用蜂毒溶血肽和表皮生长因子构建膜毒性免疫毒素

表皮生长因子受体由于在许多种肿瘤细胞表面过度表达而成为特异杀伤肿瘤细胞的理想靶位;正电性抗菌肽有独特的膜毒性细胞毒机制.研究以小鼠(Mus musculus)表皮生长因子(mouse epidermal growth factor,MEOF)为导向部分,以蜂毒溶血肽(melittin,Mel)为毒性部分,构建特异杀伤肿瘤细胞的膜毒性免疫毒素MEGFMEL嵌合蛋白.该嵌合蛋白以大肠杆菌(Eschedchia coil)BL21为表达宿主,以pET30a为表达载体,采用低温诱导表达和无破胞程序的冻融法进行纯化,最终浓度为63.45μg/Ml、纯度为68%.体外活性检测表明,MEGFMEL嵌合蛋白对表面过度表达EGFR的肝癌A431细胞表现出显著杀伤力,其LD50为52.6μg/Ml.结果显示以正电性抗菌肽为毒性部分构建针对表皮生长因子受体的新型膜毒性免疫毒素(im-munotoxin,IT)是可行的.     

小鼠表皮生长因子在Escherichia coli中重组表达

以大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）BL21为表达宿主，重组表达小鼠表皮生长因子。以pET30a为出发载体，构建了包含mEGF编码序列的重组表达载体pETmEGF，采用低温诱导表达和无破胞程序的冻融法进行纯化，得到了浓度为17．24μg/mL和纯度为57％的mEGF融合蛋白，其活性相当于标准小鼠表皮生长因子的29．16％。     

鸵鸟异嗜白细胞抗菌肽的分离纯化及部分性质研究

目的：分离纯化出鸵鸟异嗜白细胞抗菌肽,并对其部分特性进行研究,为开发新一代高效肽类抗菌药提供依据。方法：使用氯化铵裂解、超声波破碎、醋酸提取、CM-Sepharose F F弱酸性阳离子交换层析和反相高效液相色谱（RP-HPLC）等方法,从鸵鸟异嗜白细胞中分离纯化出了抗菌肽,使用微量琼脂糖弥散法进行了抗菌活性与最小抑菌浓度（MIC）的测定,应用二级质谱（MS/MS）对抗菌肽的分子量进行测定。结果：在鸵鸟异嗜白细胞中存在抗菌肽,其对金黄色葡萄球菌S.aureus 1056MRSA、鸡大肠杆菌E.coli O78和白色念珠菌C.albicans ATCC10231具有较强的抑制作用;抗菌肽具有阳离子性质;热稳定性良好;经RP-HPLC纯化得到峰6、峰16和峰24,峰6对白色念珠菌的MIC为0.065μg/mL,峰16的分子量为4012.472Da,对鸡大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC分别为3.971μg/mL和5.245μg/mL,峰24的分子量为3542.479Da,对鸡大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC分别为26.472μg/mL和21.561μg/mL。结论：本研究得到的抗菌肽与已报道的鸵鸟抗菌肽ostricacins相比显示出更强的抑菌活性,是否为同一物质需要进一步的验证。     

橡胶树hbYKt基因植物表达载体构建及亚细胞定位

SNAREs（soluble-N-ethyl-maleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor,可溶性N-乙基马来亚酰胺敏感因子附着蛋白受体）参与囊泡运输,在植物中具有非常广泛和重要的生物学功能。我们从橡胶树胶乳消减cDNA文库中筛选获得橡胶树的SNARE基因,命名为hbYKt。为进一步研究该基因功能,构建了以绿色荧光蛋白（green fluorescent protein,GFP）为报告基因的融合植物表达栽体pCAMBIAl304h-bYKt,通过农杆菌介导法分别转化洋葱表皮细胞和烟草表皮细胞。荧光显微镜检测结果表明hbYKt定位在洋葱表皮细胞和烟草表皮细胞的细胞质膜中。     

小鼠肾组织中EGF基因的克隆及其植物表达载体的构建

表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor，EGF)是由53个氨基酸组成的单链多肽，在临床上具有重要的应用价值。由于天然EGF来源有限，用基因工程方法生产EGF蛋白已成为一个重要的替代途径。本研究用RT—PCR法从小鼠的肾组织中克隆了EGF基因，并构建到植物表达载体上，为EGF基因在高等植物细胞中的表达奠定基础。     

胚柄特异性表达顺式元件结合蛋白酵母单杂交文库的构建

旨在构建酵母单杂交文库用于筛选与胚柄特异基因G564启动子顺式元件结合的转录因子。本研究根据植物胚柄特异表达基因G564启动子关键序列(GAAAAGCGAA)合成了5次串联重复序列,并与报告质粒pHIS2.1连接构建诱饵载体pHIS2.1-G564-5A;以纯化的拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)幼嫩种子mRNA为模板,合成SMARTTMⅢ和CDSⅢ锚定末端dscDNA;并将dscDNA与线性化融合表达载体pGADT7-Rec2以及诱饵载体pHIS2.1-G564-5A共转化到酵母Y187,构建酵母单杂交文库。文库的共转化效率为5.53×105cfu/μg。对文库中的阳性克隆进行测序,获得117条可读序列。对其进行基因功能注释并进一步分析基因的功能发现,具有DNA结合功能的蛋白14个,具有蛋白质结合功能的蛋白8个。上述22个蛋白包括TATA结合蛋白1(TBP1),支架结构相关区(SAR)DNA-结合蛋白,胚珠发育蛋白,G-box结合因子1(GBF1),组蛋白H3等。本研究为分离和克隆胚柄中特异表达的转录因子提供了候选基因。     

凋亡蛋白融合基因与报告基因pECFP-C1的构建及其稳定表达细胞株的建立

利用PCR方法扩增凋亡蛋白融合基因片段，克隆至pMD18-T载体，鉴定和测序正确的凋亡蛋白融合基因亚克隆人带有绿色荧光蛋白的真核表达载体pECFP-C1的多克隆位点EcoRⅠ和SacⅡ之间，成功地构建带有报告基因的凋亡蛋白融合基因真核重组表达载体pECFP-C1-AFG。将带有报告基因的凋亡蛋白融合基因真核表达载体应用脂质体介导使其转染中国仓鼠卵巢细胞株（CHO），于转染48h后在荧光显微镜下观察到绿色荧光蛋白的出现，对转染的CHO细胞，应用Trizol法提取RNA，经RT-PCR鉴定，转染细胞在750bp处出现目的条带。收集转染细胞上清，应用间接ELISA及Western blot检测到目的蛋白的表达，说明凋亡蛋白融合基因构建正确。转染凋亡蛋白融合基因重组质粒的细胞，长成单层后传代，经G418（Genetiein）加压筛选（800μg／mL），3周后在荧光显微镜下观察所有细胞均出现绿色荧光，说明已建立了能够稳定表达凋亡蛋白融合基因与报告基因pECFP-C1的细胞株，为进一步研究凋亡蛋白融合蛋白在肿瘤组织中的定位及其诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡打下了基础。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌Cry1Aa和Cry3A结构域编码区的融合

苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)毒素蛋白由3个不连续的结构域（domains)组成，其中结构域I为膜跨越区，与膜孔道形成有关，结构域Ⅱ，Ⅲ与受体结合有关。利用基因重组技术以鳞翅目昆虫具专一活性的毒素蛋白Cry1Aa与专一性有关的结构域编码区与对鞘翅目昆虫具专一活性的毒素蛋白Cry3A编码基因融合，构建成融合表达载体，为进一步构建Bt工程菌和Bt转基因植物奠定基础。     

cDNA微阵列检测水稻幼苗空间特异表达基因*

以含有2200个独立水稻转录本的膜质cDNA微阵列鉴别萌发期水稻(Oryza sativa L.)幼苗的空间特异表达基因。经比较表达谱，得到了在胚芽、胚轴和胚根中特异表达的基因分别为31、36和73个。其中，胚轴特异表达基因包括聚泛蛋白、UDP-葡萄糖焦磷酸酶、蔗糖合酶、磷酸甘油酸激酶等参与糖、蛋白质代谢反应的蛋白，意味着在萌发期水稻幼苗中，胚乳贮藏淀粉和贮藏蛋白的降解反应主要发生在胚轴部。实验检测到的胚芽和胚根特异表达基因包括一些具有防御功能的基因及多个参与复制、转录和翻译过程的基因，如胚芽特异表达的基因中，翻译起始因子5a、40s核糖体蛋白s28及核糖体蛋白136与蛋白合成有关；而过敏性蛋白、β-D-葡聚糖外水解酶和肌动蛋白-11等为抗病相关基因。胚根特异表达的基因中，肽链延伸因子1-α、TATA盒结合蛋白、DNA复制蛋白A2、组蛋白和两种核糖体蛋白等与复制、转录和翻译有关；而富含甘氨酸蛋白、创伤诱导性碱性蛋白、Bowman-Birk蛋白酶抑制因子、脂类转运蛋白-2等基因则与幼苗的防卫反应有关。通过分析这些空间特异表达基因，揭示出一些潜在的生物学规律，为研究萌发生理学提供了有价值的信息。     

三个韧皮部特异性启动子在转基因烟草中表达的比较研究

用共整合的luc基因校正嵌合gus基因表达活性的方法对3个韧皮部组织特异性启动子在转基因烟草中的表达进行了比较，用杨树树皮储藏蛋白基因启动子（BP）、竹节花黄斑驳病毒启动子（CP）、笋瓜韧皮部蛋白2基因启动子（SP）以及CaMV35S启动子（35SP）构建了含有启动子-gus以及35SP-luc两类嵌合报告基因的植物表达载体，并通过农杆菌介导法转化了烟草植株，GUS活性的组织化学定位结果表明，3个启动子皆驱动gus报告基因在转基因烟草的叶、叶柄和茎的韧皮部组织中特异地表达，BP和SP在烟草根部是组成型的，通过比较转基因植株的校正GUS活性，确定了3个启动子的相对活性为BP和CP的活性相近，而SP约为CP的84%，结果表明BP和SP是韧皮部组织特异性的强启动子。     

Tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate suppresses heregulin-beta1-induced fatty acid synthase expression in human breast cancer cells by inhibiting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade signaling

Tumor-associated fatty acid synthase (FAS) is implicated in tumorigenesis and connected to HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) by systemic analyses. Suppression of FAS in cancer cells may lead to growth inhibition and cell apoptosis. Our previous study demonstrated that (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG), the green tea catechin, could down-regulate FAS expression by suppressing EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) signaling and downstream phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt activation in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Herein, we examined the effects of EGCG on FAS expression modulated by another member of the erbB family, that is, HER2 or HER3. We identified that heregulin-beta1 (HRG-beta1), a HER3 ligand, stimulated dose-dependent FAS expression in breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and AU565, but not MDA-MB-453. The time-dependent increase in FAS expression after HRG-beta1 stimulation was also observed in MCF-7 cells, and this up-regulation was de novo RNA synthesis dependent. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with EGCG markedly inhibited HRG-beta1-dependent induction of mRNA and protein of FAS. EGCG also decreased the phosphorylation of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 that were demonstrated as selected downstream HRG-beta1-responsive kinases required for FAS expression using dominant-negative Akt, PI3K inhibitors (LY294002 and wortmannin), or MEK inhibitor (PD98059). FAS induction by HRG-beta1 was also blocked by AG825, a selective HER2 inhibitor, and by genistein, a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor, indicating the formation of a heterodimer between HER2 and HER3, and their tyrosine kinase activities are essential for HRG-beta1-mediated elevation of FAS. Additionally, growth inhibition of HRG-beta1-treated cells was parallel to suppression of FAS by EGCG. Taken together, these findings extend our previous study to indicate that EGCG may be useful in the chemoprevention of breast carcinoma in which FAS overexpression results from HER2 or/and HER3 signaling.     

Oak ellagitannins suppress the phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor in human colon carcinoma cells

The ellagitannins castalagin and vescalagin, and the C-glycosides grandinin and roburin E as well as ellagic acid were found to potently inhibit the growth of human colon carcinoma cells (HT29) in vitro. In a cell-free system these compounds were identified as potent inhibitors of the protein tyrosine kinase activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with IC 50 values in the low nanomolar range. To address the question of whether the interference with the activity of the isolated EGFR also plays a role within intact cells, effects on the phosphorylation status of the EGFR, as a measure for its activity, were determined in HT29 cells. As exemplified for castalagin and grandinin, both the nonglycosylated and the glycosylated ellagitannins effectively suppressed EGFR phosphorylation, but only at concentrations > or =10 microM, thus, in a concentration range where growth inhibition was observed. These results indicate that the suppression of EGFR-mediated signaling might contribute to the growth inhibitory effects of these compounds present in oak-matured wines and spirits such as whiskey. In contrast, despite substantial growth inhibitory properties, ellagic acid did not significantly affect EGFR phosphorylation in HT29 cells up to 100 microM.     

表皮生长因子受体基因(EGFR)多态性及其与山羊产羔数的相关分析

表皮生长因子受体是雌性生殖功能的关键因子,本研究旨在分析表皮生长因子受体基因(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)的多态性与山羊繁殖性能之间的关系.参考牛的EGFR基因序列设计14对引物,采用聚合酶链式反应-单链构象多态性(PCR-SSCP)技术检测在西南地区具有代表性的10个山羊(Cap ra hircus)品种(马头山羊、波尔山羊、古蔺马羊、川东白山羊、大足黑山羊、贵州白山羊、金堂黑山羊、板角山羊、成都麻羊和南江黄羊)中EGFR基因的单核苷酸多态性,并且在贵州白山羊、古蔺马羊和川东白山羊中分析EG FR基因多态性与山羊繁殖力之间的相关性.结果显示,14对引物中有2对引物(P3和P13)的扩增片段出现多态性.对于P3的扩增片段,在不同的山羊品种中检测到AA、AB和BB三种基因型,测序分析表明BB基因型与AA基因型相比有一处单碱基突变(115837C→T).在3个品种中,AA基因型和AB基因型的产羔数最小二乘均值差异不显著(P＞0.05),BB基因型的样本非常有限,没有统计意义;对于P13的扩增片段,在不同的山羊品种中检测到GG、HH和GH型三种基因型,测序分析表明HH基因型与GG基因型相比有一处单碱基突变( 173015 G→A).GG基因型在贵州白山羊和川东白山羊中产羔数最小二乘均值显著高于GH基因型(P＜0.05),而在古蔺马羊样本中只存在GG基因型,HH基因型的样本在三个品种中都很少存在.本研究初步表明,EGFR基因可能是影响山羊产仔数性状的一个主效基因或是与该性状紧密遗传连锁的一个分子遗传标记.     

Inhibitory effect and mechanisms of an anthocyanins- and anthocyanidins-rich extract from purple-shoot tea on colorectal carcinoma cell proliferation

One newly bred variety of tea cultivar, purple-shoot tea, was selected to evaluate its antiproliferative effects on colorectal carcinoma cells, as well as normal colon cells. The phytochemicals and identified catechins of purple-shoot tea extract (PTE) were significantly higher than that of ordinary tea, especially the anthocyanins (surpassed by 135-fold) and anthocyanidins (surpassed by 3.5-fold). PTE inhibited the proliferation of COLO 320DM (IC(50) = 64.9 μg/mL) and HT-29 (IC(50) = 55.2 μg/mL) by blocking cell cycle progression during the G(0)/G(1) phase and inducing apoptotic death. Western blotting indicated that PTE induced cell cycle arrest by reducing the expression of cyclin E and cyclin D1 in COLO 320DM and the upregulation of p21 and p27 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in HT-29. Two cells treated with PTE also indicated the cleavage of PARP, activation of caspase 3, and an increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Our results showed that PTE is a potential novel dietary agent for colorectal cancer chemoprevention.     

牛皮肤成纤维细胞的分离培养与人溶菌酶基因的转染研究

摘要：为得到转染人溶菌酶基因的核供体细胞,采用组织块贴壁法分离培养牛耳成纤维细胞,经传代纯化培养,绘制生长曲线,将纯化好的带有人溶菌酶和绿色荧光标记基因的载体用脂质体法转入第4代成纤维细胞。24 h后荧光显微镜下检测到有绿色荧光蛋白表达,经500mg/ml G418筛选2周后,G418减半继续培养2～3代 ,PCR检测到有目的条带,说明目的基因已成功导入,因此本研究中获得的转基因牛耳成纤维细胞可能作为体细胞核移植的供体细胞进行转基因克隆牛研究。     

小鼠卵母细胞去核方案的优化

为了优化小鼠卵母细胞去核方案，本研究对比了透明带磨口刺入和透明带直接刺入两种去核方法（分别简称磨口法和刺入法）、蔗糖处理与否、CB的浓度及去核针内径对小鼠卵母细胞的去核效率的影响，及CB浓度对去除部分胞质（不去核）的孤雌胚早期发育的影响。结果：（1）无论是磨口法还是刺入法，添加3％蔗糖和对照组之间的去核成功率及去核操作时间差异均不显著（P>0.05）；（2）CB浓度为5μg/mL、10μg/mL和20μg/mL时，各试验组的操作时间差异不显著（P>0.05），但10μg/mL的CB操作速度最快，磨口法三个试验组间去核成功率差异不显著（P>0.05），刺入法在CB浓度为5μg/mL、10μg/mL时去核成功率显著高于20μg/mL组（P<0.05），磨口法去核成功率显著高于刺入法（P<0.05）；（3）去除部分胞质的孤雌胚卵裂率各试验组之间差异不显著（P>0.05），20μg/mLCB处理组囊胚率显著低于其它处理组（P<0.05）；（4）在CB浓度为10μg/mL的操作液中，分别用内径为10μm、15μm和20μm内径的去核针，各试验组间操作时间差异不显著（P>0.05），15μm内径的去核针操作速度较快，磨口法去核成功率差异不显著（P>0.05），15μm去核针去核成功率较高，刺入法应用20μm去核针的去核成功率显著低于其它组（P<0.05）。结果表明，磨口法在10μg/mL CB和15μm内径去核针条件下提高了去核成功率(90.8%)及去核速度（50sec/个），且不影响孤雌胚的体外发育率。     

Theaflavins depolymerize microtubule network through tubulin binding and cause apoptosis of cervical carcinoma HeLa cells

Here we studied the antiproliferative activity of theaflavins in cervical carcinoma HeLa cells by investigating their effects on cellular microtubules and purified goat brain tubulin. Theaflavins inhibited proliferation of HeLa cells with IC(50) value of 110 ± 2.1 μg/mL (p = < 0.01), caused cell cycle arrest at G(2)/M phase and induced apoptosis with alteration of expression of pro- and antiapoptotic proteins. Along with these antiproliferative activities, theaflavins act as microtubule depolymerizers. Theaflavins disrupted the microtubule network accompanied by alteration of cellular morphology and also decreased the polymeric tubulin mass of the cells. The polymerization of cold treated depolymerized microtubules in HeLa cells was prevented in the presence of theaflavins. In vitro polymerization of purified tubulin into microtubules was also inhibited by theaflavins with an IC(50) value of 78 ± 2.43 μg/mL (P < 0.01). Thus, disruption of cellular microtubule network of HeLa cells through microtubule depolymerization may be one of the possible mechanisms of antiproliferative activity of theaflavins.     

Inhibitory effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on angiogenesis, tumor invasion, and metastasis

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) derived from honeybee propolis has been used as a folk medicine and has several proven biological activities. The present study investigated the effect of CAPE on angiogenesis, tumor invasion, and metastasis. A cytotoxicity assay of CAPE in CT26 colon adenocarcinoma cells showed a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability but no significant influence on the growth of human umbilical vein epithelial cells (HUVEC). A low concentration of CAPE (1.5 microg/mL) inhibited 52.7% of capillary-like tube formation in HUVEC culture on Matrigel. CAPE (6 microg/mL)-treated CT26 cells showed not only inhibited cell invasion by 47.8% but also decreased expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production from CT26 cells was also inhibited by treatment with CAPE (6 microg/mL). Intraperitoneal injection of CAPE (10 mg/kg/day) in BALB/c mice reduced the pulmonary metastatic capacity of CT26 cells accompanied with a decreased plasma VEGF level. CAPE treatment also prolonged the survival of mice implanted with CT26 cells. These results indicate that CAPE has potential as an antimetastatic agent.