变细,分蘖数减少和光合生理指标均降低,穗重、穗粒重和有效穗粒数逐渐减少,干物质积累量减少,产量降低;产量随着种植密度增加呈先升后降的趋势,二次曲线模型的方程式为Y=176.78471+ 11.51879X-1.29607X2,理论最适密度范围为4万株/666.7m2-5万株/666.7m2.     

不同施肥方法对小麦性状及产量的影响

为科学建立小麦配方施肥技术体系,进行了配方施肥与习惯施肥对小麦生育期性状及产量的影响试验。结果表明,不同施肥方法下,小麦生育期在191～193 d,差异较小,株高和穗长为习惯施肥>配方施肥>空白对照,呈现逐步降低的趋势;有效穗为配方施肥>习惯施肥>空白对照,成穗率则是空白对照>配方施肥>习惯施肥;习惯施肥和配方施肥的穗粒数和千粒重差异较小,与空白对照差异较大,穗粒数是习惯施肥>配方施肥>空白对照,千粒重为空白对照>配方施肥>习惯施肥;不同施肥方法处理的小麦产量差异显著,配方施肥(323.7 kg/667m²)>习惯施肥(314.8 kg/667m²)>空白对照(92.7 kg/667m²)。生产上建议推广配方施肥,可减少肥料不合理的投入,充分提高小麦单产和总体经济效益。     

小麦白粉病与温度的定量关系研究

温度对小麦白粉病影响试验的结果表明,此病害适宜发生的温度为15～20℃,低于10℃或高于25℃对该病有明显抑制作用。当温度高于26℃时,试验显示随着温度的升高,终止小麦白粉病病程的时间缩短,据此建立了不同温度(x)与相应终止病程的时间(y)的关系模型为y=21 900e^{-0.303 5x}(χ²=1.65<χ²_0.05,7=14.07)。同时,根据高温区病害的严重度(y)与温度(x)的试验数据,建立了其关系模型为:y=-3.00x+76.60(r²=0.922 1^**),由此计算获得了连续10 d(一个病程时间)温度为25.53℃即可终止此病害的病程。该试验结果将为小麦白粉病的越夏区划提供基础数据。     

丙环唑和醚菌酯药液浓度、雾滴密度与其对小麦白粉病防效的关系

采用室内生物测定和田间试验相结合的方法,研究了丙环唑和醚菌酯的药液浓度及雾滴密度与其对小麦白粉病防效的关系,首次提出了杀菌剂雾滴抑制中密度 (即达到50%抑制率时所对应的雾滴密度,EN₅₀) 这一概念。结果表明:1)室内喷施丙环唑及醚菌酯药液,当丙环唑质量浓度从0.01 g/L提高到1.0 g/L时,对应的EN₅₀值从18.7 cm–2下降至5.1 cm–2,EN₉₀值从755.8 cm–2下降至92.8 cm–2,雾滴杀伤半径 (r₅₀) 从0.92 mm增大到1.77 mm;当醚菌酯质量浓度从0.01 g/L提高到1.0 g/L时,对应的EN₅₀值从227.1 cm–2下降至1.0 cm–2,EN₉₀值从596.1 cm–2下降至26.9 cm–2,雾滴杀伤半径从0.27 mm增大到4.00 mm。2)田间使用MG-1S植保无人机和背负式电动喷雾器喷施丙环唑和醚菌酯防治小麦白粉病,无人机施药液量为15.0 L/hm2,药液质量浓度为5.0 g/L时,在小麦旗叶及倒二叶的雾滴密度分别为29.7和9.5 cm–2,喷施丙环唑和醚菌酯3、5、7 d后,对小麦白粉病的防效分别为41.9%、80.7%、90.2%和30.8%、67.9%、84.5%;电动喷雾器施药液量为450.0 L/hm2,药液质量浓度为0.17 g/L时,在小麦旗叶及倒二叶的雾滴密度分别为287.9和204.2 cm–2,喷施丙环唑和醚菌酯3、5、7 d后的防效分别为42.1%、85.3%、94.3%和28.5%、80.1%、90.5%。研究表明,田间施用丙环唑和醚菌酯时,无需把叶片全部喷湿,只需达到一定雾滴密度即可;运用植保无人机进行高浓度、低容量喷雾时,10~30 cm–2雾滴量即可达到理想的防治效果。     

Incidence and density relationships of powdery mildew on apple

ABSTRACT The relationships between disease incidence and colony density and between leaf and shoot disease incidences for apple powdery mildew were investigated over four seasons in order to derive a simple relationship for predicting density using incidence. The Neyman type A distribution generally provided a good fit to the observed number of colonies per leaf and shoot, and provided a significantly better fit than the Poisson distribution, indicating a degree of aggregation of mildew colonies. In general, Taylor's power-law satisfactorily described the observed variance-mean relationship for colony density; however, Taylor's power-law broke down at very high levels of mean density. Incidence of leaf infection could be determined based on average number of colonies per leaf assuming a fixed variance-mean relationship and a Neyman type A distribution for colony density. Regression models using the complemen- tary log-log transformation of incidence also provided accurate predictions of leaf (or shoot) disease incidence from colonies per leaf (or per shoot). Similar accuracies of these incidence-density models suggested that variance-mean ratio of colony density was more or less constant over time. Unlike the case with colony density, the number of mildewed leaves per shoot generally had a random pattern, as indicated by the good fit of the binomial distribution. Thus, it was possible to estimate the leaf incidence of the youngest unrolled leaves on a shoot using the shoot incidence. It is argued that the leaf incidence-density relationships developed in the present study may be used in making practical disease management decisions.     

Damage components of powdery mildew in winter wheat

Abastract The photosynthesis and transpiration rates of winter wheat leaves were measured at different developmental stages and at various levels of mildew infection. Even at low levels of infection, circa 4% leaf area being covered, both the assimilation and transpiration rates at light satiation were considerably reduced. Light use efficiency and dark respiration were not significantly affected. The physiological background of these effects was analysed by photosynthesis measurements at different external CO₂ concentrations. It was shown that the carboxylation resistance was increased due to mildew infection and that stomatal resistance, boundary layer resistance and transport resistance in the mesophyll were only indirectly affected.A simulation model was used to compute the consequences of these effects on daily growth rate of a winter wheat canopy at different development stages and with different levels of mildew severity. These computations show that a low infection level may result in a considerable reduction of the crop growth rate. This effect was more pronounced when the sky was clear than overcast.Samenvatting Bepalingen van fotosynthese en verdamping werden verricht bij verschillende ontwikkelingsstadia van wintertarwe, die in verschillende mate was aangetast door meeldauw. Zelfs bij vrij lage infectiepercentages (circa 4%) was er al een aanzienlijke reductie van assimilatie en verdampingssnelheid bij lichtverzadiging. Lichtbenuttingsefficiëntie en donkerademhaling werden niet significant beïnvloed.De fysiologische achtergrond van deze effecten werd onderzocht door fotosynthesemetingen bij verschillende externe CO₂ concentraties. Er werd aangetoond dat de carboxylatieweerstand werd verhoogd door meeldauwinfectie en dat de huidmondjesweerstand, grenslaagweerstand en transportweerstand in het mesofyl indirect werden beïnvloed.De gevolgen van deze effecten op de dagelijkse groeisnelheid van een wintertarwegewas in verschillende ontwikkelingsfasen en met verschillende LAI werd nagegaan met een simulatiemodel. Deze berekeningen tonen aan dat een geringe meeldauwaantasting resulteert in een aanzienlijke reductie van de groeisnelheid van het gewas. Dit effect was duidelijker bij heldere dan bij bewolkte hemel.     

小麦白粉病地理空间分布特征

依据农业部全国农业技术推广服务中心提供的1980～1998年小麦白粉病病情数据,运用地理信息系统软件Arcview3.0和地统计学工具软件GeoEAS提供的两种空间插值方法,即普通克里格法和反距离加权平均法,进行了地理空间分布特征初步分析。结果表明,小麦白粉病的主要监测指标在较大空间尺度的地理分布上存在空间自相关性。根据空间自相关性,可以用普通克里格法和反距离加权平均法生成插值图。所产生的多幅地图较合理地显示了小麦白粉病的地理空间分布格局。     

Disease-weather relationships for powdery mildew and yellow rust on winter wheat

Key weather factors determining the occurrence and severity of powdery mildew and yellow rust epidemics on winter wheat were identified. Empirical models were formulated to qualitatively predict a damaging epidemic (>5% severity) and quantitatively predict the disease severity given a damaging epidemic occurred. The disease data used was from field experiments at 12 locations in the UK covering the period from 1994 to 2002 with matching data from weather stations within a 5 km range. Wind in December to February was the most influential factor for a damaging epidemic of powdery mildew. Disease severity was best identified by a model with temperature, humidity, and rain in April to June. For yellow rust, the temperature in February to June was the most influential factor for a damaging epidemic as well as for disease severity. The qualitative models identified favorable circumstances for damaging epidemics, but damaging epidemics did not always occur in such circumstances, probably due to other factors such as the availability of initial inoculum and cultivar resistance.     

小麦品种多样性对白粉病及产量和蛋白质的影响

 对品种多样性控制小麦白粉病的效果以及对产量和蛋白质的影响进行了研究,为利用品种多样性控制白粉病提供理论依据和技术支持。采用SSR技术分析5个小麦品种的亲缘关系;2008年和2009年按组合所含品种数为2、3、4和5个进行组合,在田间种植混种组合和单播小区,人工接种白粉菌,比较各小区中小麦白粉病的AUDPC值、产量和蛋白质变化。结果表明,5个品种亲缘关系相对较近;2个品种混合时以抗感搭配较好,随着抗病品种比例增加控病效果增强;2008年混合种植中有防治效果的组合占54.55%,相对防效为10.02%~47.58%,2009年有防治效果的组合占23.08%,相对防效在1.85% 到18.96 % 之间;在适当的组合中,如京冬8号/轮选987、京双16/京411/京冬8号对小麦白粉病有控制效果,混种不会影响产量和蛋白质含量;当有大量能克服本地品种抗性的外来菌源时混合种植的控病效果降低。品种多样性可以用做防治小麦白粉病的一项措施。     

小麦白粉病预测模型的有效性评价

为全面了解现有小麦白粉病预测模型的有效性,本文收集整理了全国9个省31个县(市)46个小麦白粉病预测模型,在对其实用性、时效性和准确性评价的基础上,对其中6个模型进行了优化、简化或重建,共获得4省7市12个小麦白粉病预测模型,此研究结果对于这些模型在生产上应用提供了依据。     

Effects of nitrogen fertilization and cultivar on the damage relation of powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis) in winter wheat

The damage relation of powdery mildew in winter wheat was studied in field experiments in 1981 and 1983, in the Netherlands. No firm conclusion was obtained on the effect of nitrogen supply (175 and 235 kg ha^–1 N totally) on the damage relation. The relation was not affected by cultivars (four) and did not differ significantly between both years. The measured relation averaged 0.0125 kg are^–1 damage per pustule-day mildew per leaf, at yields of 70–90 kg are^–1. The effect of the fungicide triadimefon on yield could be ascribed to its effect on diseases. The vertical distribution of mildew in the crop was described.Samenvatting In 1981 en 1983 werd in veldproeven met wintertarwe de relatie tussen schade (in kg are^–1) en meeldauw onderzocht. Of de relatie onafhankelijk is van de stikstofbemesting (175 en 235 kg ha^–1 N totaal), kon niet met zekerheid worden vastgesteld. De schaderelatie werd niet significant beïnvloed door de vier getoetste rassen. In de twee jaren werd een vergelijkbare schade van gemiddeld 0.0125 kg are^–1 per puistdag meeldauw per blad gemeten, bij een opbrengstniveau van 70–90 kg are^–1. Tevens werd de locatie van meeldauw in het gewas beschreven.