Constructed wetlands as a treatment method for effluents from intensive trout farms

This study examined the effects of different hydraulic loading rates on the treatment efficiency of subsurface flow (SSF) constructed wetlands treating effluents from trout farming over a period of 6 months. Six identical wetland cells with a pre-sedimentation zone of 9.6 m² and a root zone of 23.6 m² were loaded with effluents from intensive trout farming (> 2.1 kg feeding stuff per L/s and day). The total runoff of 13.2 L/s was treated in the wetland cells, where two duplicate cells received equal hydraulic loads of 3.9, 1.8 and 0.9 L/s. All examined wetland cells had significant treatment effects on the nutrient fractions containing particulate matter [total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorous (TP), biological oxygen demand in 5 days (BOD₅), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total suspended solids (TSS)].

Efficiency was between 5.5% for TN and 90.1% for TSS. The SSF wetland also had a high treatment effect on total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), with efficiencies of 61.2 to 87.8%. Nitrate nitrogen (NO₃–N) and phosphate phosphorous (PO₄–P) showed a significant increase in the wetland effluent by 8.4 to 209%. Nitrite nitrogen (NO₂–N), had no significant, or significant effluent increase depending on the inflow rate. Treatment efficiency for particulate nutrients and TAN increased with decreasing hydraulic load, while the differences between 1.8 and 0.9 L/s were not significant. The treatment efficiency for TP was constant for all cells, at around 40%. The wetland receiving 3.9 L/s was over-flooded after 10 to 12 weeks due to colmatation. Nevertheless, the wetland still showed high treatment efficiencies. For commercial trout farms, SSF wetlands are a highly effective method of effluent treatment. A hydraulic load of 1 L/s on 13.3 m² wetland area (1.8 L/s on the examined wetland) seems most suitable. Higher loads lead to accelerated wetland colmatation, while lower loads waste space.     

人工湿地及其在水产养殖废水处理中的应用

近年来我国水产养殖业迅速发展,同时水体污染、富营养化日益严重,这严重制约了水产养殖业的发展。如何简便有效地处理养殖废水成为水产养殖业健康持续发展的关键。人工湿地作为一种经济、高效的废水生态处理技术,日益受到人们广泛的关注。本文主要介绍了人工湿地的构建、分类、废水处理机理及其在养殖废水处理中的应用。     

Treatment of flow-through trout aquaculture effluents in a constructed wetland

A study on effluent treatment with sub-surface flow (SF) constructed wetlands was conducted in a small commercial scale Bavarian (Germany) flow-through trout farm. Under limited spatial and financial conditions a most suitable wetland was constructed. The wetland treatment efficiency at high hydraulic loading rates during raceway runoff and cleaning situation in comparison to sedimentation as initial treatment method was examined.

The constructional solution involved the alteration of six existing sedimentation basins (SB) to SF horizontal flow constructed wetlands with a pre-sedimentation area. As constructional materials only local, cheaply available materials were used in order to reduce the costs. The SF wetland had high treatment efficiencies in the two operational modes examined. During cleaning situation at a hydraulic loading rate (HLR) of 13.6 m/day treatment efficiency for total suspended solids (TSS) was highest and reached 68%. While during raceway runoff situation total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) treatment efficiency of 88% overtopped the efficiency of the other nutrients examined at a HLR of 10.6 m/day. In both treatment situations the SF wetland efficiency was significantly higher than the effect of the SB. SF constructed wetlands treating high hydraulic loading rates accompanied with short retention times were effective on dissolved nutrient treatment only for TAN and nitrite nitrogen (NO₂–N), while other dissolved nutrients like nitrate nitrogen (NO₃–N) and phosphate phosphorous (PO₄–P) showed no or even negative treatment effects through the wetland passage. To reduce these nutrients, other treatment conditions or wetland configurations are needed.     

人工湿地净化海水养殖外排水效果与微生物群落分析

利用实验室规模的复合垂直流人工湿地系统来处理海水养殖外排水,探讨了人工湿地对外排水中主要污染物指标氨氮、磷酸盐和COD的去除效果,并利用变形梯度凝胶电泳技术(DGGE)分析了人工湿地内部微生物的群落组成和结构特点。结果显示,人工湿地对海水养殖外排水中的氨氮、磷酸盐和COD去除效果显著,平均去除率分别为(92.82±3.27)%、(72.53±2.31)%、(66.04±8.23)%;人工湿地系统内微生物组成较为丰富,且不同位置存在着种属相同、数量不同的生态幅广泛的优势种;人工湿地下行流池微生物多样性指数(H′)比上行流池高,且沿水流方向呈下降趋势;人工湿地系统中距离越远相似性系数越小;海水养殖外排水人工湿地处理系统微生物种群包括变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),其中,主要的优势菌群属于变形菌门和拟杆菌门。     

利用人工湿地处理池塘养殖废水效果分析

构建表面流和水平潜流人工湿地系统处理水产养殖池塘排放的废水,以减少水产养殖废水对周围水域环境的污染.结果表明,经湿地净化处理后,养殖废水中总氮、总磷、CODMn、氨氮分别从2.32、0.50、14.88、0.61 mg/L降至0.98、0.18、9.72、0.30 mg/L,叶绿素a从369.6 μg/L降至61.78 μg/L,水质明显得到净化.湿地植物存活时组织氮、磷含量明显高于死亡时,湿地植物死亡时梭鱼草、黄菖蒲、小香蒲的组织氮含量分别仅为存活时的18.8%、26.8%、38.1%.湿地植物死亡时收割可去除氮、磷含量分别为11.68 g/m2和4.81 g/m2,再力花去除氮、磷能力最强.在湿地植物死亡前收割能够提高湿地植物吸收所贡献的净化率.     

海水养殖尾水人工湿地处理系统及其脱氮过程研究进展和展望

利用人工湿地处理海水养殖尾水具有很大的应用前景,其中,脱氮是人工湿地的主要任务之一。基质上栽培的植物和附着的微生物参与的氮循环是人工湿地生物脱氮的主要路径,植物和多种氮代谢菌群在人工湿地内部相互协同与制约,构成了一个复杂的氮代谢网络。海水养殖尾水的高盐度和低碳氮比(C/N)又决定了此类人工湿地独特的处理环境和生物脱氮机制。同时,人工湿地的供氧模式、水力负荷(HRT)、水力停留时间(HLR)等水力条件参数对脱氮效能也有很大影响,对这些指标进行调控和优化,可以提高湿地的整体脱氮性能。本文从海水人工湿地的构建、基质的选取、耐盐植物的筛选、氮循环相关微生物以及运行参数调控四个方面,对近年来海水养殖尾水人工湿地生物脱氮方面的研究进展进行了综述和展望,以期为深入理解海水人工湿地脱氮机制和优化运行方式提供参考。     

基于CNKI数据库的人工湿地文献计量分析

人工湿地是污水处理过程中重要的生态技术之一。了解人工湿地的发展过程和研究热点对于今后人工湿地的研究工作具有重要意义。使用文献计量学方法,自CNKI数据库采集数据,通过Citespace软件,从刊文数量、机构、主要作者、研究热点等方面对人工湿地研究进行可视化分析。结果表明：1987-2019年我国人工湿地的研究可以分为3个阶段,分别为起步阶段1987-2000年、快速发展阶段2001-2010年、稳定发展阶段2011-2019年。国家自然科学基金委是人工湿地研究的主要基金提供者,同济大学、东南大学和中国科学院水生生物研究所是发文量最多的学术机构,吴振斌等10名学者发表文章数占总发文量的5.5%,国内各机构及学者之间均有较为紧密的联系,研究热点体现在处理河流和污水处理厂尾水、工艺组合、植物耐寒和根系研究、发掘新兴基质等。今后应关注的研究方向为人工湿地生物膜理论的研究、人工湿地堵塞和冬季高效运行技术的工程化应用、人工湿地设计和运行管理维护的标准化等。     

Comparison of two methods for evaluating waste of a flow through trout farm

European water legislation enforces increasingly restrictive measures with regards to reduction of water consumption and waste emission in order to minimise the potential environmental impact of the agro industry sector. Fish farms are particularly concerned, but legislation covering effluent discharge varies significantly from country to country. However, recommendations and directives from institutional, national or regional bodies suggest the enforcement of increasingly strict waste reduction measures and the development of waste treatment. Before treatment, it is necessary to evaluate waste production in terms of composition and quantity. The waste quantification methods used today for fish culture systems are either based on direct measurements of nutrient and suspended solid fluxes or on indirect evaluation based on the digestibility coefficients of the feed constituents. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the waste of a freshwater flow through farm using both approaches and to discuss their applicability, drawbacks and advantages from the viewpoints of fish farmers and control authorities. Waste production on the farm was monitored during several 24 hour cycles in order to characterise the effluents of the system. The predictions and measurements for the total nitrogen (TN) parameter were well correlated, but measured and predicted suspended solids (SS) and total phosphorus (TP) values presented a weaker correlation coefficient. The hydrobiological method gives details on the N and P forms of waste but this method is heavy and it is difficult to obtain representative samples and flow rate measurements. The nutritional method is the simplest to use, provided that feed data are available.     

The power law in particle size analysis for aquacultural facilities

Fine particles tend to accumulate in recirculating aquacultural facilities, which can lead to serious fish health problems. The literature indicated that in many particle systems, the particle size distribution may be accurately represented by a two-parameter, hyperbolic power-law function, dN/dl=Al^−β.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether this observation holds for aquacultural facilities. Particle size distribution data from four research establishments were examined, using 14 data sets, comprising 11 aquacultural systems, and covering three species of salmonids and one of striped bass. In the data examined, the exponent, β, varied from 2.9 to 4.6, with one sample reaching as high as 6.3. Correlation coefficients varied from 0.998 to 0.975. Larger exponents, indicating a greater number of fine particles, appear to dominate recirculating aquaculture systems.

The results strongly suggest that a hyperbolic distribution is valid for aquaculture systems. The usefulness in this technique is that once a worker has established the exponent from the distribution of particle sizes at any given point in his facility, an estimate of particulate contributions by size to the total particle number, surface area and volume/mass concentration can be obtained.     

Settling velocity characterization of aquacultural solids

A top-loading settling column is described and used to characterize the settling properties of the solids in the discharge water from a commercial rainbow trout production facility. Mass-based and phosphorus-based settling curves are presented. The median settling velocity on a mass-basis for the settleable solids was 1.7 cm s⁻¹. The median settling velocity for the settleable phosphorus was 1.15 cm s⁻¹. Manually stripping fecal material from rainbow trout resulted in settleable solids with a median settling velocity of 0.7 cm s⁻¹. Examination of the settling velocity curves show that halving the overflow rate (OFR) from 2 to 1 cm s⁻¹ changes the removal efficiency from 0.61 to 0.73, an increase of about 20%. Halving the OFR again to 0.5 cm s⁻¹ increases the removal efficiency to 0.81, an improvement of about 11%. Settling characteristics of aquacultural solids will vary from facility to facility. The methods described in this paper can be used to perform a similar type of analysis at other aquacultural sites, which may be growing other species under different management regimes.     

悬浮物对浮游植物和浮游动物的急性毒性效应

通过悬浮物对浮游植物和浮游动物的急性毒性实验,研究了不同浓度悬浮物对浮游植物和浮游动物生长的影响。浮游植物选取中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum和新月菱形藻Nitzschia closterium为受试生物,浮游动物为胶州湾近岸拖网所得,主要优势种类包括藤壶无节幼体、太平洋哲水蚤、腹剑水蚤和小拟哲水蚤。实验结果表明,不同浓度的悬浮物对两种浮游植物的生长都具有非常显著的影响(P0.01);悬浮物浓度与中肋骨条藻的生长抑制率呈线性关系,半抑制浓度48 h-EC50为1.58 g/L,R值为0.977,96 h-EC50为2.82 g/L,R值为0.993;悬浮物浓度和新月菱形藻的生长抑制率也呈线性关系,其半抑制浓度48 h-EC50为4.27 g/L,R值为0.933,96 h-EC50为4.47 g/L,R值为0.939。悬浮物对浮游动物的生长也有显著影响,其死亡率随着悬浮物浓度的增加而升高,其半致死浓度96 h-LC50为60.172 mg/L。     

悬浮物胁迫中国对虾幼体的急性毒性研究

随着沿海经济的迅速发展和海洋资源的大规模开发,海洋工程建设产生的悬浮物会对海洋生物生长发育产生影响。为研究悬浮物对中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)幼体的毒性效应,采用室内模拟半静态方法,研究了不同浓度悬浮物对中国对虾幼体的急性毒性效应。结果显示,随着时间的延长,高浓度的悬浮物可抑制中国对虾幼体的游泳能力,中国对虾幼体死亡率呈现出明显的剂量效应关系,悬浮物对中国对虾幼体48 h和96 h的半数致死浓度(48 h-LC_(50)和96 h-LC_(50))分别为452.21 mg/L和183.74 mg/L,对应的安全浓度为18.37 mg/L。镜检观察结果显示,中国对虾幼体体表有底泥附着,鳃内有大量的悬浮物颗粒物。该研究为深入研究悬浮物对海洋生物的毒性效应提供了理论依据。     

Efficacy of a pilot-scale wastewater treatment plant upon a commercial aquaculture effluent: I. Solids and carbonaceous compounds

A pilot-scale wastewater treatment station was built and operated at a commercial recirculating aquaculture facility in order to initiate, characterize and optimize the operation of a treatment strategy for effluent recovery and reuse. The treatment train consisted of sedimentation, denitrification, ozonation, trickling filter treatment, and chemical flocculation. The study consisted of four different sets of treatment conditions, differentiated by alternative use of 6 or 4 lpm flow and recycling rates, ozone doses between 36.6 and 82.5 mg O₃/l water, and 6- or 9-min ozonation time. The effects of treatment on solids and dissolved organic compounds are reported here. Over 70% of solids were removed by sedimentation under all experimental conditions. At the end of treatment, up to 99% of TSS was removed due to the combined action of ozonation and chemical flocculation. COD removal was not significantly different among experimental conditions by sedimentation (59.2–62.7%, p > 0.05), but was positively correlated with ozone dose (slope = 0.452, r² = 0.99), yielding total COD removal η(CODt) of 19.8–40.7%. Of these amounts, 60.4–66.5% of COD was removed with foam, while the balance was mineralized. The ozone reactivity was 83.7% at a dose of 82.5 mg O₃/l water. The ozone consumption coefficient Y(O₃/CODox) for COD oxidized was 1.92–2.23 g/g O₃ COD and 0.70–0.78 g O₃/g COD when total COD removed was considered. Overall, 87.9–92.4% of COD was removed by the treatment train, to an average of 44 mg/l at the highest ozone dose, a value 3.3–3.9 times less than in fish tanks. Under the same conditions, cBOD₅ was reduced by 88%, 3.8–4.1 times less than in fish tanks. The water’s biodegradability was increased by over 20%. DOC did not change significantly through the treatment train, and fluctuated through the system due to methanol addition to support denitrification. Work with the pilot station showed that the treatment strategy employed could support effective recovery and recycling of aquaculture effluent, although salts and refractory organics may accumulate in the system.     

新型人工湿地植物种类筛选研究

为筛选适应畜禽废水处理中人工湿地的新物种,增加人工湿地系统的经济效益,特选择马蹄莲、花叶万年青、滴水观音、绿萝、白掌等5种观赏植物进行水培实验,并从耐污力、植物生长量、根系、经济性、易管理等5个指标分别给予综合评定。筛选结果表明,各种植物在MW下对TP、TN的净化率较好,TP、TN的净化率均在90%以上。从耐污力、地上部生物量、根系、经济性、易管理等5方面综合评定,滴水观音、马蹄莲为可适于用作处理畜禽废水的人工湿地植物,尤其是滴水观音适应污水环境的能力强,生长状况良好,生物量较大,是一种值得推荐的湿地修复植物。     

一株淡水螺旋藻的盐度驯化及其净化养殖废水作用

为了研究螺旋藻吸收作为海水养殖废水净化手段的可能性,通过2种方法对一株淡水螺旋藻钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)进行了海水环境的适应性驯化试验.结果表明,逐级提高海水比例法可以使得淡水螺旋藻较好地适应海水环境.还对驯化成功的螺旋藻进行了生长环境如pH、温度、光照度、COD等分析考查,得出最适宜的生长或操作条件.结果表明,螺旋藻使用的最佳条件为pH 6～11、温度25～40 ℃,最佳使用浓度为91×104 cell/mL左右,加入有机物能够促进螺旋藻的生长繁殖.驯化后的螺旋藻对于实际的养殖废水有较好的净化效果.