繁奶康对奶牛泌乳早期泌乳性能及血液指标的影响

选择20头荷斯坦高产牛,采用配对分组设计分为对照组和试验组,每组各10头。对照组使用原日粮,试验组产前21d每天在日粮中添加繁奶康125g,于分娩当天添加量增至300g直到试验结束,以探讨日粮添加繁奶康对奶牛泌乳早期产奶性能(产奶量及乳品质)的影响。结果表明,补充繁奶康,产奶量、乳脂校正乳产量试验组明显高于对照组(P0.05);奶牛采食量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率及乳干物质含量两组间差异不显著(P0.05)。血液指标谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性两组间无显著差异(P0.05),高产奶牛补充繁奶康对泌乳早期产奶性能有较好的改善作用。     

Low milk fat syndrome in dairy cows. Field trial with potential fat content increasing substances (author's transl)]

In cases of low milk fat syndrome in dairy cows, in which no cause-factor could be found, a mixture of different potential fat content increasing substances was added to the feed, one group was fed 50 g NaHCO-3, 50 g MgO, 50 g urea and 100 g sodium bentonite mixed into 250 g of carrier per cow per day, while another group was fed the same mixture with sodium bentonite excluded. A third group was used as an untreated control. Fat content and milk yield were not positively influenced by these additives. The inclusion of sodium bentonite even seemed to result in a certain decrease of milk yield. In another similar trial, 150 g NaHCO-3 and 100 g MgO were fed, mixed into 250 g of carrier per cow per day. This improved the milk fat content when compared to an untreated control group. The increase was not significant. The milk yield, however, was significantly influenced by the addition. The yield increase in this trial was calculated to be approx. 2.0 kilos FCM per cow per day.     

不同水平复合益生菌制剂添加对奶牛生产性能、乳品质及体细胞数量的影响

为分析不同水平复合益生菌制剂添加对奶牛生产性能、乳品质及体细胞数量的影响,试验选择胎次、产奶量、泌乳天数相近的荷斯坦奶牛160头随机分成4个组,每个组4个重复,每个重复10头,1组饲喂基础日粮为对照组,试验2、3、4组每头奶牛分别在基础日粮中添加20、40、60 g/d复合益生菌制剂,预试验7 d,试验期为60 d。结果表明:(1)试验后的30、60 d,试验3、4组的平均产奶量较1相比分别提高16.0%、14.9%、25.6%、24.1%(P<0.05);(2)试验2、3、4组的4%乳脂校正、乳蛋白率、总固形物均高于1组(P>0.05);试验2、3、4组的尿素氮均低于1组(P>0.05);试验3、4组的乳糖率、乳脂率较1组分别提高14.6%、13.4%、5.0%、4.2%(P<0.05);(3)试验后的60 d,试验3、4组乳中体细胞数量较1组相比降低9.3%、7.1%(P<0.05)。综上,每头牛每天添加40 g复合益生菌制剂可以提高奶牛的生产性能、乳品质,减少体细胞数量。     

过瘤胃氯化胆碱对奶牛生产性能的影响

选取40头健康荷斯坦泌乳盛期奶牛完全随机分为2组,每组20头。对照组牛群饲喂基础日粮,试验组牛群在基础饲料中添加20 g/（日.头）的瘤胃保护胆碱,分三次饲喂,瘤胃保护胆碱直接投喂于TMR日粮上。试验期60 d。测定了产奶量,牛奶中的乳脂率、乳蛋白、体细胞数。试验结果表明：在本试验的条件下,试验组牛群在基础饲料中添加20 g/（日.头）的瘤胃保护胆碱后,奶牛的平均产奶量显著提高了1.6%（P〈0.05）,乳脂率提高了0.06%（P〈0.05）;乳蛋白率、乳蛋白量、乳脂量、体细胞数均无显著差异（P〉0.05）。     

复合酶对奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响

本试验旨在研究复合酶对奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响。选择胎次、泌乳天数、产奶量相近的健康荷斯坦泌乳牛30头,随机分为2组,即试验组和对照组,试验组每日在TMR中添加复合酶制剂50g。结果显示,试验组奶牛日均产奶量对比照组提高了6．6％,差异显著（P〈0．05）;试验组乳蛋白率比对照组提高0．19％,差异显著（P〈0．05）,乳脂率比对照组提高0．3％,差异显著（P〈0．05）,乳糖含量比对照组提高0．2％;经济效益每天每头奶牛比对照组多盈利3．88K。说明每日在奶牛TMR中添加50g复合酶,可提高奶牛产奶量,改善牛奶品质,增加经济效益。     

Evaluating the suitability of field beans as a substitute for soybean meal in early-lactating dairy cow: Production and metabolic responses

Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows were utilized in a completely randomized design to examine the effect of feeding field beans (FB, Vicia faba L. var. minor) as substitute for soybean meal (SBM) on lactation performance and metabolic response during the early lactation period. Cows were individually divided into two equal groups and fed for 16 weeks on one each of the two experimental diets. The controls were fed pelleted concentrate contained 150 g/kg dry matter (DM) of SBM as the main protein source, whereas the experimental concentrate contained 345 g/kg DM of FB. Oat hay was offered ad libitum to cows and water was freely available. Blood samples were assayed for their content of: urea, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, calcium and phosphorus, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA). Inclusion of FB had no detectable effects on DM intake (DMI), body weight (BW), or body condition score (BCS). Neither milk yield nor quality were influenced by dietary treatment, except for milk urea nitrogen (MU) that was reduced in cows fed the FB diet (P < 0.05). Clotting properties of milk were not affected adversely by added dietary FB. Concentration of blood urea (BU) was lower in cows fed the FB diet than in those fed the control SBM diet (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that feeding FB in a lactation diet supported lactation performance similar to cows fed traditional SBM-based diet, and the results may elicit great interest for countries where soybean utilization is adversely influenced by high supply costs.     

奶牛复合酶制剂FE907对泌乳早期奶牛生产性能和经济效益的影响

目的:研究酶制剂对泌乳奶牛生产性能和疾病的影响.方法:选取28头泌乳荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为2组,每组14头.2组奶牛在全混合日粮上分别添加0、20 g/(头·d)复合酶制剂FE907,实验期4周.结果:实验组奶牛日均产乳量提高了1.6 kg/d(P＞0.05);实验组乳脂率比对照组提高0.08％,乳脂量提高0.09 kg/d,差异显著(P＜0.05),乳蛋白率提高0.06％,乳蛋白量提高0.07 kg/d,经济效益每天每头奶牛比对照组多盈利6.28元.结论:奶牛日粮中添加20 g/(头·d)的奶牛复合酶制剂FE907,可以提高产乳量,改善乳成分,提高经济效益,同时,可以在一定程度上降低患乳房炎的风险.     

Comparative evaluation of raw and roasted soybean in lactating crossbred cows

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of roasting whole soybean in the local level on their chemical composition, nitrogen fractions, in situ degradability, and feeding performance in crossbred (Karan Swiss and Karan Fries) dairy cows. Twelve lactating crossbred cattle (369.08 ± 17.53 kg body weight) were randomly divided into two groups on the basis of milk yield (10.18 kg/day) and day of calving (89 days) in a randomized block design. Cows were fed green maize fodder and concentrate mixtures with 1 kg raw soybean as fed basis (7.6% of total diet) in the control group, where as roasted soybean replaced raw soybean in the treatment group to make both diets isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The roughage to concentrate ratio was around 55:45 in both diets. The cows were housed in individual byres and fed experimental diet for 90 days. The total dry matter intake per animal in both groups was similar. The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, and neutral detergent fiber was comparable in both groups. The average milk production and fat-corrected milk yield per day was similar during the trial. Milk fat, milk protein, and solids not fat content remained unaffected and similar in both groups. All the animals maintained their body weight in both groups. Thus, rumen bypassing of protein fractions at the present method of bypassing did not have the desired level of beneficial effect in medium producing crossbred cows.     

甜菜粕颗粒对泌乳奶牛泌乳性能、血液生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究甜菜粕颗粒对泌乳奶牛生产性能、血液生化指标的影响。采用完全随机试验设计,选择体重、泌乳天数(135.96±25.98)d、胎次(1~2次)、产乳量(29.78±5.42)kg和生理状态相近的48头中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为4组,每组12头。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别以3.5%、5.5%、7.5%甜菜粕颗粒(干物质基础)替换基础日粮中部分玉米和燕麦草等。试验预试期1周,正试期6周。结果表明:对照组的干物质采食量、产奶量以及乳成分与试验组无显著性差异;与对照组相比,3.5%、5.5%、7.5%甜菜粕组血清中总蛋白含量分别提高了13.75%、13.34%、8.17%(P<0.05);3.5%和5.5%试验组的球蛋白含量分别提高了18.02%、18.35%(P<0.05);5.5%试验组葡萄糖含量降低了17.76%(P<0.05);7.5%试验组每天可盈利1.28元/头。在本试验条件下,添加7.5%甜菜粕颗粒不会对机体的糖分吸收以及代谢造成影响且经济效益最佳。     

营养盐产品达可~预防新生犊牛腹泻的效果

利用24头新生荷斯坦犊牛母犊,研究营养盐产品达可R防治新生犊牛腹泻的效果。选择1～2周龄荷斯坦健康犊牛16头和腹泻犊牛8头,随机分为健康对照组(A组)、健康处理组(B1组)和腹泻处理组(B2组),每组8头。A组给饲新鲜常规牛奶,B1组和B2组分别给饲达可300g,分3次进行,每次间隔8h。试验犊牛分别在给饲前后直肠取粪,对其评分,并测定含水量和细菌(大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌)计数,同时记录生理指标和血液学参数。结果表明,达可产品能够显著(P0.01)降低健康犊牛和腹泻犊牛粪便中大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的数量,表明具有预防和治疗犊牛腹泻的效果,而对犊牛生理和血液指标及血液pH没有不利影响。     

高寒地区秋、冬季荷斯坦奶牛补饲优质饲料对采食量、泌乳性能和乳房炎发病率的影响

[目的]旨在研究高寒地区荷斯坦奶牛优化补饲方案的推广价值。[方法]实验选取A、B牧场无临床型乳房炎健康泌乳牛为研究对象,将两座实验牧场奶牛,分别各自分为实验组和对照组。实验组饲喂优质补饲日粮,对照组饲喂传统日粮,实验牛只每天放牧5 h。实验期为60 d,10 d为预饲期,50 d为实验期。[结果]A、B牧场实验组补饲的日粮干物质采食量分别为15.77、16.11 kg/d,明显高于对照组（14.02、14.47 kg/d）。A牧场实验组单产为16.89 kg/d,对照组单产为12.25 kg/d,差异显著（P〈0.05）;B牧场实验组单产为17.22 kg/d,对照组单产为13.21 kg/d,同样差异显著（P〈0.05）;同时A牧场与B牧场实验组的单产在与2014同期相比时同样差异显著（P〈0.05）。A牧场每千克奶饲料成本降低0.26元,与对照组相比差异显著（P〈0.05）,B牧场降低0.13元。A牧场实验组的牛奶乳脂率和乳蛋白含量明显高于对照组,分别为3.95%和3.28%,和2014年同期相比分别增长了0.29%和0.22%;B牧场实验组牛奶乳脂率和乳蛋白含量虽然低于对照组,但也达到了4.08%和3.15%。A牧场实验组牛奶体细胞数（39.14万个/m L）比对照组体细胞数（60.54万个/m L）低21.40万个/m L。临床型乳房炎患病牛的比例,实验组低于对照组近2.67%。[结论]高寒地区荷斯坦奶牛可实行优化补饲方案,且能够提高企业和养殖户的经济效益,具有较好的推广价值。     

日粮添加不同水平的奶牛专用霉菌毒素吸附剂对粪中双歧杆菌数量和乳中黄曲霉毒素含量的影响

奶牛饲料原料中霉菌毒素广泛存在,并严重地威胁着奶牛健康,影响着奶牛生产性能的发挥。本试验选择年龄、胎次、产奶量、泌乳天数相近的荷斯坦奶牛80头探讨日粮添加4种剂量（0g、10g、15g、20g）的霉菌毒素吸附剂对奶牛粪便中双歧杆菌数量和原料奶中黄曲霉毒素残留量的影响。与对照组（添加霉菌毒素吸附剂0g）相比,实验组奶牛粪便中双歧杆菌的外排量明显降低,但各实验组之间统计差异并不显著,仅有数值上的变化。同时,随着霉菌毒素吸附剂含量的增加,原料奶中体细胞数呈现下降的趋势。与试验前相比,原料奶中黄曲霉毒素含量显著降低（P〈0.05）,且随着添加剂量的增加其黄曲霉毒素残留量更少,但添加20g与添加15g相比并无明显变化。研究表明,随着日粮中霉菌毒素吸附剂不同量的添加,均可有效降低原料奶中黄曲霉毒素的残留量,进而提高原料奶质量。     

Digestion in steers and lactational performance of Jersey cows fed diets varying in natural protein level continuously or on alternate days

Five crossbred beef steers (515 kg) were used in a Latin square experiment and 36 lactating Jersey cows (12 primiparous, 310 kg; 24 multiparous, 365 kg) were used in a completely randomized design study to determine effects on characteristics of digestion and lactational performance of daily alternation of the dietary level of natural protein (NP). In Experiment 1, steers were fed diets of 50% bermudagrass hay and 50% concentrate. Concentrate was approximately 18% crude protein (CP), formulated to be 60, 80 or 100% NP (varying proportions of soybean meal, urea and ground corn), and was fed at 1.5% body weight (dry matter basis). These concentrates were fed daily or ones with 60 and 100% NP were fed on alternate days. Alternate day feeding did not markedly affect characteristics of digestion, including ruminal escape of feed protein, and NP level of concentrate fed continuously had no effects either. In Experiment 2, cows were subjected to treatments similar to those in Experiment 1, and performance on d 20-40 of lactation was measured. Concentrate was given at 1 kg (as fed)/2.15 kg milk produced, yielding a dietary concentrate level of approximately 40% (dry matter basis). Alternate feeding depressed (P less than 0.05) overall milk fat percentage. Alternate feeding increased production of milk and protein and body weight of primiparous cows but caused little change with multiparous cows. Besides increasing the dietary level of concentrate, perhaps alternate feeding regimes have utility to lower milk fat level without impairing milk production. Level of NP in concentrate fed continuously did not affect performance by multiparous cows though primiparous cow performance was generally enhanced, possibly because CP intake was adequate for multiparous cows but marginal for primiparous cows. However, overall, efficiency of production of solids-corrected milk rose slightly with increasing NP.     

饲粮中添加黄花蒿乙醇提取物对奶牛产奶性能及乳脂中共轭亚油酸含量的影响

本文旨在研究饲粮中添加黄花蒿乙醇提取物对奶牛产奶性能及乳脂中共轭亚油酸(CLA)含量的影响。试验选取体重(600±29)kg、胎次2~3胎、泌乳期(158±3)d及泌乳量(22.8±1.8)kg/d的泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛15头,采用完全随机区组设计分为3组,每组5头,进行为期40 d的饲养试验,其中1~9 d为预试期,10~40 d为正试期。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验1组和试验2组分别在基础饲粮中添加96和160 g/(d·头)的黄花蒿乙醇提取物。结果表明:整个试验期间,2个试验组的产奶量(第24、31和40天)、乳脂率、乳脂产量、乳蛋白率、乳蛋白产量、非脂固形物含量以及乳脂中的饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸、短链脂肪酸、中链脂肪酸和长链脂肪酸含量与对照组相比均无显著差异(P0.05);2个试验组的乳脂中CLA含量分别比对照组提高了30.7%和38.6%,其中试验2组与对照组差异显著(P0.05)。由此得出,饲粮中添加适量的黄花蒿乙醇提取物对奶牛产奶性能没有明显影响,但可以提高其乳脂中CLA含量,从而优化乳脂中脂肪酸的比例。     

全混合日粮饲喂产奶牛经济效益试验

研究全混合日粮与非全混合日粮饲喂产奶牛,选择200头荷斯坦奶牛随机分为试验组和对照组,试验组饲喂全混合日粮,对照组饲喂相同配方和数量的草料,经30 d饲喂对比试验,结果表明：试验组日平均产奶量为23.52 kg,对照组日平均产奶量为21.78 kg,试验组比对照组日平均产奶量增加1.74 kg,日平均产奶量提高7.99%,差异极显著（P〈0.01）。饲喂全混合日粮组比饲喂非全混合日粮组奶牛增收17 760元,经济效益明显。     

奶牛专用脲酶抑制剂复合预混料提高奶牛产奶量效果的试验

通过32头健康泌乳奶牛进行饲喂奶牛专用脲酶抑制剂复合预混料的对比试验.结果表明,饲喂脲酶抑制剂复合预混料的试验组,泌乳奶牛平均日产标准乳22.81kg/头,对照组泌乳奶牛平均日产标准乳20.12kg/头,产奶量提高13.37%(P<0.05);校正体重后试验组比对照组提高产奶量14.41%,差异显著(P<0.05);提高饲料转化率13.43%,差异显著(P<0.05);提高经济效益13.68%,增收效益明显。     

酵母蛋白饲喂泌乳奶牛试验报告

本试验通过在荷斯坦泌乳牛日粮中添加酵母蛋白部分替代豆粕,研究其对泌乳牛干物质采食量、产奶量、乳成分及身体健康情况的影响,选取400头胎次、产奶量相近的中国荷斯坦泌乳牛分为对照组和试验组各200头,试验组每头牛每天饲喂500g酵母蛋白,通过60d的试验,结果表明试验组和对照组奶牛平均日产奶量差异不显著（P〉0.05）,分别为32.54kg/d与32.34kg/d。在产奶量不变的基础上,试验组平均干物质采食量降低1.7kg（DM）/d,产奶效率提高,与对照组相比差异极显著（P〈0.01）。     

Effects of long-term feeding of a diet supplemented with clinoptilolite to dairy cows on the incidence of ketosis, milk yield and liver function

Fifty-two clinically healthy Holstein cows were randomly assigned to one of three groups according to their age and parity. The first group (A) consisted of 17 cows that were fed a concentrate ration supplemented with 1.25 per cent clinoptilolite, the second group (B) consisted of 17 cows fed a ration supplemented with 2.5 per cent clinoptilolite, and the third group (C) consisted of 18 cows, which were fed the basal ration containing no clinoptilolite. The rations were fed from four weeks before the cows' expected parturition dates until the beginning of the next dry period. Blood samples were collected from each animal at the start of the experiment, on the day of calving and then monthly, and analysed for serum glucose, ketone bodies, liver enzymes, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and total proteins. The milk yield of each cow was recorded monthly. The cows in group B had significantly fewer cases of clinical ketosis during the first month after calving and a higher total milk yield. Feeding the cows with clinoptilolite for a long period had no apparent adverse effects on their liver function, and did not significantly affect the concentrations of glucose, ketone bodies, BUN and total proteins in their serum.     

日粮添加不同水平的奶牛专用霉菌毒素吸附剂对粪中双歧杆菌数量和乳中黄曲霉毒素含量的影响

奶牛饲料原料中霉菌毒素广泛存在,并严重地威胁着奶牛健康,影响着奶牛生产性能的发挥。本试验选择年龄、胎次、产奶量、泌乳天数相近的荷斯坦牛80头探讨日粮添加4种剂量（0、10、15、20g）的霉菌毒素吸附剂对奶牛粪便中双歧杆菌数量和原料奶中黄曲霉毒素残留量的影响。与对照组（添加霉菌毒素吸附剂0g）相比,试验组奶牛粪便中双歧杆菌的外排量明显降低,但各实验组之间差异不显著,仅有数值上的变化。同时,随着霉菌毒素吸附剂含量的增加,原料奶中体细胞数呈现下降的趋势。与试验前相比,原料奶中黄曲霉毒素含量显著降低（P〈0.05）,且随着添加剂量的增加其黄曲霉毒素残留量更少,但添加20g与15g间无明显变化。因此,本研究表明,随着日粮中霉菌毒素吸附剂添加量的增加,可有效降低原料奶中黄曲霉毒素的残留量,进而提高原料奶质量。     

Effects of feeding yeast and propionibacteria to dairy cows on milk yield and components, and reproduction*

To determine the effect of supplemental feeding of Diamond V-XP yeast (XPY) alone or in combination with propionibacteria strain P169 on milk production, milk components, body weight, days to first and second ovulation, plasma insulin, and plasma and milk glucose, 31 primiparous and multiparous (MP) Holstein cows were fed one of three dietary treatments between 2 weeks prepartum to 30 weeks postpartum: (i) control (n = 10), fed a corn silage-based total mixed ration (TMR); (ii) XPY (n = 11), fed control TMR plus XPY (at 56 g/head/day); and (iii) P169+XPY (n = 10), received control TMR plus XPY plus P169 (at 6 x 10(11) cfu/head/day). After parturition, daily milk weights were recorded, and milk samples were collected twice weekly for milk component analyses. Daily uncorrected milk, solids-corrected milk, and 4% fat-corrected milk production for MP cows fed P169+XPY was 9-16% greater than control MP cows, but these increases were only evident during mid lactation (9-30 weeks). The percentage of milk fat was 8-18% greater in control than XPY and P169+XPY groups. Milk lactose percentage in MP cows fed P169+XPY was 3-5% greater than in control and XPY MP cows. Primiparous and MP cows fed P169+XPY had 28-32% greater milk glucose levels than control and XPY-fed cows. Diurnal plasma glucose concentration was not affected by diet in MP cows. Plasma insulin levels in MP cows fed P169+XPY were 30-34% greater than in other groups of MP cows. Milk glucose and plasma insulin responses to P169+XPY feeding suggest that P169+XPY might have enhanced gluconeogenesis and increased glucose uptake by the mammary gland in Holstein cows. Thus, a combined feed supplement of P169 and XPY may hold potential as a natural feed alternative to hormones and antibiotics to enhance lactational performance.