毛苕子种子萌发对温度的响应

研究不同温度对毛苕子(Vicia villosa Roth.)种子萌发特性的影响.在5℃、10℃、15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃不同温度处理下对毛苕子种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数进行了研究.认为温度变化对毛苕子种子的萌发有显著的影响.5℃时种子不萌发;20℃时毛苕子种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数最好;温度低于10℃或高于25℃时发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数均较低.毛苕子种子萌发的最适温度为20℃时,适应的温度范围是15℃～25℃.     

北京地区新收获柳枝稷种子的萌发和出苗特性

为探明能源型植物柳枝稷（Panicum virgatum）新收获种子的萌发和出苗对环境条件的要求,研究了温度、光照和播种深度对柳枝稷种子萌发和出苗的影响。结果表明,柳枝稷种子萌发的适宜温度为30～35 ℃,此时发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均明显高于其他温度处理;其发芽率不受光照影响,但光暗交替条件下的发芽速率、发芽势和发芽指数较黑暗条件下显著提高;其适宜的播种深度为2～16 mm,不覆土或播种过深均不利于出苗。     

温度对5种豆科牧草种子萌发特性的影响

为了给牧草栽培和推广提供科学参考,试验以毛苕子、光叶紫花苕、白车轴草、紫云英、紫花苜蓿种子为材料,设置6个恒温条件(5,10,15,20,25,30℃),测定发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、萌发历期、萌发时滞、萌发速率指数等指标,研究了5种豆科牧草种子萌发特性对温度的响应。结果表明:5种豆科牧草种子的发芽率、发芽势及发芽指数均随温度的升高呈先增大后减小的趋势,且在15～25℃范围内处于相对较高水平;毛苕子和光叶紫花苕种子在低温(5℃)和高温(30℃)时,其发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数优于其他3种豆科牧草;随温度的升高5种豆科牧草种子的萌发时滞均逐渐减小并趋于稳定,萌发速率指数呈先增大后减小的趋势;白车轴草、紫云英和紫花苜蓿种子在温度为15～25℃范围内比毛苕子和光叶紫花苕种子具有更长的萌发历期;5种豆科牧草种子萌发值与温度间的关系均为三次曲线模型,整体拟合效果较好。通过模型预测5种豆科牧草种子的最适萌发温度在20.01～22.36℃之间。     

温度对8个野生早熟禾材料萌发特性的影响

以8个野生早熟禾（Poa）种质种子为萌发试验材料,设6个恒温和2个变温处理,探讨其萌发的适宜温度范围,为野生早熟禾引种驯化和开发利用提供依据。结果显示,10~35 ℃恒温范围内,随温度升高,野生早熟禾材料种子的萌发速度、发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、胚芽长、胚根长、苗鲜质量均表现出先增大后降低的趋势。8个温度处理下,野生早熟禾种子在20~30 ℃恒温萌发速度最快,初始萌发时间4～5 d,10 ℃恒温萌发速度最慢,初始萌发时间11～14 d,比最快萌发速度延迟6～10 d。以发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数3个萌发指标为主要依据,并参考胚芽和胚根长、苗鲜质量,认为波伐早熟禾（P.poophagorum）、草地早熟禾(甘南)（P.pratensis）和小药早熟禾（P.micrandra）种子最适宜萌发温度为20 ℃恒温;草地早熟禾(兴隆山)、草地早熟禾(肃南)、草地早熟禾(渭源)、草地早熟禾(天祝)和硬质早熟禾（P.sphondylodes）种子最适宜萌发温度为25 ℃恒温。对大多材料种子而言,较高的恒温（25 ℃）有利于胚芽生长,较低的恒温（20 ℃）或变温有利于胚根生长,5 ℃/20 ℃和10 ℃/25 ℃两个变温条件下的各项指标低于对应高温20和25 ℃恒温处理。     

沙生针茅种子破除休眠的方法

为破除沙生针茅(Stipaglareosa)种子休眠,采用不同种子处理方法,测定各种处理对种子萌发的影响,明确解除种子休眠的有效途径。结果显示,1)解除种皮休眠:60℃蒸馏水浸泡种子24h,种子吸水率、发芽率、发芽势分别达到26.32%、38%和32%;机械划破种皮,种子发芽率达到34%。2)解除胚生理休眠:-20、-20℃变温处理96h,发芽率、发芽势分别达到48%和46%;切除种子3/4胚乳,发芽率、发芽势分别达到58%和54%;用80mg·L-1赤霉素(GA3)水溶液浸泡种子24h,发芽率、发芽势分别达到54%和48%。3)解除种子综合休眠:采用变温+浸泡+GA3方法,发芽率、发芽势分别达到78%和76%。种子存在的萌发抑制物对种子发芽的影响大于种皮不透性对种子发芽的影响。种子发芽高峰期集中于前2~5d,切除胚乳和GA3水溶液浸泡种子,发芽高峰期集中于前2~8d。     

羊草种子发芽试验方法的研究

为了探究羊草种子快速萌发的方法,从而为羊草人工草地的建植提供科学依据,试验以吉农一号、吉农二号、吉生一号、白城野生4份羊草种子为研究对象,观察其在不同预处理方式(浓硫酸浸种、不同温度、预冷处理)下的萌发特性。结果表明:不同品种羊草种子的萌发对不同预处理方式的响应是不同的,浓硫酸浸种能不同程度地提高羊草种子的发芽率、发芽指数和发芽势,且处理15 min的发芽率最高;4个羊草品种在15～35℃的温度范围内均能发芽,最适宜的温度为25℃;4℃预冷处理7,14,21 d羊草种子的发芽率、发芽指数和发芽势均显著高于对照组,其中预冷处理7 d最高。说明羊草种子在经过4℃预冷处理7 d后再用浓硫酸处理15 min,在25℃条件下种子发芽效果最佳;4个羊草品种中,吉农一号各处理的发芽指标均显著高于其他品种。     

几种处理对银合欢种子活力的影响研究

用热水、酸蚀以及磨破种皮处理银合欢(Leucaena glauca)种子,打破其休眠。结果表明,不同浓度的硫酸处理对银合欢种子的发芽率、发芽指数、发芽势影响差异显著(P<0.05),25%硫酸处理对银合欢种子发芽率、发芽指数、发芽势无显著影响(P>0.05),而98%的硫酸处理对银合欢种子发芽率、发芽指数、发芽势有极显著影响(P<0.01)。75℃的热水以及磨破种皮处理对银合欢种子的发芽率、发芽势均有提高。不同处理对银合欢种子发芽率影响由大到小的排序为:98%硫酸>75℃水>75%硫酸>研磨种子>50%硫酸>25%硫酸>无处理种子。98%硫酸处理银合欢种子20 min是最佳处理方式。     

一年生早熟禾种子萌发适宜温度研究

【目的】探究一年生早熟禾（Poa annua）种子萌发适宜温度。【方法】试验以甘肃省16个不同地区的野生一年生早熟禾种子为材料,设4、8、12、16、20、24、28和32℃8个恒温处理,研究温度对一年生早熟禾种子萌发的影响。【结果】随着温度的升高,一年生早熟禾种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、胚根长、苗鲜重、活力指数均呈先增后减趋势,胚芽长呈逐渐增大趋势。结论 隶属函数综合评价表明,光照周期为16 h光照/8 h黑暗,相对湿度55%的恒温条件下,野生一年生早熟禾种子适宜萌发温度范围为16～24℃,最适萌发温度为24℃。     

温度及盐胁迫对7个野生观赏草种子萌发特性的影响

以甘肃地区采集的7个野生观赏草种子为试验材料,设6个恒温及7个不同浓度NaCl溶液处理,研究了温度及盐胁迫对其种子萌发特性的影响,以期为野生观赏草引种驯化和繁殖提供依据。结果表明:10~35℃恒温范围内,7个材料种子最适发芽温度为发草(天祝)、发草(渭源)和芨芨草(武威)为25℃,狼尾草(宁县)、芨芨草(兰州)和书带苔草(渭源)为20~25℃,云雾苔草(渭源)为20~30℃。NaCl溶液浓度在0~1.1%内,7个野生观赏草种子萌发的发芽率、发芽指数、发芽势、胚芽和根长、鲜苗重均随NaCl浓度的增加而下降。在0.7%NaCl重度胁迫下,7个野生观赏草种子的发芽率、发芽指数、发芽势、胚芽和根长、鲜苗重6个指标显著低于对照(P0.05)。NaCl溶液浓度为0.9%时除狼尾草(宁县)和发草(天祝)种子可以萌发外,其余材料种子未萌发。用发芽率、发芽指数、胚芽和胚根长、幼苗鲜重6个指标的相对值作为7个野生观赏草种子萌发期耐盐性综合评价值,7个野生观赏草种子萌发期耐盐性强弱依次为:狼尾草(宁县)发草(渭源)发草(天祝)芨芨草(武威)芨芨草(兰州)书带苔草(渭源)云雾苔草(渭源)。     

草原毒害草—黄花棘豆种子萌发的影响因素探讨

黄花棘豆(Oxytropis ochrocephala)是我国西部高寒草甸一种危害严重的毒害草,为明确黄花棘豆种子的萌发特征,本文主要探讨发芽前处理和温度对黄花棘豆种子发芽状况的影响。结果表明:温度对黄花棘豆种子萌发的影响最为显著:在10℃~25℃范围内,随着温度的升高种子发芽率增大;并且,恒温条件下其发芽率均高于与之对应的变温条件。其中,25℃恒温条件下其发芽率最高为15.3%;10℃/5℃变温时最低,仅为1.3%。另外,随着温度的上升,种子发芽指数增大、发芽时间缩短、硬实率降低:10℃/5℃时其发芽指数最低仅为0.05,平均发芽开始时间长达22.3d,硬实率高达97.2%。再者,发芽前处理对于黄花棘豆发芽状况的效应亦受到温度条件的影响。温度为变温25℃/5℃时,冷水浸种可明显提高种子的发芽指数,缩短种子萌发的开始时间;温度为恒温10℃时,冷水浸种可提高种子发芽率。然而,其他温度条件下其种子发芽率、发芽指数、发芽开始时间及硬实率与对照均无明显差异。因此,对于高寒草甸年均温较低、昼夜温差大的情况,黄花棘豆依靠种子快速建立种群的机会较小。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.