密度及行距配置对‘丰油10号’生长发育、产量和品质的影响

为了探究‘丰油10号’在黄淮地区适宜的播种密度与行距配置。在河南省油菜主产区进行大田试验,比较不同种植密度及行距配置方式下,‘丰油10号’的物候期、叶片叶色值(specialty products agricultural division, SPAD)及开花期叶面积指数(leaf area index, LAI)、经济性状、产量和品质情况。结果表明：‘丰油10号’的生育期随着密度和行距的增大,逐渐缩短;叶片的SPAD值在蕾薹期和开花期随密度增大逐渐降低,随行距缩小而减小;植株LAI在开花期随着密度的增大先增后减,同一密度下,40 cm行距下较高;株高、一次有效分枝数、主花序的长度和角果数随密度的增加逐渐较小,分枝部位则升高,随行距的减小单株有效角果数下降,千粒重不受密度和行距配置的影响;籽粒产量和含油量随着种植密度的增加先增后减,籽粒产量在种植密度为42万株/hm²,40 cm行距下最高,为2734.6 kg/hm²,当行距缩小到20 cm,籽粒平均减产4.65%;籽粒芥酸和硫苷含量不随密度和行距改变发生变化。在其它栽培措施保持不变的情况下,建议‘丰油10号’在黄淮流域的种植密度控制在34.5万~49.5万株/hm²,行距设置为40 cm。     

Effects of Time and Rate of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Application on the Growth and the Seed and Oil Yields of Canola (Brassica napus L.)

A field study was conducted to investigate the influence of variable rates of application of N and P fertilizers in splits at various times on the growth and the seed and oil yields of canola (Brassica napus L.) during 1995–97. Rates of fertilizer application were 0 and 0 (F0), 60 and 0 (F1), 0 and 30 (F2), 60 and 30 (F3), 90 and 60 (F4) and 120 and 90 (F5) kg N ha^?1 and kg P₂O₅ ha^?1. All the P was applied at sowing while N was applied in splits, i.e. all at sowing, half at sowing and half with first irrigation, or half at sowing and half at flowering. The responses of growth, seed yield and components of yield were consistent in both years. Increasing the rate of fertilizer application from F4 (90/60 kg N/P₂O₅ ha^?1) to F5 (120/90 kg N/P₂O₅ ha^?1) increased the leaf area index (LAI) relative to the control and to lower rates of fertilizer application. For both crops, application of 90/60 kg N/P₂O₅ ha^?1 significantly enhanced total dry matter (TDM) and seed yield. Seed yield increased mainly due to a greater number of pods per plant and seeds per seed‐pod. The time of fertilizer application did not significantly affect seed yield or components of yield in either season. Oil yield generally followed seed yield, increasing with increasing rate of fertilizer application up to 90/60 kg N/P₂O₅ ha^?1. The maximum oil contents were obtained from the control. The results show that seed and oil yields of canola were maximized at the F4 (90/60 kg N/P₂O₅ ha^?1) rate of application under the agro‐ecological conditions of Faisalabad, Pakistan.     

Some Effects of Soil Salinity on Growth, Development and Yield of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

The effects of increasing soil-salt levels on emergence, shoot and root growth and yield composition of rapeseed were investigated. A range of electrical conductivity (EC) values in the soil solution from 2.3 dS m^-1 to 10.3 dS m^-1 was obtained by adding NaCl to the substrate. The emergence was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased at EC values higher than 6 dS m^-1 Above this value, a delay in the appearance of leaves and of the first visible internode was observed. The further increase of salinity level extended the period for siliqua formation and grain filling, and plant height, pod number and grain number per plant were lowered. However, the cultivar used showed the ability of counterbalancing for this lower grain number by increasing the seed weight, thus there were no variations on seed yield. The seed oil and protein content were also not affected by the changes in salinity. Root growth was adversely affected when salinity levels exceeded 6 dS m^-1. Beyond this value, short tuber-like roots became remarkably frequent. This may be an adaptation mechanism of this species to saline stress; a similar reaction in rapeseed is known in adaptation to drought stress.     

不同生育时期水分胁迫对花生生长发育和产量的影响

旨在明确花生水分敏感时期,为花生进行科学合理灌溉、提高产量提供理论依据和技术指导。以中早熟大果型‘豫花9326’和早熟小果型‘豫花9936’为材料,在全自动防雨干旱棚条件下,通过人工控水的方法研究了苗期、花针期、结荚期和成熟期干旱胁迫对花生营养生长、生殖生长、产量、水分利用效率等的影响。结果表明：不同生长发育时期干旱胁迫均导致花生生长发育受抑制、产量降低。其中花针期干旱,影响最大,花针期干旱主茎高、侧枝长分别降低了42.1%、37.5%,产量降低了22.2%。其次是结荚期干旱和苗期干旱,成熟期干旱影响最小。通过对各指标的分析,苗期干旱、花针期干旱主要是影响了单株结果数,从而降低了产量;结荚期干旱、成熟期干旱则是降低了饱果率、百仁重、出仁率,进而影响了产量。本研究明确了花针期是花生对水分胁迫最为敏感的时期,对提高花生水分利用效率和我国干旱半干旱地区花生单产具有重要意义。     

Growth and Yield Responses to Plant Density and Stage of Transplanting in Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)

Growth and yield responses to plant density (6.75 × 10⁴, 9.75 × 10⁴ and 12.75 × 10⁴ plants ha^–1) and stage of transplanting (30, 35 and 40 days after sowing) of winter oilseed rape cultivar HO 605 were investigated in two field trials in the 1996/97 and 1997/98 growing seasons at Zhejiang University Farm, Huajiachi Campus, China. Results revealed a progressive decrease in leaf area per plant in response to increasing plant density and delayed transplanting, though leaf area m^–2 and leaf area index were higher in high-density plants. Number of effective branches and pod per branch decreased with increasing plant density and delayed transplanting. There were no significant differences in the mean seed weight among treatments. Although the average number of seeds per pod was significantly lower for high-density plants and delayed transplanting, the economically highest seed yields were realized in relatively high-density plants. Seed oil content was negatively affected by increasing plant density, but no significant differences were observed with delayed transplanting. The highest seed yields of 1730.7 and 1748.1 kg ha^–1 with no significant differences were observed for plant densities of 9.75 × 10⁴ and 12.75 × 10⁴ plants ha^–1, respectively, transplanted at 35 and 30 days after sowing.     

硼磷配施对甘蓝型油菜生长及品质的影响

摘要：通过盆栽油菜试验,研究了硼磷配施对油菜生长效应的影响,系统的考察了硼磷配施对油菜生长效应和品质的影响。试验表明：硼磷配施对油菜生长及品质具有明显的促进作用。适量硼、磷用量可促进油菜叶片叶绿素合成,提高油菜生物量,优化根冠比。处理CBF3-L的油菜Vc含量、可溶性糖含量和糖酸比最高,成熟度及品质最好,该处理的硼磷配施方案最佳,即P2O5：0.1g/kg土,B：0.005g/kg土,即P2O5与B的复配比例为20：1对油菜生长发育及品质具有显著的促进作用。     

甘蓝型油菜杂交种混播制种效应

利用甘蓝型油菜隐性无蜡粉遗传标记杂交组合对混播制种效应进行了研究。2002、2003、2004和2007共4个年度的研究结果表明,混播制种比行播制种产量年度平均高18．7％,杂种率高5．1％,纯杂种产量高20．1％。混播制种的增效主要得益于父本植株在田间均衡的分布和良好的个体发育。混播制种法在油菜遗传标记杂种、抗除草剂杂种、掺合杂种等方向上具有潜在应用价值。     

抗菌核病甘蓝型油菜种质的筛选与鉴定

菌核病是由核盘菌引起的常年严重危害油菜生产的真菌性病害。通过收集贵州油菜种植区田间菌核,对其进行培养繁殖获得大量核盘菌;利用繁殖的菌核对2 000份甘蓝型油菜恢复系种质资源进行连续2年田间鉴定,从中筛选出51份抗菌核病恢复系材料,其中39份材料的菌核病发病率、病情指数和相对发病指数均低于抗性对照中油821。结合油菜种子品质分析,结果显示,种子芥酸含量与油菜菌核病抗性成正相关关系。     

干旱胁迫下油菜消减文库的构建及分析

以抗旱能力强的油菜Holiday为材料,以干旱处理的样品为Tester,正常水分管理(对照)为Driver构建干旱诱导的甘蓝型油菜叶片正向抑制性消减杂交 (SSH)文库。随机挑选24个阳性克隆进行PCR验证,结果表明,其中23个含有插入片段,平均大小在750 bp左右。将96个阳性克隆测序,并拼接和去除冗余,获得重叠群4条,单拷贝序列82条,平均长度为542 bp。经BlastX程序比对蛋白数据库发现,11条EST没有找到同源性序列,75条有同源序列。KOBAS分析发现,28条EST被定位到67条代谢途径中,根据P值推测,光合中的碳固定、有氧呼吸的电子供体、氮代谢、乙醛酸和二羧酸代谢在植物干旱胁迫中发挥着极为重要的作用。这些EST涉及到的功能中所占比例最大的分别是细胞器(58.82%)、结合(30.77%)和新陈代谢过程(43.72%),表明甘蓝型油菜面对干旱胁迫时,细胞器组件上的功能发挥了重要的作用,结合基因和蛋白被激活,加强了新陈代谢。     

干旱胁迫对转IrrE基因甘蓝型油菜生理生化指标的影响

以转IrrE基因与非转基因甘蓝型油菜为材料,用10%(W/V)PEG6000(聚乙二醇)进行了干旱胁迫实验,比较研究了转IrrE基因与非转基因甘蓝型油菜幼苗的耐受性应答情况。结果表明:转基因油菜植株含水量下降趋势小于非转基因油菜植株;转基因油菜植株叶绿素含量和荧光参数F0的上升趋势均明显大于非转基因油菜植株;转基因油菜植株的Fv/Fm值和可溶性蛋白含量均大于非转基因油菜植株,但丙二醛(MDA)含量小于非转基因油菜植株。以上结果从侧面证实了:在干旱胁迫下,转IrrE基因油菜植株较非转基因植株有更强的耐受能力;IrrE基因作为一种转录调节因子,广泛参与了油菜幼苗对干旱胁迫的耐受性应答过程,增强了植株的耐旱能力。     

干旱对不同铃重基因型棉花叶片细胞膜伤害、保护酶活性及产量的影响

 研究水分胁迫对棉花叶片细胞膜伤害、保护酶活性及产量的影响。结果表明,在水分胁迫下,各棉花品种各部位果枝叶片中MDA含量明显增加,增加幅度因品种、时期和植株部位不同差异较大,其中,以中铃品种果枝叶片中MDA含量增加幅度最小。水分胁迫下各品种、各部位果枝叶片SOD、POD酶活性在棉铃发育的多数时期都明显升高,其中上、中部果枝叶SOD酶活性在棉铃30 d日龄时最低,并且这一规律不因品种类型和果枝区位而改变;中铃品种上部和下部果枝叶SOD酶活性在干旱胁迫下增加的幅度大于大铃和小铃品种;就不同区位果枝叶各时期总体情况而言,以中部POD酶活性最高,下部次之,上部最低。干旱胁迫下中铃品种的铃重和产量变化幅度最小,表现出较强的耐旱性。     

高温干旱下油菜的木质化应答及其在茎与根中的差异

以正常生长和高温干旱复合胁迫下甘蓝型油菜中双10号的茎和根为材料,采用组织化学、生物化学、气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析技术,研究了木质部结构和木质素成分的胁迫应答规律及其在茎和根中的差别。冰冻切片组织化学染色显示,与正常生长的网室植株(正常植株)相比,高温干旱下生长的温室植株(胁迫植株)的茎和根中木质部均显著加厚,染色更深;与此对应,溴乙酰法测定的茎木质素总量比对照增加31.64%。此外,胁迫茎中的导管孔径明显变小,但根中的导管孔径和导管数量均明显增加。硫代酸解法测定木质素单体表明,胁迫茎中被解离出的木质素单体总量比对照降低40.08%,说明有更高的缩合键比例;S/G值(1.82)比对照(1.29)大大增高,说明S型木质素比例增加而G型木质素比例下降。油菜茎与根木质化性状比较显示,根木质素比茎木质素含有更高比例的缩合键,茎中S型木质素占主体(S/G=1.29),而根中G型木质素占主体(S/G=0.49)且H型木质素含量(7.43%)比茎中(0.83%)高近10倍。H型和G型木质素单体的苯环甲基化程度比S型低,单体间更容易形成缩合键,根中高比例H型和G型木质素单体可能是导致其具有高比例缩合键的主要原因。     

模拟干旱胁迫下不同甘蓝型油菜品种发芽能力的配合力与遗传效应分析

选择7个干旱胁迫下发芽能力不同的甘蓝型油菜品种进行完全双列杂交, 将亲本及F₁代种子在10% PEG模拟干旱胁迫条件下发芽, 测定相对单株鲜重、相对茎长、相对成苗率、相对发芽率、相对发芽势和相对活力指数, 用Griffing I方法对发芽性状进行一般配合力(GCA)和特殊配合力(SCA)遗传分析。结果表明, 一般配合力方差在42个组合间各性状达到了极显著水平, 特殊配合力方差在42个组合间除了相对活力指数外的各性状也达到了极显著水平。其中, 中双9号上述6性状的一般配合力效应值最高分别为0.0656、0.0708、0.1185、0.1048、0.1096和0.0861; 中双6号一般配合力效应虽然不高, 但其组合中双6号×西农长角和中双6号×中双10号的特殊配合力效应较高, 是耐旱性较强的组合。     

甘蓝型油菜耐盐和耐旱相关性状的QTL分析

盐胁迫和干旱胁迫是非生物胁迫中影响作物产量的重要因素,检测与耐盐和耐旱相关的QTL,可为抗逆油菜品种的选育提供理论依据。本研究利用德国冬性甘蓝型油菜Express和中国半冬性甘蓝型油菜SWU07为亲本构建的包含261个株系的双单倍体(doubled haploid, DH)群体,分别以1.2%NaCl溶液和20%PEG-6000溶液作为培养液模拟盐胁迫和干旱胁迫,去离子水为对照,对2个亲本和DH群体进行发芽试验。播种后7 d测定幼苗根长、鲜重及发芽率,计算各性状在盐胁迫和干旱胁迫下的相对值,并作为评价耐盐和耐旱的指标。根据已构建的遗传连锁图谱进行QTL定位。盐胁迫下,在3次重复中共检测到与盐胁迫相关的QTL12个,分布在A02、A03、A05、A09、C01和C09染色体上,单个QTL可解释的表型变异为3.61%～10.59%,其中5个QTL在不同的重复中被检测到。干旱胁迫下,共检测到与干旱胁迫相关的QTL 9个,分布在A01、A02、A03、A05、A09、A10和C03染色体上,单个QTL可解释的表型变异为3.94%～12.90%,其中2个QTL在不同的重复中被检测到。此外,在A0...     

红菜苔种子大小和种皮颜色对种子质量及苔产量的影响

该试验就红菜苔种子大小和种皮颜色对种子发芽势、发芽率、简化活力指数以及红菜苔植株的熟性、株平均苔数、单株苔重、单位面积苔产量的影响进行了研究。结果表明：（１）大粒种子的简化活力指数、株平均苔数苔重及单位面积的苔产量均显著或及显著高于小粒种子，而且，大粒种子植株现蕾比小粒种子早４－５天。但种子大小对发芽势、发芽率无影响。（２）深褐色种子的发芽势、发芽率、简化活力指数均显著或及显著高于深红色和灰褐色程     

Effect of Timing and Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.). I. Growth Dynamics and Seed Yield

The field experiments conducted on the grey‐brown podzolic soil in the four growing seasons (1998–2001) at Krzeslice Farm, central‐western Poland comprised seven fertilization variants: 80_NF + 80_CAN; 80_CAN + 80_CAN; 80_AN + 80_AN; 80_NF + 50_CAN + 30_CN; 80_CAN + 50_CAN +30_CN; 80_AN + 50_AN + 30_CN (where NF – nitrofos NPK; CAN – calcium‐ammonium nitrate; AN – ammonium nitrate; CN – calcium nitrate) and control (without N) applied in split rates at the beginning of spring regrowth (80 kg N ha^?1), stem elongation (80 or 50) and flower buds visible stages (30). The yielding effect of tested fertilization variants was significant in comparison with the control (2.24 t ha^?1). The highest mean seed yield (3.64 t ha^?1) was collected from 80_AN + 80_AN and 80_CAN + 80_CAN variants. Mean values of 4 years indicate that the second N rate division (80 + 50 + 30) decreased yield, although not significantly in comparison with these two N treatments. Plants grown on these treatments have developed different patterns of growth to yield the seeds. These patterns were characterized by very high crop growth rate during flowering (above 21 g m^?2 day^?1) and negative at maturation (down to ?2.5 g m^?2 day^?1). Plants fertilized with ammonium nitrate (80_AN + 80_AN) reached maximum growth rate earlier (65 days), which lasted longer (20 days) than plants fertilized with calcium‐ammonium nitrate (71 days lasting 17.5 days). Plants grown on the control treatment reached the highest crop growth rate within 79 days (14.8 g m^?2 day^?1), which lasted 15 days.     

NaCl胁迫对甘蓝、白菜和油菜种子萌发的影响

为研究蔬菜种子吸收或外排Na+能力与其耐盐性的关系,采用非损伤微测技术检测了628甘蓝、青杂中丰白菜、苏州青油菜、茼蒿、上海鸡毛菜种子外Na+流速的动态变化.结果表明,在10mmol/L NaCl溶液处理下,甘蓝和茼蒿种子外排Na+,而白菜、油菜和鸡毛菜种子吸收Na+,其中,甘蓝、白菜和油菜种子对Na+吸收或外排的效果明显.随后以甘蓝、白菜和油菜种子为材料,在不同NaCl浓度下对种子萌发进行了实验,结果表明,随着NaCl浓度升高,甘蓝、白菜和油菜种子的发芽率、相对发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数都呈明显下降趋势.当NaCl浓度达到300mmol/L时,甘蓝、白菜和油菜种子的发芽率分别为37.33％、14.67％和10.00％,耐盐半致死浓度分别为323.73,241.68mmol/L和200mmol/L.初步说明种子可以通过增加Na+的外排,减弱高浓度Na+对种子的毒害作用.     

Effect of Progressive Drought on Endoproteolytic Activities and Water Status of Brassica napus Leaves

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera) is known to display adaptive responses under drought stress, especially in leaves. The aim was to study the influence of water deficit on endoproteolytic activities and water status of leaves developed before (L3 leaf) or after the onset of water stress (L2 and L3 leaves). Although the impact of senescence on proteolytic activities is well known, little information is available on the effect of water deficit on such activities. Seedlings of rapeseed were submitted to controlled progressive drought. Soil water potential (T) and soil dry weight humidity (H) were measured daily in the dark. Endoproteolytic activities were assayed both on control and water-stressed plants using azocasein as substrate after partial purification of the extracts, Two zones of maximal activity were detected, the first between pH 4.5 and 6.0 and the second at pH 8.0 as a sharp peak, in control as well as in drought stressed-plants. While LI leaf was very sensitive to water stress and wilted when ψ reached −2.8 to −3.2 MPa, L2 leaf began to display signs of senescence for this value whereas L3 leaf which showed the lowest endoproteolytic activities, remained turgid, hardened and developed a typical bluish coloration. The relation between the acquired resistance of young leaves, the low endo-proteolytic activity and the induction of a 22 kDa protein under progressive drought is discussed.     

硼对甘蓝型双低春油菜产量和品质的影响

旨在阐明硼对甘蓝型双低春油菜产量和品质形成的影响机理,明确甘蓝型双低春油菜产量和品质形成与施硼量的关系。试验以甘蓝型双低春油菜"青油14"为供试材料,采用单因素五水平随机区组设计,研究了不同施硼量对甘蓝型双低春油菜产量和品质形成的影响。结果表明:甘蓝型双低春油菜单株角果数与施硼量之间呈显著线性关系,而每角果粒数则与施硼量呈二次曲线关系,适量施硼可以协调每株角果数与每角果粒数的关系,有利于提高产量。籽粒产量与每角果粒数呈极显著正相关性(r=0.982 8**),与单株一次有效分枝数和千粒重也呈一定的正相关性,而与单株角果数则呈一定的负相关性。适量施用硼肥,可明显提高甘蓝型双低春油菜的籽粒产量和产油量,增加籽粒粗脂肪和粗蛋白质含量,而降低硫苷含量,进而改善品质。籽粒产量、产油量与施硼量之间均呈二次曲线关系,施硼量分别为17.84 kg/hm2和19.42 kg/hm2时,籽粒产量和产油量分别达到理论最大值3 154.18 kg/hm2和1 344.61kg/hm2,施硼过量,籽粒产量、产油量均下降。粗脂肪含量与施硼量之间呈单峰曲线关系,粗脂肪含量达到最大值(45.3%)时的施硼量为24.62 kg/hm2。硫苷含量与施硼量则呈开口向上的二次曲线关系,施硼量为19.42 kg/hm2时,硫苷含量为10.29 mg/g(≤30 mg/g)。试验综合考虑甘蓝型双低春油菜的籽粒产量、产油量及籽粒综合品质,提出适宜的施硼量(含硼11%)以19.42 kg/hm2为宜。