Genome-wide RNAi analysis of growth and viability in Drosophila cells

A crucial aim upon completion of whole genome sequences is the functional analysis of all predicted genes. We have applied a high-throughput RNA-interference (RNAi) screen of 19,470 double-stranded (ds) RNAs in cultured cells to characterize the function of nearly all (91%) predicted Drosophila genes in cell growth and viability. We found 438 dsRNAs that identified essential genes, among which 80% lacked mutant alleles. A quantitative assay of cell number was applied to identify genes of known and uncharacterized functions. In particular, we demonstrate a role for the homolog of a mammalian acute myeloid leukemia gene (AML1) in cell survival. Such a systematic screen for cell phenotypes, such as cell viability, can thus be effective in characterizing functionally related genes on a genome-wide scale.     

R2D2, a bridge between the initiation and effector steps of the Drosophila RNAi pathway

The RNA interference (RNAi) pathway is initiated by processing long double-stranded RNA into small interfering RNA (siRNA). The siRNA-generating enzyme was purified from Drosophila S2cells and consists of two stoichiometric subunits: Dicer-2(DCR-2) and a previously unknown protein that we named R2D2. R2D2 is homologous to the Caenorhabditis elegans RNAi protein RDE-4. Association with R2D2 does not affect the enzymatic activity of DCR-2. Rather, the DCR-2/R2D2 complex, but not DCR-2 alone, binds to siRNA and enhances sequence-specific messenger RNA degradation mediated by the RNA-initiated silencing complex (RISC). These results indicate that R2D2 bridges the initiation and effector steps of the Drosophila RNAi pathway by facilitating siRNA passage from Dicer to RISC.     

Profiling essential genes in human mammary cells by multiplex RNAi screening

By virtue of their accumulated genetic alterations, tumor cells may acquire vulnerabilities that create opportunities for therapeutic intervention. We have devised a massively parallel strategy for screening short hairpin RNA (shRNA) collections for stable loss-of-function phenotypes. We assayed from 6000 to 20,000 shRNAs simultaneously to identify genes important for the proliferation and survival of five cell lines derived from human mammary tissue. Lethal shRNAs common to these cell lines targeted many known cell-cycle regulatory networks. Cell line-specific sensitivities to suppression of protein complexes and biological pathways also emerged, and these could be validated by RNA interference (RNAi) and pharmacologically. These studies establish a practical platform for genome-scale screening of complex phenotypes in mammalian cells and demonstrate that RNAi can be used to expose genotype-specific sensitivities.     

雄性育性基因RNA干扰载体的构建与鉴定(英文)

cDNA fragment of fertility gene MS2 from cotton was cloned by RT-PCR approach, it was highly homologous with relevant genes of Brassica napus and Arabidopsis thaliana. According to the principles of constructing RNAi vector, sense and antisense fragments of MS2 gene carrying restriction endonuclease recognition sites were amplified via PCR technique, ligated with the first intron of upland cotton chinase gene, then inserted into artificially modified plant expression vector pBI121, yielding RNAi vector pBGP12MSIn. The results showed that RNAi vector pBGP12MSIn harboring MS2 gene driven by anther specific promoter BGP was successfully constructed. Our results laid a foundation for studying the function of this gene and genetic transformation of plant male sterile lines.     

雄性育性基因RNA干扰载体的构建与鉴定

1材料与方法1．1材料酶和试剂：各种限制性内切酶购自Roche公司,T4DNA连接酶购自上海生工公司,Taq聚合酶、dNTP、凝胶回收试剂盒均购自Promega公司,引物由上海生工公司合成,其他试剂均为进口或国产分析纯。植物材料和质粒：棉花洞A雄性可育株由西南大学棉花教研室提供,表达载体P^BП21质粒和大肠杆菌菌株XL1-Blue由西南大学生物技术中心实验室保存。pUCm-T克隆载体购自上海生工公司。     

Potassium currents in Drosophila: different components affected by mutations of two genes

Electrophysiological analysis of the Drosophila behavioral mutants Eag and Sh and the double mutant Eag Sh indicates that the products of both genes take part in the control of potassium currents in the membranes of both nerve and muscle. In voltage-clamped larval muscle fibers, Sh affects the transient A current, whereas Eag reduces the delayed rectification and, to a lesser extent, the A current.     

The mevalonate pathway controls heart formation in Drosophila by isoprenylation of Ggamma1

The early morphogenetic mechanisms involved in heart formation are evolutionarily conserved. A screen for genes that control Drosophila heart development revealed a cardiac defect in which pericardial and cardial cells dissociate, which causes loss of cardiac function and embryonic lethality. This phenotype resulted from mutations in the genes encoding HMG-CoA reductase, downstream enzymes in the mevalonate pathway, and G protein Ggamma1, which is geranylgeranylated, thus representing an end point of isoprenoid biosynthesis. Our findings reveal a cardial cell-autonomous requirement of Ggamma1 geranylgeranylation for heart formation and suggest the involvement of the mevalonate pathway in congenital heart disease.     

Dual activation of the Drosophila toll pathway by two pattern recognition receptors

The Toll-dependent defense against Gram-positive bacterial infections in Drosophila is mediated through the peptidoglycan recognition protein SA (PGRP-SA). A mutation termed osiris disrupts the Gram-negative binding protein 1 (GNBP1) gene and leads to compromised survival of mutant flies after Gram-positive infections, but not after fungal or Gram-negative bacterial challenge. Our results demonstrate that GNBP1 and PGRP-SA can jointly activate the Toll pathway. The potential for a combination of distinct proteins to mediate detection of infectious nonself in the fly will refine the concept of pattern recognition in insects.     

Heterochromatic silencing and HP1 localization in Drosophila are dependent on the RNAi machinery

Genes normally resident in euchromatic domains are silenced when packaged into heterochromatin, as exemplified in Drosophila melanogaster by position effect variegation (PEV). Loss-of-function mutations resulting in suppression of PEV have identified critical components of heterochromatin, including proteins HP1, HP2, and histone H3 lysine 9 methyltransferase. Here, we demonstrate that this silencing is dependent on the RNA interference machinery, using tandem mini-white arrays and white transgenes in heterochromatin to show loss of silencing as a result of mutations in piwi, aubergine, or spindle-E (homeless), which encode RNAi components. These mutations result in reduction of H3 Lys9 methylation and delocalization of HP1 and HP2, most dramatically in spindle-E mutants.     

Activation of 2-aminofluorene by cultured plant cells

Cultured tobacco plant cells activated 2-aminofluorene to an agent mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98. The plant activation of 2-aminofluorene is heat-inactivated and may not involve solely cytochrome P-450. The kinetics of activation demonstrated both time- and concentration-dependent responses.     

人工养殖硬头鳟鱼卵的营养成分分析

[目的]分析硬头鳟鱼卵营养成分,为综合开发硬头鳟鱼卵产品提供理论依据.[方法]以山泉水人工养殖的硬头鳟成熟卵为研究对象,对其常规营养组成、氨基酸及脂肪酸成分、矿物质及维生素含量进行测定,并对其营养品质进行评价.[结果]硬头鳟鱼卵中粗蛋白含量为25.4%,粗脂肪含量为3.6%;包含人体必需氨基酸8种、非必需氨基酸10种,氨基酸总量为24.32%,必需氨基酸含量为10.79%,占氨基酸总量的44.37%,必需氨基酸总量与非必需氨基酸总量比值(移EAA/移NEAA)为79.75%;谷氨酸含量(3.00%)最高,必需氨基酸中除色氨酸外,其余氨基酸评分均高于联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)标准,第一限制性氨基酸为色氨酸.硬头鳟鱼卵中共检测到饱和脂肪酸3种,不饱和脂肪酸13种,不饱和脂肪酸含量占脂肪酸总量的84.40%;含有多种人体所需的常量矿质元素(Na、K、Mg、P和Ca)、微量矿质元素(Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn和Se)和维生素(VE、VA、VB1和VB2).[结论]硬头鳟鱼卵具有高蛋白、低脂肪的特点,营养全面且品质优良,可作为保健食品进行开发利用.     

Conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine by cultured human cells

Human liver and kidney cells convert 6 to 10 percent of added thyroxine to triiodothyronine in vitro at 37 degrees C. This extent of conversion is ten times greater than that in control studies with killed cells. Conversion is evident within 10 minutes and appears to be maximal within 1 hour. Greater net triiodothyronine formation results if greater amounts of exogenous thyroxine are added to the system, with no plateau evident even at very high thyroxine concentrations. The addition of high concentrations of nonradioactive triiodothyronine resulted in no evident inhibition of the conversion.     

果蝇Cullin 5基因dsRNA设计及RNAi效率检测

Cullin 5作为Cullin蛋白家族的一员对调控细胞内蛋白降解有着重要意义。为便于深入研究果蝇中Cullin 5基因的功能,对Cullin 5基因的5’UTR区域进行ds RNA设计,并通过PCR和体外转录获得相应的ds RNA。利用RNA干扰以及Realtime PCR检测得到该ds RNA的RNAi效率。结果表明设计及合成的Cullin 5基因的ds RNA可显著降低Cullin 5的转录水平(P0.01),与对照组相比较,其m RNA水平下降至27%,表明该ds RNA具有RNA干扰效果。该实验将为今后研究果蝇Cullin 5基因的功能提供一定的技术支持。     

重组RNA干扰表达载体的构建与鉴定

干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)是指在进化过程中高度保守的、由双链RNA诱发的、同源mRNA高效特异性降解的现象。本研究以稻纵卷叶螟可溶型海藻糖酶基因(Cm Tre1)为靶标,设计RNAi靶位点并将其命名为Cm Tre1*,在其两端分别添加Bam H I与Spe I酶切位点并进行人工合成,然后经双酶切后与p1301植物表达载体连接,构建重组表达载体p1301-Cm Tre1*。PCR、双酶切和测序鉴定结果证明重组表达载体p1301-Cm Tre1*构建成功,并将其成功转入农杆菌LBA4404,构建基因工程菌。用含有p1301-Cm Tre1*质粒的农杆菌LBA4404浸染中花11号水稻的愈伤组织,经过愈伤组织的抗性筛选、分化和植株再生,获得26株阳性转基因植株。用取食非转基因水稻的稻纵卷叶螟作为对照,用实时荧光定量PCR方法分株测定取食转基因水稻稻纵卷叶螟体内Cm Tre1基因的mRNA表达水平,并检测其体内海藻糖酶活性变化。结果显示,相较于对照组,取食转基因水稻稻纵卷叶螟体内Cm Tre1基因表达量下降了44.79%,海藻糖酶活力平均下降了14.94%。研究结果表明转基因水稻的RNA干扰效应相当明显,能对取食其叶片的稻纵卷叶螟Cm Tre1基因起到明显的沉默作用。     

莱茵衣藻MAPK4基因RNAi载体的构建及鉴定

[目的]构建莱茵衣藻2A38的MAPK4基因的RNAi载体。[方法]提取莱茵衣藻细胞总RNA,利用PCR扩增出编码MAPK4的基因片段,用基因工程技术将MAPK4基因片段连接载体p MD18-T上,经过2次不同的双酶切后,与RNAi中间载体p T282连接,最后连接到干涉载体p Maa7IR/XIR上,用酶切及测序鉴定MAPK4基因RNAi载体并转化莱茵衣藻。[结果]经限制性内切酶酶切及测序鉴定,证实为重组质粒,并且该重组载体可在莱茵衣藻中表达。[结论]构建的MAPK4基因RNAi载体结构正确,为进一步利用RNAi技术使MAPK4基因沉默表达,研究MAPK4在莱茵衣藻中的生物学功能奠定了试验基础。     

松材线虫抗逆态基因Bx-DAF6鉴定及基因沉默

为探究松材线虫抗逆态幼虫形成的分子机理,本文对抗逆态基因daf-6进行了鉴定和基因沉默研究。应用BLAST比对技术,在松材线虫基因组数据中鉴定得到秀丽线虫daf-6的同源基因,命名为Bx-DAF6。应用PCR技术进行Bx-DAF6完整蛋白编码区(CDS)扩增。采用RNAi技术进行Bx-DAF6沉默,分析该基因的沉默对松材线虫抗逆态幼虫形成的影响。PCR扩增得到CDS区全长2 700 bp,Bx-DAF6编码的蛋白质具有固醇传感结构域。Bx-DAF6沉默抑制了2龄幼虫转变为抗逆态幼虫,表明Bx-DAF6在2龄幼虫转变为抗逆态幼虫生理过程中起正向调控作用。      

Adenyl cyclase of cultured mammalian cells: activation by catecholamines

Chang's liver cells and 3T6 mouse embryo fibroblasts contain high amounts of catecholamine-sensitive adenyl cyclase, whereas HeLa cells contain relatively low amounts of activity. Both epinephrine and fluoride ion stimulate activity of each cell line. In contrast to normal liver, Chang's liver cells show greater response to epinephrine and no detectable stimulation by glucagon.     

Identification and characterization of a neuron-specific nuclear antigen in Drosophila

An antigen found only in neuronal nuclei of Drosophila melanogaster is revealed by staining with a monoclonal antibody (Mab44C11). This antigen appears early in development, before neurons show any other signs of antigenic or morphologic differentiation, and persists throughout development. This nuclear staining permits reliable detection of neurons in developmental studies of wild-type and mutant flies. Protein immunoblot analyses and immune precipitation experiments show that the neuronal nuclear antigen is a 50-kilodalton polypeptide.