我国江浙地区粳稻品种间的植酸与蛋白质组分差异及其相关性

选用我国江浙地区近期育成的晚粳稻品种（系）29个,对它们在浙江杭州相同栽培条件下籽粒中的植酸、蛋白质含量与其组分差异及其相关性进行了分析。供试29个品种(系)植酸含量的平均值为0.868%,变化幅度为0.699%~1034%,其中秀水系列品种的植酸含量一般较低,而武育粳系列和淮字系列品种（系）的植酸含量则相对较高;供试29个品种材料总蛋白质含量的平均值为8.722%,其含量大致呈正态分布。在4种蛋白质组分中,谷蛋白、球蛋白和清蛋白在品种间的变异系数较大,而醇溶蛋白则相对较小,且在分布频率上也表现出品种类型间的差异特征;除谷蛋白与总蛋白质之间存在着极显著的正相关外,供试29个品种(系)的植酸含量与蛋白质含量及4种蛋白质组分含量间并无密切的关系。     

The difference in amylose content within a panicle as affected by the panicle morphology of rice cultivars

The variation of amylose content (AC) among grains within a panicle and its relation to panicle morphology were investigated using 44 japonica rice cultivars differing in grain density (GD), panicle bending degree (BD) and palatability. Morphological traits of the rice panicle were poorly associated with mean grain AC on the average of the whole panicle, but closely related to AC variation and spatial distribution within a panicle, with the compact-panicle cultivars (GD>6.5 grain/cm and BD< 30°) having greater variation than loose-panicle cultivars (GD<6.0 grain/cm and BD>70°). The extent of AC differences among the rachides within a panicle was also cultivar-dependent, and greater differences were found between middle and top rachides for the compact-panicle cultivars, and between middle and bottom rachides for the loose-panicle cultivars. The difference in spatial distribution of AC variation between Bing110 (a compact-panicle cultivar) and XS11 (a loose-panicle cultivar) indicated that grains with low AC were principally distributed on interior rachis of middle branches for Bing110, but on bottom-rachis for XS11. Such a distribution is basically associated with the difference in the timing procedure of floret initiation and development, and final grain weight.     

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer application on grain phytic acid and protein concentrations in japonica rice and its variations with genotypes

Thirty-one japonica cultivars with contrasting agronomic traits were used and 5 nitrogen (N) fertilizer treatments of level and timing were performed to determine the effects of N application on grain phytic acid and proteins including albumin, globulin, prolamin, and glutelin. Variance analysis showed a large effect of N and a smaller effect of cultivar on grain phytic acid and proteins. With increased N level, grain phytic acid concentrations progressively reduced whereas concentrations of the 4 proteins and ratios of glutelin to total protein increased, indicating that N level has a beneficial effect on rice nutritional quality. In addition, substantial genotypic differences in response of grain phytic acid and proteins to N treatments were detected. Some cultivars such as Xiushui09, Zhendao10, and Yanjing5 exhibited more stability of grain proteins under contrasting N treatments, and the significance of this stability is discussed in regard to its use in rice quality improvement.     

晚粳稻籽粒中砷、镉、铬、镍、铅等重金属含量的品种和粒位效应

 选用籽粒着粒密度差异较大的密穗型品种秀水63和散穗型品种秀水11，种植于受重金属轻度污染的土壤，研究了晚粳稻籽粒中有毒重金属As、Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb含量的品种与粒位效应。结果表明，重金属含量的粒位间差异秀水63明显大于秀水11，As、Cd、Cr、Pb含量粒位间差异显著， Ni含量差异较小。穗上部籽粒As、Cd、Ni含量高于中部籽粒，穗下部籽粒最低，而Cr、Pb则正好相反。稻米中几种重金属含量与粒重的关系因重金属种类不同存在着差异，籽粒As、Cd、Ni含量与粒重呈正相关，而Cr和Pb含量与粒重呈负相关。秀水63和秀水11不同粒位的籽粒灌浆模式存在差异，下位粒灌浆速率较低，使粒重较上、中位粒低，导致粒重有较大的粒位差异，而这种差异也与穗部着粒密度有关，秀水63明显大于秀水11。籽粒As、Cd、Ni含量与最大灌浆速率（GRm）呈正相关，与到达最大灌浆速率时间（Tpoi）呈负相关，而Cr和Pb含量与以上两个籽粒灌浆特性参数分别呈负相关和正相关，说明籽粒As、Cd、Ni的积累与碳水化合物的积累具有相同或相近的模式，而Cr和Pb表现为不同的积累模式。     

Difference of Phytic Acid Content and its Relation to Four Protein Composition Contents in Grains of Twenty-nine japonica Rice Varieties from Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces, China

Twenty-nine japonica rice varieties collected from Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces, China were planted in Hangzhou, China, to investigate the phytic acid content in brown rice and its frequency distribution as well as the correlation among the contents of phytic acid, total protein and four protein compositions in brown rice. The phytic acid content in brown rice ranged from 0.699% to 1.034%, with a mean of 0.868% for the 29 tested rice varieties. Xiushui series rice varieties generally exhibited lower phytic acid level than Wuyujing and Huai series rice varieties. A rough normal distribution, with a mean of 8.722%, was observed for the total protein contents in the tested varieties. Of the four protein compositions, the glutelin, globulin and albumin contents had larger coefficient of variation than the prolamin content, although the difference in prolamin content was genotype-dependent. No significant correlation was found between the phytic acid and four protein composition contents, whereas the total protein content was significantly and positively related to the glutelin content in brown rice.     

Lack of 26 kDa globulin accompanies increased free amino acid content in rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains

Seed nitrogen content, protein composition and free amino acid content were determined in rice mutant lines with altered storage protein composition and their parental cultivars. The Lgc1 gene, which causes low glutelin content and high content of 13 kDa prolamin and 26 kDa globulin, did not affect grain weight, nitrogen content, or free amino acid content. The glb1 gene, which lacks the 26 kDa globulin, did not affect grain weight or nitrogen content, but in mutant lines with glb1 gene the content of the major free amino acids was significantly (1.3–1.5 times) higher than those of their parental cultivars. These results suggest that absence of 26 kDa globulin is accompanied by an accumulation of a high level of free amino acids in rice grains.     

两种穗型粳稻穗内粒间直链淀粉含量变异与粒位分布特征

以6个直穗型和4个弯穗型粳稻品种为材料,对两者在相同栽培条件下的穗内粒间直链淀粉含量变异及其频数分布、粒位特征进行了比较分析。结果表明：水稻穗型虽然与品种间的直链淀粉含量高低无直接关系,但对其穗内不同籽粒间的直链淀粉含量差异存在着较大的影响;直穗型粳稻品种单一稻穗内直链淀粉含量的粒间差异明显大于弯穗型品种,其直链淀粉含量的粒间变异系数与离散程度均高于后者;同一稻穗内不同籽粒间的直链淀粉含量变化与其相应的粒位有关,两种穗型粳稻品种均表现为穗顶部籽粒的直链淀粉含量相对较高、穗基部籽粒的直链淀粉含量相对较低这一基本趋势。但与弯穗型粳稻品种相比,直穗型粳稻品种大量低直链淀粉含量籽粒产生的部位是在其稻穗的中部,而不仅仅局限在稻穗基部的3个枝梗上。     

High Temperature During Rice Grain Filling Enhances Aspartate Metabolism in Grains and Results in Accumulation of Aspartate-Family Amino Acids and Protein Components

Global warming causes the exacerbation of rice growing environment, which seriously affects rice growth and reproduction, and finally results in the decrease of rice yield and quality. We investigated the activities of aspartate metabolism enzymes in grains, and the contents of Aspartate-family amino acids and protein components to further understand the effects of high temperature (HT) on rice nutritional quality during rice grain filling. Under HT, the average activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) and aspartokinase (AK) in grains significantly increased, the amino acid contents of aspartate (Asp), lysine (Lys), threonine (Thr), methionine (Met) and isoleucine (Ile) and the protein contents of albumin, globulin, prolamin and glutelin also significantly increased. The results indicated that HT enhanced Asp metabolism during rice grain filling and the enhancement of Asp metabolism might play an important role in the increase of Asp-family amino acids and protein components in grains. In case of the partial appraisal of the change of Asp-family amino acids and protein components under HT, we introduced eight indicators (amino acid or protein content, ratio of amino acid or protein, amino acid or protein content per grain and amino acid or protein content per panicle) to estimate the effects of HT. It is suggested that HT during rice grain filling was benefit for the accumulation of Asp-family amino acids and protein components. Combined with the improvement of Asp-family amino acid ratio in grains under HT, it is suggested that HT during grain filling may improve the rice nutritional quality. However, the yields of parts of Asp-family amino acids and protein components were decreased under HT during rice grain filling.     

Difference in Grain Yield and Quality among Tillers in Rice Genotypes Differing in Tillering Capacity

A japonica variety and its iso-allelic mutant with high tillering ability were used to investigate the differences in grain yield and quality among different tillers. There was a distinct difference in panicle weight among tillers during grain filling for both genotypes, with Xiushui 11 having a greater increase rate in panicle weight, and being earlier in reaching the maximum panicle weight than the mutant. There was a great significant difference between the two genotypes in grain yield and its components, with Xiushui 11 having higher grain yield, more grains per panicle, higher filled grain percentage and grain weight than the mutant for each type of tiller. Moreover, a significant difference was found in grain yield and yield components among different tillers for both genotypes, with grain number per panicle showing the greatest variation over tillers among all yield components. Compared with Xiushui 11, the mutant had higher brown rice rate and greater ratio of length to width of brown rice, and lower chalky rice rate, amylose content, and protein content of rice. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in grain quality among tillers within a plant for both genotypes, with later initiated tillers being lower in chalky rice rate, amylose and protein contents than early initiated ones. The variation of most quality parameters among tillers within a plant was markedly larger for the mutant than for Xiushui 11.     

Distribution of proteins and amino acids in milled and brown rice as affected by nitrogen fertilization and genotype

A field experiment involving six japonica rice cultivars with contrasting agronomic traits and seven nitrogen (N) fertilizer treatments was performed to determine the effects of N and genotype on distribution of four kinds of grain proteins and amino acids in milled and brown rice. For brown and milled rice, albumin and globulin were controlled more by genotype than N treatments, whereas prolamin and glutelin were largely determined by N. Substantial genotypic differences in response of milled/brown (M/B) ratios of proteins to N treatments were detected. In comparison with large panicle cultivars, small panicle cultivars such as Wuyujing3 had the lower ratio and exhibited more stability under contrasting N treatments. N had significant influence on amino acid composition of brown and milled rice, with contents of the 17 amino acids measured increasing with elevated N rate. However, cysteine and methionine in brown rice and lysine and methionine in milled rice were not significantly affected by N. In addition, N had little effect on ratios of M/B for most of the amino acids.     

密穗型和散穗型粳稻穗部不同部位直链淀粉含量的差异分析

对粳稻密穗型品种浙粳22和散穗型品种浙粳27单株主穗上的单粒稻米,利用碘比色法进行了直链淀粉含量测定。结果表明,浙粳22和浙粳27直链淀粉含量最大值与最小值相差分别达到13.53和10.30个百分点,密穗型比散穗型的变幅大;稻穗内各籽粒在不同直链淀粉含量区间的频数变化趋势呈正态分布;密穗型和散穗型一、二次枝梗籽粒直链淀粉含量与其粒位间的相关系数分别为-0.1167*和-0.3140**,一次枝梗籽粒要高于二次枝梗籽粒,散穗型较密穗型更显著;枝梗顶端籽粒的直链淀粉含量较高,而与此相连的第2粒的直链淀粉含量较低;散穗型与密穗型品种在穗内直链淀粉含量分布上存在相似的规律,如单粒或半粒取样时应以各枝梗上第3、4粒部位的较好。     

氮、磷、锌营养对水稻籽粒植酸含量的影响及与几种矿质元素间的相关性

以协青早、秀水110及其辐射诱变获得的低植酸突变系（HIPi1和HIPj1）为材料,通过水培试验对不同氮、磷、锌浓度处理下水稻籽粒植酸含量差异及与几种矿质元素间的相关性进行了比较分析。高水平氮、磷、锌浓度处理的籽粒植酸含量较同一品种的低氮、磷、锌处理均有所降低,但在水稻生育期间,籽粒植酸含量对磷、锌处理浓度变化的敏感性,则因品种的植酸类型特征而异;氮、磷浓度增加能分别提高铁或降低铜在籽粒中的积累,但在高锌处理下,籽粒铁含量明显降低、而钾和镁的含量等却有所升高; 籽粒植酸含量一般与K、Mg、Fe、Cu 4种矿质元素含量呈正相关、与籽粒Zn含量呈负相关,但统计显著水平因品种而异。低植酸突变体籽粒中的K、Mg、Fe、Zn等含量虽略有下降,但可以通过适当的介质营养条件来调节有关矿质营养在水稻籽粒中的积累。     

粳稻穗部不同部位籽粒产量相关性状差异及其与内源激素的相关性

【目的】根据灌浆期水稻内源激素水平解析稻穗不同部位籽粒产量性状的差异。【方法】以相同环境下种植的嘉58等6个浙江省常规粳稻品种为实验材料,将稻穗籽粒按一次枝梗在主穗上的节点划分为稻穗上部、中部和下部籽粒,测定了不同部位籽粒水杨酸（SA）、脱落酸（ABA）、吲哚乙酸（IAA）和生物量的动态变化及收获后籽粒千粒重、整精米率、长宽比、胶稠度和碱消值等相关性状。【结果】籽粒在灌浆期内0~35 d处于持续增重状态,且表现为上部>中部>下部,花后35 d各品种不同部位籽粒生物量的变异系数为1.66%~10.26%,35 d以后不同部位籽粒生物量的差距逐渐缩小但仍有差异,籽粒成熟后千粒重仍表现为上部籽粒（25.08~33.88 g）>中部（24.04~32.49 g）>下部（23.46~31.78 g）;不同部位间籽粒整精米率与长宽比略有差异,且千粒重与长宽比呈极显著正相关（r = 0.89, P< 0.01）,与整精米率呈极显著负相关（r = -0.68, P< 0.01）;在胶稠度、碱消值方面,品种间的差异显著大于部位间的差异;三种内源激素在不同部位籽粒中的差异均较为显著,且SA差异最为稳定,全周期不同部位间籽粒SA含量变异系数为0.59%~25.90%,ABA和IAA变异系数依次为1.35%~66.25%和0.16%~81.04%。不同部位SA含量在灌浆初期与末期正相反,前期表现为上部籽粒>中部>下部,末期却表现为下部籽粒>中部>上部。【结论】不同部位籽粒的内源激素及产量等相关性状差异均较为显著,激素含量差异以SA最为稳定。SA与ABA和IAA分别呈显著正相关(r =0.54, P < 0.05)和极显著正相关(r =0.59, P< 0.01),与千粒重呈显著负相关(r =-0.53, P < 0.05),其与长宽比和整精米率也分别为极显著负相关(r = -0.66, P < 0.01)和极显著正相关(r = 0.95, P < 0.01)。     

中国东北粳稻与日本粳稻产量差异及原因分析

【目的】随着籼粳稻杂交理想株型创造与超高产育种理论的应用,我国东北地区培育出大量高产粳稻品种,逐渐取代曾经占据主导地位的日本典型粳稻。本研究旨在通过分析中国东北粳稻与日本粳稻形态、遗传和产量的差异及原因,研究籼粳杂交对东北粳稻改良的影响。【方法】利用InDel和SSILP亚种特异性分子标记、程氏指数、维管束数目比分析比较中国东北与日本粳稻的籼粳成分和属性及与产量结构的关系。【结果】东北粳稻育成品种产量比日本典型粳稻高15.79%,每穗粒数多15.22%,粳型基因频率极显著低于日本粳稻。按程氏指数分类标准,东北粳稻籼粳类型是偏粳型。相关分析结果表明,籼型基因频率与穗数极显著负相关,与每穗粒数极显著正相关,且与一、二次枝梗数及其粒数正相关。【结论】东北粳稻籼型基因频率增加导致穗数减少,每穗粒数增加,同时将结实率和千粒重维持在较稳定水平是东北粳稻品种获得高产的关键。     

叶面施用不同形态锌化合物对稻米锌浓度及有效性的影响

2014年土培条件下,以日本晴、L81和L71为供试材料,开花及花后1周叶面喷施硫酸锌、柠檬酸锌、葡萄糖酸锌和EDTA二钠锌(Zn²⁺浓度均为0.2%,以喷施等量清水为对照),研究叶面喷施不同形态锌化合物对稻穗不同部位糙米锌浓度及有效性的影响。结果表明,稻穗不同部位糙米锌浓度差异显著,其中稻穗上部糙米锌浓度显著大于稻穗中部和下部,植酸、植酸与锌摩尔比则相反,不同处理趋势一致。与不施锌相比,硫酸锌、柠檬酸锌、葡萄糖酸锌和EDTA二钠锌使所有品种糙米锌浓度平均分别增加33%、31%、26%和27%,其中锌处理对稻穗上、中部糙米锌浓度的影响显著大于稻穗下部,供试材料中以日本晴的响应最大。锌处理对糙米植酸浓度影响较小,但对植酸与锌摩尔比影响较大。与对照相比,硫酸锌、柠檬酸锌、葡萄糖酸锌和EDTA二钠锌使所有品种糙米植酸与锌摩尔比平均分别下降25%、24%、22%和18%,其中稻穗上部和中部的降幅大于稻穗下部,日本晴和L71的降幅大于L81;锌处理×品种和锌处理×品种×部位间互作均达显著水平。以上数据说明,水稻籽粒生长早期喷锌处理可大幅增加糙米锌浓度及其生物有效性,增幅因锌化合物、供试品种以及籽粒在稻穗上的着生部位(以强势粒响应更大)而异。     

Changes in Cooking and Nutrition Qualities of Grains at Different Positions in a Rice Panicle under Different Nitrogen Levels

Cooking and nutrition qualities of grain are two of the most important aspects of rice quality. To understand the difference in cooking and nutrition qualities among the grains at different positions within a rice panicle, the distributions of gel consistency (GC), amylose content (AC) and crude protein content (CPC) of grains in a panicle in association with different nitrogen levels (0, 120 and 240 kg/ha) were investigated by using two rice varieties, Yangdao 6 (indica) and Wuyujing 3 (japonica). In general, the grains at the basal part of a panicle had lower GC and higher AC than those at the upper or middle part of a panicle. The 1st grain on the secondary branch with earlier flowering exhibited the highest GC, whereas the 2nd grain on the primary branch with later flowering showed the highest AC. For Yangdao 6, CPC in the grains on the primary branches was lower at the middle part of a panicle than at the upper or basal part of a panicle. For Wuyujing 3, there were no significant differences in CPCs in the grains among the upper, middle and basal parts of a panicle. GC in the grains was increased, whereas AC was reduced from zero nitrogen application (0N) to low amount of nitrogen application (LN), and the result was reversed from LN to medium amount of nitrogen application (MN). CPC was increased with the increase in the amount of nitrogen application.     

外源磷处理对水稻籽粒植酸含量及相关代谢基因表达的影响

利用水稻穗离体培养方法,对不同外源磷浓度下水稻籽粒植酸等磷化物含量的差异及其植酸代谢相关功能基因在灌浆过程中的表达特征进行了探讨。结果表明,水稻籽粒中的植酸、无机磷和总磷含量随外源磷处理浓度上升呈增加趋势,但磷处理对千粒重和单位籽粒中植酸积累量的影响因磷浓度水平而异,高磷处理会导致水稻千粒重和籽粒植酸积累绝对量的显著降低;外源磷处理浓度的上升,不仅会引起水稻籽粒中锌和铁元素含量的显著降低,而且会导致锌、铁营养的生物有效性下降;外源磷处理对水稻籽粒植酸含量的影响与不同磷处理下RINO1基因的相对表达量之间存在较密切关系,中磷浓度(3P)处理会诱导RINO1基因的表达,但高磷浓度(12P)会抑制RINO1基因的表达,RINO1是外源磷浓度处理对水稻籽粒植酸合成代谢过程产生调控作用的一个重要功能基因位点,而IPK2基因与水稻在不同磷浓度处理下的植酸含量变化无直接联系。     

Identification of novel glutelin subunits and a comparison of glutelin composition between japonica and indica rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Glutelin, a major protein in rice grains, is encoded by a multigene family. However, its protein composition is not well characterised. Here, we identified and characterised two novel glutelin subunits, GluBX and GluC. The individual glutelin subunits of japonica cv. Nipponbare and indica cv. 93-11 rice were analysed using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis, LC–MS/MS, and Western blotting. Comparison of the glutelin profiles between three japonica and three indica cultivars indicated two distinct subunits (GluA-1 and GluA-3 isomers) and a distinction in the subunit composition (notably GluA-3 and Lys-rich GluB-1 components) of these two subspecies. Sequence alignment revealed different nutritional (Lys residues) and functional (Cys residues) characteristics between the type-A and type-B glutelin subfamilies. We also analysed amino acid and total protein contents of the grains in thirty-five cultivars, and we demonstrated that the Lys-rich glutelin composition of indica cultivars is superior to that of japonica cultivars. The Lys-rich and Cys-poor GluBX subunit is a native protein and is a high nutritional protein in grains. Our combined approaches for the identification of glutelin subunits have revealed the nutritional characteristics of individual subunits in rice, and this knowledge will provide new insights for improving grain quality during rice breeding.     

盐分胁迫对小麦籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量变化动态的影响

为了明确盐分对小麦籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量的影响,分析了3种不同盐分含量的土壤上小麦籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量的动态变化。结果表明,随着土壤盐分浓度的增加,小麦籽粒蛋白质含量提高,表现为S3（土壤盐分含量1．6129g／kg）〉S2（土壤盐分含量1．2656g／kg）〉SI（土壤盐分含量0．674g／kg）;小麦籽粒蛋白质积累量随盐分浓度的提高而下降,S2与S1处理间籽粒蛋白质含量和积累量差异均达显著水平,S3与S2和S1间差异均达极显著水平。盐分胁迫条件下小麦籽粒蛋白质含量呈高一低一高的“V”型变化,与正常生长条件下蛋白质含量的变化动态一致。小麦籽粒蛋白质各组分含量随土壤盐分浓度的增加而增加,各处理间的清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白含量差异均达显著或极显著水平。从各组分占总蛋白的比例来看,清蛋白、球蛋白、谷蛋白的比例随着土壤含盐量的增加而下降,醇溶蛋白的比例则随土壤含盐量的增加而增加,谷／醇比随着土壤含盐量的增加而下降。     

不同大豆品种豆腐产量的研究

选用２３个辽宁、吉林和山东的春大豆和夏大豆栽培品种为试材。调查百粒重和单株粒重，测定豆腐加工特性、籽粒蛋白质含量和籽粒蛋白质各组分含量。研究表明：筛选到豆腐产量高的品种可能性很大。可把籽粒吸水重和籽粒膨胀体积作为品种豆腐产量的间接选择性状。筛选到豆腐产量与单株粒重均高的品种难度很大，筛选到豆腐产量和籽粒蛋白质含量均高，豆腐产量和籽粒蛋白质质量均高的品种存在着一定难度。不同品种籽粒蛋白质各组分含量差