CRISPR-Cas 基因组改造技术研究进展

CRISPRs-Cas 系统是一种细菌获得性免疫系统,为一段规律成簇间隔短回文重复,保护细菌和古生菌 免遭病毒、质粒等的入侵。这种免疫系统是由一种小RNA 和多结构域蛋白质/蛋白复合物构成, 其作用机理可能与真 核生物的RNA 干扰过程类似。这个系统已发展为一种高效、特异、操作简单易行的基因修饰工具,与TALEN、ZFN 相 比,CRISPR-Cas 系统的出现使得基因编辑变得更加有效和简易,具有更大的潜力。CRISPR/Cas 系统已成功应用到细 胞、干细胞、小鼠、斑马鱼及植物等多种生物,显示了其强大的基因编辑优点。综述了CRISPR-Cas 系统的技术原理及 其在生物学研究中的应用最新研究进展并探讨了该技术的发展前景。     

CRISPR/Cas系统对金黄色葡萄球菌耐药及毒力基因的影响

【目的】了解金黄色葡萄球菌(以下简称“金葡菌”) Staphylococcus aureus中成簇的规律间隔短回文重复序列(Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats,CRISPR)的分布情况,分析其对抗生素耐药基因和毒力基因水平转移的影响。【方法】从公共数据库获取组装完整的金葡菌基因组575个,利用生物信息学方法,统计CRISPR结构的携带情况,菌株多位点序列分型(Multi-locus sequence typing,MLST)型别分布和菌株耐药基因、毒力基因的分布情况;对CRISPR结构阳性(CRISPR+)和CRISPR结构阴性(CRISPR-)的金葡菌耐药基因和毒力基因携带数目进行差异显著性分析。同时对实验室60株金葡菌二代测序数据进行分析,验证公共数据库分析结果。对实验室60株金葡菌中原噬菌体、接合质粒的携带情况进行统计,讨论CRISPR结构对菌株原噬菌体和接合质粒的影响。【结果】基因组组装完整的575株金葡菌中,有62株携带CRISPR结构(CRISPR+),513株不携带CRISPR结构(CRISP...     

Emergent properties of reduced-genome Escherichia coli

With the use of synthetic biology, we reduced the Escherichia coli K-12 genome by making planned, precise deletions. The multiple-deletion series (MDS) strains, with genome reductions up to 15%, were designed by identifying nonessential genes and sequences for elimination, including recombinogenic or mobile DNA and cryptic virulence genes, while preserving good growth profiles and protein production. Genome reduction also led to unanticipated beneficial properties: high electroporation efficiency and accurate propagation of recombinant genes and plasmids that were unstable in other strains. Eradication of stress-induced transposition evidently stabilized the MDS genomes and provided some of the new properties.     

Selfish DNA in protein-coding genes of Rickettsia

Rickettsia conorii, the aetiological agent of Mediterranean spotted fever, is an intracellular bacterium transmitted by ticks. Preliminary analyses of the nearly complete genome sequence of R. conorii have revealed 44 occurrences of a previously undescribed palindromic repeat (150 base pairs long) throughout the genome. Unexpectedly, this repeat was found inserted in-frame within 19 different R. conorii open reading frames likely to encode functional proteins. We found the same repeat in proteins of other Rickettsia species. The finding of a mobile element inserted in many unrelated genes suggests the potential role of selfish DNA in the creation of new protein sequences.     

一株分离自鸡肉样品的多重耐药大肠埃希菌的全基因组测序及耐药性研究

以分离自宁波市市售鸡肉中的一株大肠埃希菌ECCNB12-2为研究对象,使用微量肉汤稀释法进行最小抑菌浓度(MIC)测定,结果显示,该菌株对氨苄西林、庆大霉素、大观霉素、四环素、氟苯尼考、磺胺异恶唑、复方新诺明、头孢噻夫、恩诺沙星、氧氟沙星等10种抗生素耐药。采用第三代高通量测序技术对该菌株进行全基因组测序,随后对基因组完成图进行获得性耐药基因、毒力因子、质粒水平转移元件预测。菌株ECCNB12-2染色体基因组大小为5 539 489 bp,GC含量为50.37%,同时携带有4个质粒,大小分别为147 451 bp(pTB-nb1)、139 752 bp(pTB-nb2)、82 252 bp(pTB-nb3)、253 793 bp(pTB-nb4)。获得性耐药基因预测结果显示,染色体基因组、质粒pTB-nb1及质粒pTB-nb4上共携带有40个获得性耐药基因,同时菌株基因组检测出12个毒力因子。质粒水平转移元件预测结果显示,pTB-nb4质粒包含完整的水平转移系统,理论上具有高度的自主接合转移潜力。以上研究表明,分离自市售鸡肉样品的ECCNB12-2菌株是一株高风险的多重耐药菌株,反映了市售鸡肉中细菌耐药状况的严重性,相关研究结果为食源性细菌耐药安全风险评估提供了参考。     

Genetics. Transposons help sculpt a dynamic genome

New research is showing that the mobile genetic elements called transposons cause more extensive restructuring of the genome than previously thought. Researchers have known for about 20 years that transposons can expand the genome, resulting in the repetitive DNA sequences sometimes called "junk," but the new work indicates that transposons can also contribute to substantial DNA losses. What's more, these changes can be rapid--at least on an evolutionary scale--and may help organisms adapt to their environments.     

葡萄无核基因的SCAR标记及Southern blot分析

根据无核基因特异RAPD标记的序列进行分析,合成1对特异引物P1+P3(序列分别是P1:5′CTCATCTTCTTGATGGTGAT3′;P3:5′AAGTGAAGAACATCATTAAGAAC3′),对30个葡萄材料进行PCR扩增,成功地将RAPD标记转换成SCAR标记。并对含有该标记序列的重组质粒进行Hind 和Spe 双酶切,获得的310bp片段回收后制成探测葡萄无核基因存在与否的杂交探针,成功地对7个葡萄品种进行Southernblot分析,实现了分子标记检测葡萄无核基因的目的。     

鸡肠道大肠杆菌多抗菌株C20耐药性基因的预测和分析

为揭示动物源大肠杆菌耐药性机制,追踪潜在的抗性基因传播机制及其来源,在先前公布的分离自鸡肠道的多抗耐药性菌株大肠杆菌Escherichia coli C20基因组基础上,对E.coli C20抗生素抗性基因种类、数量、来源及其耐药性机制进行分析。通过与已知的抗生素抗性基因数据库进行对比和注释,一共预测和注释了80个潜在的耐药性基因,包括与先前筛选的7种抗生素抗性对应的抗性基因。其中,喹诺酮类抗生素抗性基因位于C20基因组上,四环素、磺胺类、氯霉素、氨基糖苷类以及大环内酯类抗生素的抗性基因则位于C20环状质粒分子上。基因组聚类分析表明,菌株C20与大肠杆菌K-12菌株DH1、BW2952和MG1655亲缘关系较近,序列相似性97%~99%。3株K-12菌株基因组中没有发现与C20质粒类似的序列,表明C20菌株的抗性基因主要是通过质粒介导的水平基因转移方式从其他环境微生物中获得。     

香蕉条斑病毒ORF Ⅰ、ORF Ⅱ酵母双杂交系统诱饵质粒的构建及鉴定

以连接在pMD-18T载体上的香蕉条斑病毒（BSV）全基因组为模板,PCR扩增得到了带有Gateway R重组反应接头序列的香蕉条斑病毒ORFⅠ及ORFⅡ基因片段,经过BP、LR重组后,构建成带有目的片段的酵母双杂诱饵质粒pDEST32-O1及pDEST32-O2。将质粒转化E.coli DH5α感受态细胞,筛选序列和编码框均正确的重组质粒。将以上2种正确的重组质粒分别与用于构建诱饵质粒的pDEST22空质粒共转化酵母MaV203感受态细胞,利用营养缺陷培养基（SC-Leu-Trp）筛选转化子,并对转化子进行毒性鉴定、自激活鉴定以及3-AT抑制浓度鉴定。结果显示,2种转化子均生长正常,说明所构建的2个重组质粒表达蛋白对酵母无毒性作用,其在特异营养缺陷培养基（SC-Leu-Trp-Ura）中无法生长,不能产生自激活现象,3-AT抑制浓度分别为50、75 mmol/L。以上结果说明所构建的2种诱饵质粒均可用于后续酵母双杂工作,为BSV与宿主的蛋白互作奠定了基础。     

Mobile elements: drivers of genome evolution

Mobile elements within genomes have driven genome evolution in diverse ways. Particularly in plants and mammals, retrotransposons have accumulated to constitute a large fraction of the genome and have shaped both genes and the entire genome. Although the host can often control their numbers, massive expansions of retrotransposons have been tolerated during evolution. Now mobile elements are becoming useful tools for learning more about genome evolution and gene function.     

植物细胞质雄性不育与线粒体基因组的分子生物学研究进展

本文综述了植物细胞质雄性不育和线粒体基因组基因及其表达产物的分子生物学研究进展。对细胞质雄性不育遗传因子的细胞器定位、线粒体基因组嵌合基因及其表达产物与细胞质雄性不育的产生的关系、育性恢复基因对线粒体嵌合基因表达的影响、线粒体质粒和RNA 编辑对细胞质雄性不育的影响等细胞质雄性不育的分子生物学研究进展进行了讨论。     

Complete genome sequence of Bacillus thuringiensis Bt185, a potential soil insect biocontrol agent

Bacillus thuringiensis Bt185 and its insecticidal spectrum-expanded engineering strains are considered as potential biocontrol agents to soil insect Holotrichia parallela,Holotrichia oblita or Anomala corpulenta.Here we reported the complete genome of strain Bt185,it harbors eight plasmids,and plasmid p BT1850294 carries three cry8 genes.     

Construction of a Fosmid genomic library of Streptomyces roseoflavus Men-myco-93-63

To clone the antibiotic biosynthesis gene cluster of Streptomyces roseoflavus Men-myco-93-63, we constructed a Fosmid genomic library. The genomic DNA of the strain Men-myco-93-63 was isolated by the modified CTAB procedure, and the size of most genomic DNA fragments was larger than 150 kb. Then, a Fosmid genomic library containing more than 6000 clones was constructed. The average size of the inserted DNA in recombinant plasmids was 38.1 kb, and the probability of harboring any gene in the genome of the strain Men-myco-93-63 was 99.99%. The library coverage was at least a 10-fold genome equivalent. Therefore, the constructed Fosmid library meets the requirements as a standard genomic library     

Characterization of NDM-1-producing carbapenemase in Acinetobacter spp. and E. coli isolates from diseased pigs

In recent years, the mobile metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) genes have been found to correspond to one of the most important resistance characters identified in Gram-negative bacteria, severely affecting clinical chemotherapy and threatening public health. The prevalence of mobile MBL genes and their flanking regions in Gram-negative bacteria from diseased pigs in China was investigated. A total of 334 lung samples from diseased pigs were screened for Gram-negative bacteria classified as non-susceptible to meropenem (MIC≥4 mg·L⁻¹). Six isolates, including three Escherichia coli, two Acinetobacter baumanii and one A. calcoaeticus, exhibited MBL production and carried the bla_NDM-1 gene. S1-PFGE and Southern blot analysis showed that the bla_NDM-1 gene was located on the chromosome of one A. baumanii isolate and on plasmids of various sizes in the other five isolates. MIC testing using broth microdilution revealed that all bla_NDM-1-carrying isolates and some of their transconjugants exhibited resistance to almost all β-lactams tested. Whole genome sequencing revealed that the flanking region of the bla_NDM-1 gene from all porcine isolates had high levels of similarity with the corresponding regions in human isolates. One porcine E. coli isolate carrying bla_NDM-1 was typed as ST48, a common sequence type in human E. coli isolates. These results suggest the possibility of human-to-food animal transfer of bla_NDM-1-producing E. coli, highlighting the need for surveillance of carbapenemase producers among bacteria from food animals. In addition, the prudent use of antimicrobial agents to decrease the opportunities for co-selection of carbapenemase genes in food animals is also urgently needed.     

VP3基因突变鸡传染性贫血病毒的构建

以含CAV标准毒CuX-1株VP3突变体的pTCAVM阳性质粒为基础,通过重叠PCR在基因组位点nt682、nt808、nt829处进行定点突变,构建pTCAVM1、pTCAVM2、pTCAVM3突变体;在此基础上,对上述3个位点进行组合定点突变,构建成功pTCAVMa、pTCAVMb、pTCAVMc突变体;此外,成功构建克隆出3个位点均发生突变的pTCAVMd突变体。所有的突变体都保证VP3定点突变位点的碱基变化,同时不引起VP2蛋白的氨基酸残基序列发生变化,保证了突变体和原始病毒抗原性的一致;将得到的突变体转染易感细胞MSB1,获得具有复制特性的病毒,将病毒接种1日龄的SPF雏鸡,发现病毒可以在鸡体内复制,并引起CAV感染的病理学变化。本研究成功获得了多株感染性克隆毒株,为研究CAV病毒致病性以及开发鸡贫血弱毒活疫苗奠定了坚实的基础。     

Positive supercoiling of mitotic DNA drives decatenation by topoisomerase II in eukaryotes

DNA topoisomerase II completely removes DNA intertwining, or catenation, between sister chromatids before they are segregated during cell division. How this occurs throughout the genome is poorly understood. We demonstrate that in yeast, centromeric plasmids undergo a dramatic change in their topology as the cells pass through mitosis. This change is characterized by positive supercoiling of the DNA and requires mitotic spindles and the condensin factor Smc2. When mitotic positive supercoiling occurs on decatenated DNA, it is rapidly relaxed by topoisomerase II. However, when positive supercoiling takes place in catenated plasmid, topoisomerase II activity is directed toward decatenation of the molecules before relaxation. Thus, a topological change on DNA drives topoisomerase II to decatenate molecules during mitosis, potentially driving the full decatenation of the genome.     

禽源奇异变形杆菌质粒介导AmpC酶基因型检测与质粒分析

【目的】研究禽源奇异变形杆菌携带ampC基因的分型和bla_CMY-2阳性接合质粒pC12的序列结构,为防控多重耐药禽源奇异变形杆菌的传播提供理论基础。【方法】利用头孢西丁三维试验和PCR方法对21株奇异变形杆菌进行AmpC酶的检测和基因分型研究;对bla_CMY-2阳性菌株进行脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）分型和接合试验;利用高通量测序技术获得pC12的核苷酸序列并进行比较分析。【结果】头孢西丁三维试验表明21株禽源奇异变形杆菌中有6株产AmpC酶。6株产AmpC酶奇异变形杆菌对氨苄西林、头孢西丁、多西环素、氟苯尼考、粘菌素全部耐药,而对头孢他啶、阿米卡星全部敏感。耐药基因PCR扩增和测序结果表明,6株菌均携带bla_CMY-2,检出率为28.6%。接合试验表明,1株奇异变形杆菌C12接合成功并获得接合子,其余5株接合不成功。PFGE分型结果表明,酶切图谱分为3个型别,bla_CMY-2在禽源变形杆菌中存在垂直和水平传播。测序结果表明菌株C12含有一个1b型IncC质粒,其全长161 319 bp,GC含量为52.45%,预测有161个开放阅读框,提交NCBI并获得序列号MT320534。该质粒包含3个耐药区：第一个抗生素耐药区（antibiotic resistance islands,ARI-B）携带floR、tet(A)、strA、strB和sul2;第二个耐药区是一个典型的ISEcp1-bla_CMY-2-blc-sugE结构,其中的ISEcp1被一个插入的IS10R截断;第三个耐药区（ARI-A）是一个杂合的Tn1696tnp-pDUmer转座子,包含一个1类整合子基因盒（aac(6')-Ib-cr|arr3|dfrA27|aadA16）和汞抗性基因簇merEDBAPTR,其插入到质粒骨架产生两个重复序列TTGTA,该耐药区也是1型IncC耐药区变化最大的区域。【结论】6株产AmpC酶禽源奇异变形杆菌均携带bla_CMY-2,其酶切图谱分为3个PFGE型别,其中一株菌携带了一个流行的bla_CMY-2阳性1型IncC可接合质粒。广宿主的IncC质粒是bla_CMY-2、tet(A)、floR等多个耐药基因及整合子的重要载体之一,该质粒在动物源奇异变形杆菌的传播扩散进一步增加了治疗该菌感染的难度,应引起足够的重视。     

HVA1基因转化番茄及转基因番茄耐盐性的初步鉴定

本研究将含有HVA1基因的质粒pBY520与pCAMBIA2200构建成双元载体pH22,又在pBY520上加上MAR元件RB7后,再与pCAMBIA2200构建成双元载体pHR22。并将上述两个载体通过农杆菌介导转入番茄,获得24株转化植株,并经过PCR-Southern检测证明其中11株为转基因阳性,且均表现出一定的耐盐性,表明HVA1基因已被转入这些植株中。     

猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型新疆分离株全基因组及ORF2基因的克隆与测序

根据GenBank中已发表的猪Ⅱ型圆环病毒(PCV2)全基因组序列,设计合成了2对特异性引物。将PCV2新疆分离株(PCV2-XJ)用PK15细胞培养数代,从细胞培养物中提取病毒总DNA,并取其作为模板,PCR扩增出病毒全基因和结构基因(ORF2)。将PCR回收产物克隆到pMD18-T载体,成功构建了重组质粒pMD18-TPCV2和pMD18-T-ORF2,并对筛选出的阳性质粒进行测序。应用序列分析软件对测序结果分析可知,克隆得到的PCV2-XJ基因组全长1 768 bp。通过序列分析结果显示,PCV2-XJ与国内外PCV1、PCV2参考毒株的核苷酸同源性分别为99.5%～99.7%和68.7%;与HuB08(FJ041151)参考株核苷酸同源性最高(99.7%)。PCV2-XJ株ORF2基因与参考株核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别高达99.3%和98.8%。     

宏基因组学方法分析奶牛瘤胃尿素分解菌的多样性

利用脲酶保守序列ureC引物和细菌16S rDNA通用引物PCR扩增并测序,揭示奶牛瘤胃尿素分解菌的多样性。提取本研究室前期鉴定的16个脲酶克隆的质粒,利用脲酶保守序列ureC引物和细菌16S rDNA通用引物进行PCR扩增,将PCR产物连接到pMD19-T载体,转化E.coliJM109,挑取阳性克隆测序。利用Blast程序将序列与GenBank和RDP数据库进行比对,并使用Mega 4.0软件构建系统发育树。4个脲酶克隆含有脲酶保守序列ureC,系统发育树分析表明,U1、U5、U13和U15分别属于Firmicutes、ε-Proteobacteria、β-Proteobacteria和Actinobacteria;7个脲酶克隆含有16S rDNA,经过建树分析,U1、U3、U7、U10、U11、U12和U14分别属于Staphylococcus、Shigella、Bacillus、Acinetobacter、Achromobacter、未培养微生物和Bacillales。实验结果显示,奶牛瘤胃微生物脲酶基因和尿素分解菌具有多样性的特点。