Human sickle hemoglobin in transgenic mice

DNA molecules that contain the human alpha- and beta s-globin genes inserted downstream of erythroid-specific, deoxyribonuclease I super-hypersensitive sites were coinjected into fertilized mouse eggs and a transgenic mouse line was established that synthesizes human sickle hemoglobin (Hb S). These animals were bred to beta-thalassemic mice to reduce endogenous mouse globin levels. When erythrocytes from these mice were deoxygenated, greater than 90 percent of the cells displayed the same characteristic sickled shapes as erythrocytes from humans with sickle cell disease. Compared to controls the mice have decreased hematocrits, elevated reticulocyte counts, lower hemoglobin concentrations, and splenomegaly, which are all indications of the anemia associated with human sickle cell disease.     

豁眼鹅、皖西白鹅血液有关常值与雌二醇睾酮含量的测定与分析

本文报道了引入甘肃省武威地区的豁眼鹅及皖西白鹅的某些生理生化常值和性激素水平。测定项目有红细胞数、血红蛋白、白细胞总数、白细胞分类计数、血清总蛋白、血糖、血脂、血液钙、磷、镁、钾、钠、氯离子含量以及雌二醇和睾酮水平。结果表明:具较高产蛋量的豁眼鹅雌鹅其雌二醇水平显著高于皖西白鹅雌鹅,前者血液总蛋白、血糖、血脂、血钙、血磷含量显著或极显著高于后者。说明这几项常值与产蛋性状有关。睾酮含量对红细胞数目起一定作用。文中还讨论了性激素水平对公鹅配种能力的影响。     

Synthesis of functional human hemoglobin in transgenic mice

Human alpha- and beta-globin genes were separately fused downstream of two erythroid-specific deoxyribonuclease (DNase) I super-hypersensitive sites that are normally located 50 kilobases upstream of the human beta-globin gene. These two constructs were coinjected into fertilized mouse eggs, and expression was analyzed in transgenic animals that developed. Mice that had intact copies of the transgenes expressed high levels of correctly initiated human alpha- and beta-globin messenger RNA specifically in erythroid tissue. An authentic human hemoglobin was formed in adult erythrocytes that when purified had an oxygen equilibrium curve identical to the curve of native human hemoglobin A (Hb A). Thus, functional human hemoglobin can be synthesized in transgenic mice. This provides a foundation for production of mouse models of human hemoglobinopathies such as sickle cell disease.     

Potassium ions asymmetrically activate erythrocyte membrane phosphatase

In Reconstituted ghosts of human red cells, the cell membrane phosphatase is activated by external, but not by internal, potassium. This finding is consistent with the possible participation of the membrane system responsible for cation transport.     

Hemoglobins S and C interfere with actin remodeling in Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes

The hemoglobins S and C protect carriers from severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Here, we found that these hemoglobinopathies affected the trafficking system that directs parasite-encoded proteins to the surface of infected erythrocytes. Cryoelectron tomography revealed that the parasite generated a host-derived actin cytoskeleton within the cytoplasm of wild-type red blood cells that connected the Maurer's clefts with the host cell membrane and to which transport vesicles were attached. The actin cytoskeleton and the Maurer's clefts were aberrant in erythrocytes containing hemoglobin S or C. Hemoglobin oxidation products, enriched in hemoglobin S and C erythrocytes, inhibited actin polymerization in vitro and may account for the protective role in malaria.     

Polymorphism of sickle cell hemoglobin aggregates: structural basis for limited radial growth

Fibers composed of molecules of deoxygenated sickle cell hemoglobin are the basic cause of pathology in sickle cell disease. The hemoglobin molecules in these fibers are arranged in double strands that twist around one another with a long axial repeat. These fibrous aggregates exhibit a pattern of polymorphism in which the ratio of their helical pitch to their radius is approximately constant. The observed ratio agrees with an estimate of its value calculated from the geometric properties of helical assemblies and the degree of distortion that a protein-protein interface can undergo. This agreement indicates that the radius of an aggregate is limited by the maximum possible stretching of double strands. The geometric properties limiting the radial extent of sickle hemoglobin fibers are fundamental to all cables of protein filaments and could contribute to the control of diameter in other biological fibers such as collagen or fibrin.     

渗透胁迫对不同供钾水平烤烟叶片抗旱生理指标的影响

采用水培试验研究了渗透胁迫对不同钾素营养水平下烤烟叶片脯氨酸,可溶性糖和丙二醛含量的影响。结果表明,渗透胁迫下各供钾水平处理烟叶中脯氨酸,可溶性糖和丙二醛含量均显著增加,胁迫处理24h达到高峰,之后含量下降。不同胁迫强度上述指标的变化趋势基本一致,但渗透势-0.2Mpa处理烟叶脯氨酸和丙二醛含量的峰值显著高于渗透势-0.4Mpa处理。渗透胁迫下提高供钾水平可以促进烤烟叶片脯氨酸和可溶性糖积累,降低丙二醛含量,增强烟株的抗旱性。     

干旱胁迫下施钾水平与烟草叶片主要渗透调节物质的关系

采用砂培法对不同钾浓度处理下的烤烟NC89(Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. NC89)进行不同程度干旱胁迫,测定了株高、生物量等生长指标和主要渗透调节物质钾离子、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质及游离脯氨酸含量等生理指标,研究钾与其他渗透调节物质的关系.结果表明:轻度干旱胁迫下,高钾可使植株生长受胁迫程度得到缓解;重度干旱胁迫下,高钾则加重干旱胁迫对植株造成的损害;轻度干旱胁迫下随钾浓度升高烟草叶片钾含量有下降趋势,胁迫后期下降明显,而重度干旱胁迫下,高钾浓度能够增加烟草叶片钾含量;随着干旱胁迫时间推移可溶性糖含量先升高再降低,可溶性蛋白质含量持续上升,而游离脯氨酸含量先下降后上升.相关分析表明,干旱胁迫下钾与可溶性糖含量相关性不显著,与游离脯氨酸含量呈负相关性;而与可溶性蛋白质含量间呈极显著正相关.     

藁城8901和山农1391淀粉合成酶活性和淀粉组分积累特征的比较

 选用藁城8901（强筋）和山农1391（弱筋）两个小麦品种，比较研究了其小麦蔗糖代谢、淀粉合成相关酶活性的变化及淀粉组分的积累特征。结果表明，蔗糖合成酶（SS）、磷酸蔗糖合成酶（SPS）、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（ADPGPPase）、可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS）活性以及蔗糖积累量的高低均存在明显的基因型差异，淀粉积累量较高的弱筋品种山农1391显著高于淀粉积累量较低的强筋品种藁城8901。而结合态淀粉合成酶（GBSS）活性与两品种籽粒直链淀粉积累量的变化情况相吻合，小麦籽粒灌浆中后期的GBSS活性对直链淀粉终积累量的调节作用大于籽粒灌浆前期。用Richards方程模拟籽粒直链淀粉和支链淀粉的积累过程发现，直链淀粉和支链淀粉终积累量的高低取决于其积累启动时间的早晚和前期积累速率的高低，而不是积累持续期的长短。通过比较两品种蔗糖转化量、淀粉积累速率与蔗糖和淀粉代谢相关酶活性的变化趋势可以看出，蔗糖转化量与SSS和GBSS的变化趋势一致；淀粉积累速率与ADPGPPase活性和SS/SPS活性比率的变化趋势一致，而与SS 、SPS、SSS或GBSS活性的变化并不吻合，说明籽粒中淀粉积累速率及其组分积累量的高低与SS、SPS、SSS和GBSS单个酶活性的高低并不存在必然联系，而与ADPGPPase活性和籽粒中蔗糖合成与降解的平衡密切相关。     

Activities of the Enzymes Involved in Starch Synthesis and Starch Accumulation in the Grains of Wheat Cultivars, GC8901 and SN1391

Two wheat cultivars, GC8901 (hard winter wheat) and SN1391 (soft winter wheat), were used for investigating the changes of enzyme activities for sucrose metabolism and starch biosynthesis and the accumulation character of starch composition.The result showed that activities of sucrose (SS), sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS), adenosine diphosphorate glucose pyrophrylase (AGPase) and soluble starch syntheses (SSS) of 1391, which have more starch, were significant higher than those of 8901, that with low starch content. But the changing of granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) activity was consistent with the amylose content, which indicated that amylose contents in grain were determined by GBSS activity,especially the activity at later grain filling stages. Simulating with Richards equation showed that it was initiating time and accumulation rate, but not accumulation duration that determined the content of starch composition. Furthermore, changing of sucrose transport capacity was consistent with SSS and GBSS activities, starch accumulation rate was accordant to AGPase and SS/SPS ration, not SS, SPS, SSS or GBSS activities. The results suggested that there was no inevitable relation of starch accumulating rate and starch composition contents with the activity of single enzyme such as SS, SPS,SSS or GBSS, but closely related to AGPase activity and SS/SPS ratio, and it was SPS and AGPase that play a vital role in the biosynthetic pathway. Later polymerization reactions catalyzed by SSS and GBSS don't seem to control the rate of starch accumulation, but do affect starch structure.     

荷斯坦牛红细胞钾含量分布的研究

２３７头母牛和７头公牛的红细胞钾含量分析结果表明；荷斯坦牛红细胞钾含量主要受遗传控制，该牛群母牛红细胞钾量的遗传力为０．２２，公牛为０．１７。公母牛平均红细胞钾含是为１０６４和９４２ｍｇ／Ｌ，并呈正态分布，用其作耐热display statusdisplay status     

Genetic determination of phenotypic variation in sickle cell trait

Two genetic sources of variation influence the percentage of sickle cell hemoglobin found in heterozygotes. One factor is strongly related to the percentage of hemoglobin S in the carrier parent and appears to be determined by sickle hemoglobin isoalleles, whereas the other is related to racial background and may well be polygenic.     

对羟基苯甲酸对烟草根系生理特性与钾素吸收的影响

探明烟草对对羟基苯甲酸的敏感性,为选择适宜栽培烟草品种提供参考,以烟草K326和红花大金元(简称红大)为材料,采用单因素试验,研究水培条件下不同浓度(0 mg/L、5mg/L、15mg/L和45mg/L)酚类物质对羟基苯甲酸对烟草根系生长、生理及根系钾素吸收的影响。结果表明:对羟基苯甲酸可抑制烟草根系生长且降低其生理活性,抑制根系对钾素的吸收及其相关基因的表达,作用效果随对羟基苯甲酸浓度增大而增强;K326对对羟基苯甲酸的敏感性高于红大。其中,5mg/L、15mg/L和45mg/L对羟基苯甲酸能抑制K326和红大根系伸长;45mg/L处理能显著降低K326根系鲜重,对红大作用不显著;不同浓度对羟基苯甲酸对根系干重均无显著作用;45 mg/L处理能显著降低根系含水率;不同浓度处理均能降低K326根系的吸收面积、活跃吸收面积、根系活力和阳离子交换量,而45mg/L处理能显著降低红大根系的活跃吸收面积;45mg/L处理能显著降低K326和红大的钾含量和积累量,K326的降幅大于红大;不同处理均能降低钾转运体蛋白基因NtTPK1、HAK1及钾离子通道蛋白基因NtKC1、TORK1的相对表达量。     

Arabinosylcytosine induces fetal hemoglobin in baboons by perturbing erythroid cell differentiation kinetics

Arabinosylcytosine, a compound that inhibits DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing cells, stimulates fetal hemoglobin in adult baboons and produces significant perturbations in the pools of erythroid progenitors. It appears that changes in the kinetics of erythroid cell differentiation rather than direct action on the gamma genes underlie stimulation of fetal hemoglobin in the adult animals in vivo. These results also suggest that chemotherapeutic agents selected for their low carcinogenic or mutagenic potential could be used for therapeutic induction of fetal hemoglobin in patients with sickle cell anemia.     

Gelation of sickle cell hemoglobin: effects of hybrid tetramer formation in hemoglobin mixtures

The altered gelation behavior found in mixtures of sickle cell hemoglobin with other hemoglobins is due to the formation of hybrid hemoglobin tetramers from unlike dimers. The hemoglobins need not possess the deoxy quaternary structure for gelation to occur; liganded forms are also capable of participation in gelation.     

Delay time of hemoglobin S polymerization prevents most cells from sickling in vivo

A laser photolysis technique has been developed to assess the quantitative significance of the delay time of hemoglobin S gelation to the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease. Changes in the saturation of hemoglobin S with carbon monoxide produced by varying the intensity of a photolytic laser beam were used to simulate changes in the saturation of oxyhemoglobin S produced by variations in oxygen pressure. The presence of polymer at steady-state saturation with carbon monoxide was determined by measurement of the kinetics of gelation after complete photodissociation. The kinetics are a very sensitive probe for polymer since small amounts of polymerized hemoglobin increase the rate of nucleation sufficiently to eliminate the delay period. First, the equilibrium gelation properties of partially photodissociated carbonmonoxyhemoglobin S were shown to be the same as partially oxygenated hemoglobin S, and the method was then used to determine the effect of saturation on the formation and disappearance of polymers in individual sickle cells. The saturation at which polymers first formed upon deoxygenation was much lower than the saturation at which polymers disappeared upon reoxygenation. The results indicate that at venous saturations with oxygen, gelation takes place in most cells at equilibrium, but is prevented from occurring in vivo because the delay times are sufficiently long that most cells return to the lungs and are reoxygenated before polymerization has begun.     

Intestinal calcium transport: the role of sodium

The role of sodium in intestinal calcium transport was investigated in everted rat intestine. Ethacrynic acid, but not ouabain, inhibited calcium transport. However, ouabain did inhibit net water transport and, therefore, sodium transport, establishing the dissociation of the two transport processes. In addition to a magnesium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (activated by sodium and potassium), a phosphatase dependent on sodium and calcium was localized to the lateral and basal membrane fractions of the mucosal cell. Activity of the latter phosphatase, similar to calcium transport in intact tissue, was inhibited by ethacrynic acid and not by ouabain. Sodium, therefore, may participate in the calcium transport process by activating an enzyme complex, dependent on adenosine triphosphate, that mediates calcium transport.     

干旱条件下不同施钾水平对烟草水分关系的影响

研究干旱胁迫及不同钾水平下烟草植株不同器官及叶肉细胞不同部位中钾的分布 ,探讨干旱条件下钾水平对烟草水分关系的影响及干旱下水分变化对钾的分布影响。结果表明 :在土壤干旱条件下钾在叶脉和叶肉间 ,叶肉细胞内液泡、线粒体、叶绿体之间有明显的再分配过程 ;不同施钾水平在烟草植株内钾含量的差异导致了含水量的差异 ;土壤干旱条件下施钾量增加能够明显提高烟叶含钾量 ,而使含水量维持较高水平 ;施钾可以提高叶片保水力 ,增强气孔的调节能力 ,有效降低蒸腾速率     

Thermal Vent Clam (Calyptogena magnifica) Hemoglobin

A heterodont bivalve mollusk Calyptogena magnifica, from the East Pacific Rise and the Galápagos Rift hydrothermal vent areas, contains abundant hemoglobin in circulating erythrocytes. No other known heterodont clam contains a circulating intracellular hemoglobin. The hemoglobin is tetrameric and has a relatively high oxygen affinity, which varies only slightly between 2 degrees and 10 degrees C. The presence of hemoglobin in the clam may facilitate the transport of oxygen to be used in chemoautotrophic hydrogen sulfide metabolism.     

土壤水分对烤烟叶中钾含量的影响及调节措施的研究

采用定期、定量浇水的方式研究了土壤水分对烤烟叶中钾含量的效应。结果表明 ,烤烟生育前期土壤水分过多或过少均不利于烟株的生长发育并导致烟叶中钾含量降低。依据不同年分的降雨情况采取间隔 4～ 8d浇水一次或应用保水剂可明显提高烤烟叶中钾含量