芦笋种植对冷凉沙化区土壤改良的效果研究

为探索芦笋种植对冷凉沙化区土壤的改良效果,在山西省朔州市右玉县,以未种植芦笋裸沙地为对照（CK）,设置种植芦笋1、2、3和4年共4个处理,通过田间试验测定不同种植年限芦笋田土壤理化特性和芦笋生长发育情况。结果表明,与CK相比,随种植年限增加,土壤黏粒和粉砂粒含量递增,砂粒含量递减,土壤容重递减,土壤田间持水量递增;土壤pH和可溶性盐浓度（EC）递减;土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量逐年递增。种植芦笋3年的土壤粒级、土壤容重、田间持水量、pH、EC值、土壤肥力发生显著变化;连续种植芦笋4年的土壤黏粒含量较CK增加到29.8%,粉砂粒含量增加到12.6%,砂粒含量降低到57.6%,田间土壤持水量显著提高,土壤容重显著降低,土壤由砂质壤土向砂质黏土转变;土壤pH降低0.75,EC值降低0.08mS/cm;土壤有机质含量增加28.89%,全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别增加95.12%、94.92%和45.40%;芦笋产量达6 037.5kg/hm ²。综合分析,连续种植芦笋4年可改善沙化土壤的物理结构,提高土壤养分,降低盐碱程度。芦笋是冷凉沙化区土壤改良的先锋作物之一,可实现生态效益与经济效益并举。     

Effect of Seed Coating on Yield Attributes and Yield of Soybean (Glycine max L.)

Investigations were carried out during March to June 1991 to evaluate the effect of seed coating with organic, inorganic nutrients and biofertilizers on yield attributes and yield of soybean under three environments with different soil types viz., clay loam, sandy clay loam and sandy loam. Seed coating with bio-digested slurry 50 per cent, superphosphate 2 per cent, Bradyrhizobium 2 per cent, and Phosphobacteria 2 per cent (w/w of seed) increased the number of filled pods and grain yield by 29.6 and 37.2 per cent, respectively over the uncoated. There was a significant increase in the test weight of grains due to seed coating with Phosphobacteria. Environment with clay loam soil was found to be highly responsive to seed coatings.     

Reaktion verschiederer Mais-Inzuchtlinien und -Hybriden auf steigendes Stickstoffangebot

Response of maize inbred lines and hybrids to increasing rates of nitrogen fertilizer
The response of 8 flint and 8 dent inbred lines and 16 flint × dent single crosses to three rates of nitrogen fertilizer (80, 160, 240 kg/ha) were tested in the years 1983 and 1984 in field trials at one location. The material represents a broad range of maize genotypes not strongly selected for kernel yield.
The mean kernel yield of all hybrids increased from the lowest to the medium N treatment by 7.6 % in 1983 and by 4.9 % in 1984. The highest fertilizer level resulted in an additional yield advantage in the two years of 6.1 % and 4.4 % respectively. An increased nitrogen rate had a positive effect on plant height, leaf area index, grains/cob, 1000 kernel weight, and protein content. Lodging resistance and dry matter content were not significantly influenced by N treatments. A significant interaction between genotype and N treatment was observed for leaf area index, 1000 kernel weight, and protein content, but not for kernel yield. The correlations of kernel yield with other traits investigated were not consistent over years and nitrogen treatments.     

膨润土对土壤肥力的影响

在沙土上通过沙滤管培养，研究了不同膨润土用量对土壤肥力的影响。结果表明，施用20％的膨润土，使沙土含水量增加了20个百分点，过氧化氢酶活性提高近1倍；在此基础上增施有机物料(玉米秸秆)，含水量增加16个百分点，有机质含量增加20％，过氧化氢酶活性提高1．1倍。施用膨润土有助于土壤胡敏酸(HA)和富里酸(FA)总量的增加。膨润土能够降低有机物料的分解速率、提高腐殖化系数，从而增加有机质的含量和质量，提高土壤酶活性，改善土壤肥力状况。     

不同土壤及氮肥条件下水稻氮利用效率和增产效应研究

在土培池条件下,研究了2种土壤(砂土和黏土)和4种施氮水平下4个水稻品种(组合)施用氮利用效率、增产效应及吸氮特性。结果表明,(1)在砂土和黏土上施用氮肥均能显著提高水稻产量,但黏土上的产量显著高于砂土上的,而砂土施用氮肥的增产效应显著高于黏土。(2)不同土壤条件下,水稻对氮肥的利用情况不同。氮素收获指数和氮肥生理利用率呈砂土>黏土的趋势,氮肥表观利用率、氮肥偏生产力和土壤氮素依存率呈黏土>砂土的趋势,而氮肥农艺利用率则因水稻基因型不同在不同土壤上表现有所差异。(3)随施氮水平的提高,氮素收获指数、氮肥农艺利用率、氮肥生理利用率、氮肥偏生产力和土壤氮素依存率,在2种土壤条件下,均呈显著下降趋势;而氮肥表观利用率在砂土条件下呈一直上升趋势,以高肥处理最高,在黏土条件下则呈现先上升,至中肥最大,高肥显著下降的趋势。(4)秸秆吸氮量、籽粒吸氮量和总吸氮量均呈黏土>砂土的趋势,但差异相对较小。(5)在不同土壤条件下,水稻施用氮肥的增产效应、氮肥利用效率和对氮素的积累与分配均存在显著的基因型差异。     

2种类型土壤对鸡粪与多肽肥中有机氮表观矿化量的影响

为了明确鸡粪和多肽肥在华南2种类型土壤中的供氮能力,采用田间小区试验,研究华南砂质壤土和壤质粘土施用鸡粪与多肽肥对苦瓜产量及其土壤有机氮、有机肥中有机氮表观矿化量的影响。结果表明,与鸡粪处理相比,多肽肥显著提高了植株生物量和苦瓜产量。土壤Nmin和有机氮表观矿化量在壤质粘土中显著高于砂质壤土。砂质壤土Nmin在多肽肥处理时显著高于鸡粪处理时,而壤质粘土Nmin在2种有机肥处理之间没有差异;施用多肽肥显著提高了2种类型土壤有机氮的表观矿化量;在砂质壤土中,有机肥中有机氮的表观矿化量在多肽肥处理时显著高于鸡粪处理时;在壤质粘土中,2种有机肥处理之间没有显著性差异。结果表明,土壤类型影响了土壤有机氮的矿化过程,多肽肥处理时土壤供氮能力优于鸡粪处理;多肽肥中有机氮的表观矿化效果在砂质壤土优于在壤质粘土中的表现。     

沙质土壤改良剂对沙地玉米土壤含水量、水分产出率及产量的影响

为了明确沙质土壤改良剂对沙地玉米保水增产的长效性影响,通过在不同年份施加沙质土壤改良剂研究其对沙地土壤含水量、水分产出率以及玉米产量影响的长效机制。结果表明：施加沙质土壤改良剂后均能提高各生育时期0~40 cm土层土壤含水量,且对应各土层土壤含水量总体表现为：第3年(C)＞第4年(D)＞第2年(B)＞第1年(A)＞不施(CK),依次较CK平均提高53.95%、46.68%、37.83%和34.92%;在水分产出率和产量方面,各处理表现为：第3年(C)＞第4年(D)＞第2年(B)＞第1年(A)＞不施(CK),C处理最好,产量达到了9490.50 kg/hm²,分别较第4年、第2年和第1年增产11.11%、18.01%和38.69%;水分产出率为6.91 kg/(hm²·mm),较其他处理提高了11.24%~59.53%。研究结果表明,施加沙质土壤改良剂在前3年可逐年提高土壤含水量、水分产出率和玉米产量,在第3年达到最大,说明其具有显著的保水和增产效果。     

不同砂土类型对意大利石松种子萌发和幼苗出苗的影响

以意大利石松种子为试验材料,测定其在大沙、河沙和绵沙3种不同砂土条件下的萌发率、出苗率、保苗率、株高、主根长度、幼苗干重和鲜重,探索意大利石松出苗适宜的砂土类型。结果表明：（1）意大利石松种子在大沙、河沙和绵沙3种砂土中的平均萌发率分别是58%、83%、75%。（2）3种砂土下的平均出苗率和保苗率分别是57%、75%、39%和52%、68%、28%。（3）3种砂土下的平均株高和主根长度分别为9.0、10.4、9.3 cm和16.0、27.7、16.5 cm。（4）3种砂土下每株幼苗的平均干重和鲜重分别是0.48、0.69、0.58 g和1.79、2.38、1.99 g。研究结果表明：最适宜意大利石松生长的砂土类型为河沙,萌发率为83%,出苗率为75%,保苗率为68%,株高和主根长度为10.4 cm和27.7 cm,鲜重及干重为2.38 g和0.69 g。     

不同质地土壤夏玉米生育后期光合特性比较研究

在4种质地不同的土壤和2种施肥水平下,研究了玉米的光合特性。结果表明,黏壤土、壤土、砂质壤土和壤质黏土玉米生育后期光合速率（Pn）差异达显著或极显著水平,玉米生育后期各处理的光合参数的日变化存在明显差异,不同质地土壤玉米Pn、Ls表现为黏壤土＞壤土＞壤质黏土＞砂质壤土,Ci表现为砂质壤土＞壤质黏土＞壤土＞黏壤     

Unterschiedliche technische Behandlung von Gülle und deren Auswirkungen auf intensiv genutztes Dauergrünland

Technical treatments of slurry and their effects on intensively managed permanent grassland
Since 1987, seven different technical methods for slurry treatments were compared at a permanent grassland sward in South Germany. The effects on botanical composition of the grassland sward, dry-matter yield and soil nutrient parameters were registered. The experiment includes the variants: mixing with a special slurry pump, separation (liquid and solid phase and composted solid phase), aerification and anaerobic fermentation in a biogas plant. Only slight effects of different treated slurry on the botanical composition could be shown. Comparing with mineral fertilization, the slurry variants had higher proportions of legumes and forage herbs. The dry-matter yield was not influenced by slurry treated differently. The utilization of slurry nitrogen could be increased on average to 90 % during the experimental period compared to mineral nitrogen. Separation of slurry and fertilization in the liquid phase increased the utilization of nitrogen.     

河沙改良土壤对烤烟生长及产质量的影响

为解决罗平地区部分植烟土壤板结、粘重问题,通过掺入河沙对烟叶农艺性状、产质量及主要化学成分指标的影响试验研究了土壤改良对烤烟生长及产质量的影响。结果表明：在土质较为粘重田地上,每个烟塘施用河沙2、3、4 kg处理的农艺性状较对照和施用河沙1 kg处理的要好,烟叶产量、产值、均价、上等烟比例也明显增高;每塘施用河沙3、4 kg能提高烟叶水溶性总糖、还原糖和K2O含量,降低烟碱含量,而塘施河沙1、2 kg处理对化学成分影响不明显。     

覆沙对松嫩平原盐碱裸地的改良和利用效果研究

本文研究不同覆沙厚度及覆沙后种植农作物和饲草对松嫩平原盐碱裸地的改良和利用效果。结果表明：覆沙后沙土层土壤含水量、pH和电导率明显低于盐碱土层,且随沙土深度的增加而增加,在同一沙土层随覆沙厚度的增加而降低。不同厚度覆沙后表层盐碱土电导率由初始621 μS/cm降低至389~594 μS/cm。2013年覆沙30 cm玉米产量较2012年高51.1%,且比覆沙20 cm高32.29% (P<0.05),比覆沙40 cm低8.9% (P>0.05)。2013年覆沙30 cm紫花苜蓿产量和总根生物量分别是2012年的2.04倍和3.65倍,总根生物量较覆沙20 cm和覆沙40 cm显著增加55.9%和106.3%。2012年和2013年覆沙30 cm种植紫花苜蓿沙土层电导率分别降低23.1%和43.5%。不同厚度覆沙对盐碱地有一定改良作用,覆沙后连续2年种植玉米和紫花苜蓿增产效果显著,推荐覆沙30 cm。     

柠檬酸对铬污染不同质地土壤萃取与淋洗的研究

为了探索柠檬酸对不同质地铬（Cr）污染土壤的萃取条件及淋洗效率,进行了不同浓度、固液比、时间的萃取和土柱淋洗试验。结果表明：柠檬酸对铬污染不同质地土壤修复效果为：砂土＞壤土＞粘土;砂土、壤土所需萃取条件较小,粘土较大。不同萃取条件对铬污染土壤萃取效果影响较大：柠檬酸浓度为0.05 mol/L时,3种土壤萃取效果较好。3种质地土壤最佳固液比和时间分别为：粘土1/14,32 h;砂土1/6,16 h;壤土1/10,28 h。通过柠檬酸淋洗,粘土在10~20 cm土层发生再吸附,砂土与壤土在30~40 cm土层发生再吸附。本研究为铬污染土壤修复了提供技术支持。     

Auswirkungen eines 10-jährigen Miscanthusanbaus auf ausgewählte Eigenschaften eines Mineralbodens in Nordostdeutschland

Effects of 10 years of Miscanthus cultivation on different properties of mineral soil in North-east Germany
The effects of 4–10 years of Miscanthus cultivation on different soil properties was investigated at Klein Markow (Mecklenburg-Pommerania, Germany) in variants with and without Miscanthus between 1994 and 2000. Soil containing Miscanthus showed higher concentrations of organic carbon (C_org) (+0,29 %) and total nitrogen (N_t) (+0,03 %) and consequently an increased storage of soil organic matter (SOM) (+15,5 t ha^–1) as a result of high amounts of leaves, roots and rhizomes. With regard to concentrations of C_org, cation exchange capacity, porosity and water retention significantly increased, while the wet and bulk density decreased in Miscanthus variants. The concentration of C_org and storage of SOM were increased significantly during the experimental period of Miscanthus treatments. The mineralization of the organic soil compounds which developed was comparable with those of the SOM. The reintegration of the Miscanthus area into a crop rotation system was possible only after the last harvest in February and seed of winter rape in August of the same year. The application of Glyphosat and the later shading by rape stands led to failure of the Miscanthus cultivations.     

乌江流域茶园土壤理化性状对茶叶品质影响的研究

对乌江流域主要茶场茶园土壤理化性状、茶叶生化成份测定结果表明：不同母岩发育的土壤理化性状各不相同，其对应的茶叶品质也不相同。土壤理化性状及茶叶品质优劣依序为硅质黄壤＞砂页岩黄壤＞第四纪粘质黄壤＞小黄泥＞黄棕壤     

Erhaltung der Ertragsfähigkeit des Bodens auf lange Sicht unter dem Einfluß von Fruchtfolgegestaltung, Düngung und Herbizideinsatz

Impact of crop rotation, fertilizer treatments, and herbicidal applications on the long term maintenance of soil fertility
VI. Examination of progressive differences regarding chemical and physical factors of the yield potential of a soil conducted over the period 1973 through to 1983
In order to investigate the influence of different crop management practices such as crop rotation, fertilizer treatments, and herbicide applications on the yield potential of a soil, the Crop Science Department of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich) conducted a long term field experiment commencing 1973. The experimental location was at the Swiss Federal Research Station for Farm Management and Agricultural Engineering at Tänikon/TG (northeastern Switzerland).
Over ten years of research it was found that chemical and physical soil properties had, in general, been only marginally affected by the different experimental treatments. However, consistent studies have shown that certain trends regarding specific factors of greater importance have emerged, which were not observed during the first five year period. Should they persist, the yield potential of the soil could be substantially affected in the long run.
Soil reaction, organic carbon content, cation exchange capacity, and aggregate stability have proven to be relatively stable values. Changes of greater significance were evidenced regarding the character of the air-water regime, a factor of particular importance for this site. Obviously, crop rotation had a marked impact on soil compaction. Therefore under local research conditions, the yield potential of the soil will, in the short term, be most likely endangered by structural soil changes.     

海藻肥等不同施肥处理对土壤氮素矿化及氮肥利用率的影响

为了探明海藻肥及不同施肥方式的氮素养分释放规律和对作物吸收的影响,采用土壤盆栽试验,研究了等氮量施用海藻肥（S）与有机肥（M）、化肥（NPK）等不同施肥处理对菜园土壤氮矿化和春白菜氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,不同施肥处理对土壤氮矿化量的影响差异显著。土壤矿化的无机氮含量变化主要受土壤硝态氮（NO3--N）含量高低的影响,土壤铵态氮（NH4+-N）含量始终保持较低含量水平,且变化幅度较小。各处理春白菜采收期干物重为：施化肥（NPK）>施海藻肥（S）>有机肥与海藻肥配施（MS）,除有机肥与化肥配施（MNPK）外,其他处理间的干物重差异不显著。供试条件下,土壤氮素表观净矿化率和春白菜的吸氮量均为NPK>S>MS>CK,M和MNPK低于不施肥（CK）处理。氮肥利用率以NPK处理最高,达到67.7%,S和MS处理分别为46.9%和4.8%。各处理春白菜采收期干物重与吸氮量呈极显著正相关（R2=0.9213,n=18）,说明作物吸氮量对产量的形成具有重要作用。S与NPK处理在相同施氮量条件下对春白菜增产作用基本相同。     

不同质地土壤下缓释尿素与常规尿素配施对水稻产量及其生长发育的影响

以早熟晚粳南粳44为材料,分别在2种质地的土壤上,研究270 kg hm^-2施氮条件下, 2种缓释尿素(硫包衣尿素SCU)单施及与常规尿素(PU)按2种不同比例混配一次性基施对水稻产量及其生长发育的影响。结果表明,与PU分施相比,SCU2单施与SCU1+PU(1∶1)、SCU1+PU(2∶1)及SCU2+PU(2∶1)配施处理水稻产量、生长中后期氮素吸收量、氮素吸收利用率与偏生产力、干物质积累以及茎鞘可用性糖颖花比均显著提高,抽穗后期根系α-萘胺氧化量维持较高水平,下降幅度小;产量、氮素吸收量、氮肥吸收利用率、偏生产力及干物质积累量在黏土上略高于在沙土上;抽穗期与抽穗后10 d根系α-萘胺氧化量在黏土上低于在沙土上,抽穗后20 d、30 d在两种土上差异不大。SCU单施及与PU配施基本上能满足水稻生长需求,SCU1与PU配施效果明显优于单施;SCU2单施效果最佳,SCU2+PU(2∶1)次之,SCU2+PU(1∶1)效果不显著。     

Erhaltung der Ertragsfähigkeit des Bodens auf lange Sicht unter dem Einfluß von Fruchtfolgegestaltung, Düngung und Herbizideinsatz

Impact of crop rotation, fertilizer treatments and herbicidal applications on the long term maintenance of soil fertility
V. Comparative studies regarding chemical and physical factors of the yield potential of a soil over a ten year experimental period
In order to examine the influence of different crop management practices such as crop rotation, fertilizer treatments and herbicide applications on the yield potential of a soil, the Crop Science Department of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich) conducted a long term field experiment commencing 1973. The experimental location was at the Swiss Federal Research Station for Farm Management and Agricultural Engeneering at Tanikon/TG (northeastern Switzerland).
After the ten year period, chemical and physical soil properties were not found to be substantially affected by the various experimental treatments. Organic carbon and total nitrogen were more influenced by fertilizer treatments than by crop rotation and herbicide applications. Both cation exchange capacity and pH proved to be fairly stable values.
Aggregate stability and organic matter exhibited similar profiles, although soil bulk density was affected by crop rotation. The volume of large and medium sized pores was similarly affected in that the corn-dominated crop rotation resulted in a quantifiable impact upon soil compaction.
Depending upon weed control efficiency, the grain yields of the winter wheat test crop clearly exhibited the effects of crop rotation whereas the lowest yields resulted from the corn-dominated crop rotation.     

抚仙湖北部农田区不同施肥对水稻产量、氮素吸收及利用率的影响

针对抚仙湖北部农田区的蔬菜施肥过量导致土壤养分残余量大,会对后作水稻施肥造成影响的问题,采用田间小区开展不同施肥试验研究。结果表明,砂壤土和粘壤土在施氮量为150~360 kg/hm²范围内,水稻植株氮素积累量随着施氮量的增加而提高,而增加的氮素积累量主要表现在茎叶部位;穗肥施用氮肥可提高籽粒氮素积累量。水稻氮肥吸收利用率和产量,砂壤土以施氮255 kg/hm2时最高,分别为45.1%和10594 kg/hm²;而粘壤土施氮150~360 kg/hm²之间,氮肥吸收利用率为20.9%~22.4%之间,产量为10486~10596 kg/hm2之间;当对砂壤土和粘壤土的水稻穗肥施用氮肥时,水稻氮肥吸收利用率（分别为42.8%、23.5%）和产量（分别为10445 kg/hm²、10564 kg/hm²）最高。水稻的氮素收获指数、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥生理利用率及氮肥偏生产力,均以砂壤土明显高于粘壤土,且随着施氮量的增加而显著下降。蔬菜后作水稻施氮量以150~255 kg/hm²范围为宜,氮肥分基肥50%+分蘖肥30%+穗肥20%施用