丽江市油橄榄产业发展的问题及对策

分析了丽江市油橄榄产业项目区的大概情况,研究了丽江油橄榄产业在发展过程中所具备的优势条件,同时探讨了油橄榄产业发展中受到制约的一些因素,从强化组织领导,增强扶持力度,技术创新推广,建立健全质量保证体系方面,提出了推动丽江市橄榄产业发展的具体对策。     

丽江市油橄榄产业发展现状调查及措施探讨

指出了随着丽江市油橄榄产业规划的出台,辖区内掀起了种植油橄榄的热潮。其中,既有种植成功的典范,也存在着许多问题。针对不同区域情况进行了调查,提出了建议和对策,以期为丽江市油橄榄产业的健康发展提供参考。     

我国油橄榄产业发展的战略思考

一、我国油橄榄产业发展趋势 （一）油橄榄产业发展迅速 当前．我国油橄榄产业发展迅速。主要表现为：一是在油橄榄适生区内基地建设步伐加快。近年来,各地建设了大量油橄榄种植基地,为油橄榄产业发展奠定了良好的基础：二是企业积极主动投资油橄榄产业,股份制、合资、民营等各种类型的油橄榄种植和加工食业大量涌现：三是地方政府积极支持发展油橄榄产业．许多地方政府把发展油橄榄产业作为振兴地方经济的突破点．将发展油橄榄产业作为发展国民经济的重点产业予以鼓励和支持。     

我国油橄榄产业发展的战略思考(上)

一、我国油橄榄产业发展趋势(一)油橄榄产业发展迅速当前,我国油橄榄产业发展迅速。主要表现为:一是在油橄榄适生区内基地建设步伐加快。近年来,各地建设了大量油橄榄种植基地,为油橄榄产业发展奠定了良好的基础;二是企业积极主动投资油橄榄产业,股份制、合资、民营等各种类型的油橄榄种植和加工企业大量涌现;三是地方政府积极支持发展油橄榄产业,许多地方政府把发展油橄榄产业作为振兴地方经济的突破点,将发展油橄榄产业作为发展国民经济的重点产业予以鼓励和支持。     

丽江油橄榄嫁接技术试验

在丽江市玉龙县大具乡营盘村开展了油橄榄嫁接试验,结果表明:嫁接砧木、接穗品种、嫁接方法3个因子对油橄榄嫁接成活率的影响顺序依次为:嫁接方法嫁接砧木嫁接品种;油橄榄嫁接成活率最高的组合为:嫁接砧木为佛奥,接穗品种为贝拉,嫁接方法采用插皮接,成活率高达96.67%;在丽江市大具乡进行油橄榄嫁接时,可采用插皮接,佛奥作为嫁接砧木的方法进行推广。     

论我国油橄榄产业发展规划

近年来我国橄榄油消费量持续增长,进口量大幅度增加;全国油橄榄生产也迅速增长,种植面积逐年增加。笔者分析了我国发展油橄榄产业的有利条件及制约因素,提出了以种植为基础,搞好基地化建设,兴办龙头企业,实现企业化管理的油橄榄产业发展思路,以及低产油橄榄林改良恢复工程、优良油橄榄种苗基地建设工程等油橄榄产业重点建设工程。     

油橄榄高接换优技术规程

根据陇南油橄榄栽培区气候特征、油橄榄栽培现状以及生长和结果特征,在生产实践中,总结了油橄榄低产园高接换优技术,规范了嫁接时间、嫁接方法、接后管理等操作技术和注意的事项.提出的油橄榄高接换优技术,将对指导我省陇南油橄榄品种改良、低产园改造和促进油橄榄产业发展有重要指导意义.     

西班牙油橄榄产业概况与启示

西班牙的油橄榄种植面积和橄榄油产量均居世界之首,是世界橄榄油王国。本文介绍了西班牙油橄榄产业发展的基本情况,在油橄榄产业发展进程中积累的较为成熟的先进管理经验和技术,提出了推进我国油橄榄产业发展的相关建议,对推动我国油橄榄等木本油料产业持续健康发展具有一定指导作用。     

四川省凉山彝族自治州油橄榄产业发展现状及对策

油橄榄产业是凉山彝族自治州重点发展的特色产业 。通过概述凉山州油橄榄引种栽培历程和产业发展现状,针 对发展过程中存在的投入成本高,见效低、栽培品种来源混杂、栽培管理较粗放、龙头企业带动辐射能力弱等问题,采用 SWOT分析法对油橄榄产业进行分析,提出了科学制定产业发展规划、优化产业布局、培育壮大龙头企业,强化品牌建设、 加大科技投入与创新力度、创新产业发展模式,做好 一 二 三产业融合等发展对策,旨在为油橄榄产业进 一步发展提供依据 。     

武都油橄榄产业现状分析与发展对策探讨

油橄榄已为我省优势特色产业,通过分析武都区油橄榄产业现状、优势,进而阐述了现阶段武都区油橄榄产业发展存在的主要问题及其原因,提出了加快武都区油橄榄产业发展的对策。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。