过牧、深翻及封育三种方式对退化羊草草地的影响

在过牧、深翻和封育的条件下，调查了植物群落的生物多样性、植物群落的平均高度、盖度及各种植物的分布面积，结果表明，在封育的条件 下，植物物种多样性增加，植物的平均盖度、分布面积特别是多年生植物分布面积、平均单位面积上多年生植物地上生物量最高，与深翻和过牧相比，封育措施对退化草地的恢复更为有利。     

不同生态恢复措施对宁夏黄土丘陵区典型草原植物群落特征的影响

以宁夏黄土丘陵区典型草原为对象,研究了封育、水平沟和鱼鳞坑3种生态恢复措施实施0年(1年)、3年、6年、10年和15年的草地植物群落组成、多样性、稳定性等,并采用RDA排序结合Pearson相关分析探讨了植物群落特征与土壤理化因子间的关系。结果表明:3种措施的多年生草本物种数、物种及重要值比例、多样性均在10年时达到最高。随恢复年限延长,封育草地植被盖度、高度及地上生物量呈上升趋势(P 0.05),水平沟和鱼鳞坑盖度呈增加趋势(P 0.05)。相近恢复年限下,植被盖度、高度及地上生物量为封育最高,放牧地高度及生物量最低;丰富度、多样性和均匀度指数为封育草地较低。各措施下群落均处在不稳定的演替阶段,水平沟和鱼鳞坑间群落相似性较高,土壤含水率是影响研究区植物特征的主要因子。研究认为,封育有利于多年生草本物种数、植被盖度和地上生物量的增加,水平沟和鱼鳞坑措施增加了物种多样性,长期封育会使物种多样性降低。     

鱼鳞坑生态恢复措施对宁夏典型草原 植物群落特征的影响

研究植物群落特征对草原生态建设具有重要意义。在宁夏黄土高原丘陵区典型草原,以放牧草地(FM)为对照,研究了草地封育(FY)和鱼鳞坑整地1年(Y1)、3年(Y3)、6年(Y6)、10年(Y10)和15年(Y15)措施对植物群落特征的影响。结果表明,1)鱼鳞坑和封育措施下,植物物种数较放牧增加。其中鱼鳞坑使一年生植物、多年生杂类草及半灌木比例增加;封育使半灌木和多年生草本重要值增加;随鱼鳞坑恢复年限增加,优势物种呈根茎-疏丛-密丛型植物的变化趋势。2)草地植物盖度、高度和生物量呈现鱼鳞坑居中,封育草地最高,放牧草地最低;鱼鳞坑植被仍处于恢复演替阶段。3)鱼鳞坑物种多样性、均匀度、优势度和丰富度指数随恢复年限变化规律不明显,但其多样性显著(P0.05)高于放牧草地,与封育草地接近;各措施下植物群落均处于不稳定阶段。相对而言,放牧草地稳定性最大,鱼鳞坑15年稳定性最低。相对放牧草地,鱼鳞坑可改善植被,但弱于封育草地恢复效果,一定的放牧干扰有利于群落稳定性的增加。     

科尔沁沙地不同恢复年限退化植被的物种多样性

 研究了科尔沁沙地封育０年的流动沙丘、封育１１年的沙丘（流动、半流动和半固定沙丘）和封育２０年的沙丘（流动、半流动、半固定和固定沙丘）的群落组成及其物种多样性变化。结果表明,随着沙丘的固定和封育年限的增加,植被丰富度、盖度和物种多样性逐渐增加,优势度逐渐减小。沙地退化植被恢复演替模式为：先锋植物沙蓬为主的一年生植物群落（流动沙丘阶段）→灌木差巴嘎蒿和一、二年生草本植物为主的群落（半流动和半固定沙丘阶段）→一、二年生草本和多年生草本为主的杂草群落（固定沙丘阶段）。在沙地退化植被恢复过程中,群落物种组成结构存在递进性和渐变性;禾本科植物和多年生草本逐渐增加,植物群落结构趋于复杂、草本质量明显改善。     

围栏封育和放牧对盐池荒漠草原植物群落特征的影响

为揭示围栏封育和围栏放牧对荒漠草原植物群落的影响,寻找荒漠草原保护与利用相结合的出路,本试验在宁夏盐池县荒漠草原选取3对封育围栏与放牧围栏,对封育围栏和相邻放牧围栏的本底条件一致的灰钙土和风沙土样带采用样线法开展植物群落样方调查,运用多样性指数等对植物群落多样性特征进行分析。结果表明,在物种水平上,灰钙土上以多年生禾本科植物为主,风沙土上以一、二年生菊科为优势群落。封育围栏群落物种组成趋于稳定状态,而放牧围栏群落还处于不稳定的演替初期。围栏封育有利于提高荒漠草原植物群落的生物量、高度和盖度;灰钙土上植物的生长量显著高于风沙土。在植物物种相对较少的荒漠草原,封育禁牧能改变群落的物种结构,但不能显著增加多样性;有利于提高风沙土上的物种多样性。相对于围栏放牧,围栏封育更有利于维持该地区生态系统的稳定。     

云雾山本氏针茅草地群落恢复演替过程中的物种多样性变化动态

采用样方法对云雾山干草原区本氏针茅草地群落进行长期定位监测,对未封育样地和封育5,10,15,20和25年样地群落的平均高度、盖度、多度和地上生物量以及植物多样性进行实地调查分析,以研究围栏封育对草地植物群落特征动态变化的影响.结果表明,围封10年样地群落的高度、多度以及地上生物量最大,而群落的盖度则随封育年限的增加呈显著增加趋势,在封育25年达到最大;围栏封育的不同年限也显著影响了群落的物种多样性,在围封10年样地群落具有最高的多样性指数,围封15年样地具有最高的丰富度指数,而均匀度指数则是在未封育群落中表现为最高值,最低值是在物种丰富度最高时出现.由此可见,围栏封育在一定时间范围内可以显著改善群落的特征,增加群落的生产力,对于本研究地本氏针茅群落的最佳封育期限为10～15年,但围封时间过长在草地退化方面有一定程度的影响.     

围栏封育对黄河源区退化高寒草地植被组成及生物量的影响

在黄河源区-青海省果洛藏族自治州玛沁县选取4个不同退化程度的天然草地,以围栏内封育和围栏外自由放牧草地作比较,采用样方法调查草地围栏内外的群落结构特征和草地初级生产力生物量,并通过计算地上与地下生物量比值以及植物群落干鲜比来评价围栏封育的效果。结果表明:不同退化程度围栏内外的植被组成存在显著差异;随着退化程度的加剧,植物群落的盖度、高度以及多样性指数有下降趋势,且围栏内的盖度、高度及多样性指数均大于围栏外的;植物群落高度、盖度、地上生物量和生物量干鲜比随着退化程度加剧有减小的趋势。围栏封育有利于改善青藏高原退化高寒草地的植物群落结构,提高草地植物群落的盖度和生物量,促进其恢复演替。     

荒漠草原自然恢复中植物群落组成及物种多样性

摘要：通过调查封育3、4、5、6、7年及未封育荒漠草原群落的特征,研究了不同封育年限下草原植物群落组成及生物多样性的变化,以期探明封育对荒漠草原群落恢复的影响。结果表明,封育改变了草原植物群落组分,表现为随封育年限延长,多年生草本植物,特别是短花针茅(Stipa breviliora)等一些地带性物种比例增加;封育草原的Shannon Wiener指数、Pielou指数、Simpson指数均比未封育草地高,封育5年草原的多样性指数最大。     

黄土高原地区不同类型天然草地群落学特征

摘要：根据气候-植被特征,选取森林草原、典型草原和荒漠草原3种不同草地类型的封育和放牧草地进行群落特征研究,旨在分析黄土高原天然草地的群落分布规律。结果表明,荒漠草原的盖度、平均高度、个体数和物种数均显著低于其他两类草地（P≤0.05）,森林草原的样方内个体数和平均高度显著高于典型草原,而后者则在盖度和物种数上优于前者;群落生物量表现为典型草原＞森林草原＞荒漠草原,且各草地类型之间差异显著（P≤0.05）;荒漠草原的多样性明显低于其他两个草地类型,典型草原和森林草原的物种多样性表现相类似。通过利用方式间的比较发现,封育措施对荒漠草原的植物群落结构有一定的改善作用,对于典型草原和荒漠草原,封育措施增加了其盖度和平均高度,但未达到显著水平（P≤0.05）。     

短期围栏封育对草甸草原植物功能群数量特征的影响

为了研究围栏封育对草甸草原植物功能群的影响,试验采用样方法对呼伦贝尔草甸草原进行监测,测定了植物的高度、盖度、密度以及地上生物量等数据。结果表明:围栏封育使多年生禾本科牧草的高度、盖度、密度以及地上生物量显著提高(P0.05);围栏封育显著提高了灌木、半灌木和多年生杂类草的高度(P0.05);围栏封育显著降低了多年生杂类草密度(P0.05);围栏内优良禾本科优势地位明显。     

Comparisons of Angus, Charolais, Galloway, Hereford, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, Salers, and Shorthorn breeds for weight, weight adjusted for condition score, height, and condition score of cows

Breed differences for weight (CW), height (CH), and condition score (CS) were estimated from records (n = 12,188) of 2- to 6-yr-old cows (n = 744) from Cycle IV of the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center's Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) Program. Cows were produced from mating Angus and Hereford dams to Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Shorthorn, Galloway, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, and Salers sires. Samples of Angus and Hereford sires were 1) reference sires born from 1962 through 1970 and 2) 1980s sires born in 1980 through 1987. The mixed model included cow age, season of measurement and their interactions, year of birth, pregnancy-lactation code (PL), and breedgroup as fixed effects for CW and CS. Analyses of weight adjusted for condition score included CS as a linear covariate. The model for CH excluded PL. Random effects were additive genetic and permanent environmental effects associated with the cow. Differences among breed groups were significant (P < 0.05) for all traits and were maintained through maturity with few interchanges in ranking. The order of F1 cows for weight was as follows: Charolais (506 to 635 kg for different ages), Shorthorn and Salers, reciprocal Hereford-Angus (HA) with 1980s sires, Nellore, HA with reference sires, Galloway, Piedmontese, and Longhorn (412 to 525 kg for different ages). Order for height was as follows: Nellore (136 to 140 cm), Charolais, Shorthorn, Salers, HA with 1980s sires, Piedmontese, Longhorn, Galloway and HA with reference sires (126 to 128 cm). Hereford and Angus cows with reference sires were generally lighter than those with 1980s sires. In general, breed differences for height followed those for weight except that F1 Nellore cows were tallest, which may in part be due to Bos taurus-Bos indicus heterosis for size.     

Supplementation of broodmares with copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, iodine, and selenium

In experiment 1, 6 pregnant mares received a concentrate that contained a trace mineral premix that provided 14.3 mg Cu, 40 mg Zn, 28 mg Fe, 28 mg Mn, 0.08 mg Co, 0.16 mg I, and 0.16 mg Se/kg concentrate (group A). Seven mares received the same concentrate plus 502 mg Zn and 127 mg Cu once daily (group B). No differences (P > .05) in foal growth data, or Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum were observed. In experiment 2, 6 pregnant mares received the same concentrate as group A (group C), and 8 mares received the same concentrate fortified with 4× the trace mineral premix (group D). Group C mares had higher serum Zn concentration at 1 day (P < 0.01) and 56 days (P < 0.04). Group C mares had higher milk Fe concentration at 28 days (P < .01), and group D mares had higher milk Cu concentration at 56 days (P < .01). Group C foals had higher serum Cu concentration at 14 days (P < .03). The results from this study provide no evidence to indicate that supplementing late gestating and lactating mares with higher dietary trace mineral levels than those recommended currently by NRC has any influence on foal growth and development, or on the Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of the mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum.     

Concentrations of strontium,barium, cadmium,copper, zinc,manganese, chromium,antimony, selenium,and lead in the liver and kidneys of dogs according to age,gender, and the occurrence of chronic kidney disease

This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), and lead (Pb) in canine liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla, and the association of these concentrations with age, gender, and occurrence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Tissues from 50 dogs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cu, Zn, and Mn levels were highest in the liver followed by the renal cortex and renal medulla. The highest Sr, Cd, and Se concentrations were measured in the renal cortex while lower levels were found in the renal medulla and liver. Female dogs had higher tissue concentrations of Sr (liver and renal medulla), Cd (liver), Zn (liver and renal cortex), Cr (liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla), and Pb (liver) than male animals. Except for Mn and Sb, age-dependent variations were observed for all element concentrations in the canine tissues. Hepatic Cd and Cr concentrations were higher in dogs with CKD. In conclusion, the present results provide new knowledge about the storage of specific elements in canine liver and kidneys, and can be considered important reference data for diagnostic methods and further investigations.     

电感耦合等离子-质谱法测定饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅

应用电感耦合等离子-质谱技术(ICP-MS),建立饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅等元素的测定方法。对饲料样品的前处理方法、仪器工作参数和11种元素标准曲线进行优化;并以加标回收、分析方法比对和重复测试说明方法的准确性和精密性。方法在0～1 000 ng/ml范围内线性良好,仪器检出限为0.557 7～5.072 ng/ml,具有良好的精密度,其回收率在88.1%～104.4%之间,相对标准偏差小于5.0%。同时与原子吸收和原子荧光方法进行比对,测定结果相近。所建立的方法简单、快速,可替代原子吸收和原子荧光方法测定饲料中的11种金属元素,为饲料的质量控制提供理想的元素分析方法。     

Granulocyte isolation from whole blood of goat, sheep, cattle, horse, dog, pig, and man

A simple two step procedure for the isolation of caprine, ovine, bovine, equine, canine, porcine and human peripheral blood granulocytes is described. After enrichment of granulocytes by centrifugation, contaminating erythrocytes are lysed hypotonically. Recovery, purity, and viability of the granulocyte suspensions are determined. FACScan analysis of the cell suspensions measuring cellular size by forward and sideward light scatter is compared with the corresponding analysis of whole blood leukocytes. Constituencies of the isolated cell suspensions and loss of granulocyte subpopulations through isolation procedure is discussed with regard to granulocyte function assays.     

Department of Clinical Veterinary Practices, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4

Circular excised skin wounds in the thoracic and metatarsal regions of the dog were studied. A similar sequence of events took place in the two regions although differences did occur due to the different reactions of the tissues which surrounded the wounds. None of the wound cavities became filled with exudate during the early stages of healing. In the thoracic wounds the cavities were largely filled by the swelling and inward movement of adipose tissue. Epithelium first grew on the wound surface in the sector of the wound that was situated in the direction of hair flow. The average time to complete epithelization was similar in both sets of wounds. A zone of alopecia developed around the wounds.