Differential white blood cell counts in rabbits: a comparison of the Advia 2120 and a manual method

We evaluated the performance of the Advia 2120 (Siemens) differential leukocyte count (A-Diff) compared to the manual method (M-Diff) in rabbits. EDTA-anticoagulated blood samples collected for diagnostic purposes were analyzed within 6 h of collection. The M-Diff was performed blindly by 2 observers on blood smears by counting 200 cells. We initially included 117 samples; 25 samples were excluded because of suboptimal gating of leukocytes in the Advia peroxidase cytogram or poor blood smear quality. The correlation between the A-Diff and M-Diff was very high for heterophils (r = 0.924, p < 0.001) and lymphocytes (r = 0.903, p < 0.001), high for basophils (r = 0.823, p < 0.001), moderate for monocytes (r = 0.645, p < 0.001), and low for eosinophils (r = 0.336, p = 0.001). The Passing–Bablok regression analyses revealed a small-to-moderate constant error for lymphocytes and a slight constant error for basophils. Small proportional errors were detected for heterophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils. The Bland–Altman analyses revealed that the Advia significantly underestimates heterophils and overestimates lymphocytes compared to M-Diff. The biases for the other leukocytes were minimal and likely clinical insignificant; however, our results, particularly for eosinophils, should be interpreted cautiously given the observed low percentages in our samples. Given the observed biases in heterophil and lymphocyte percentages in the Advia 2120 CBC results in rabbits, method-specific reference intervals should be used. The Advia can recognize leporine basophils. Evaluation of blood smears is still recommended to investigate abnormal results and erroneous cytograms reported by the Advia.     

The importance of manual white blood cell differential counts and platelet estimates in elephant hematology: blood film review is essential

Unique features of elephant hematology are known challenges in analytical methodology like two types of monocytes typical for members of the Order Afrotheria and platelet counts of the comparatively small elephant platelet. To investigate WBC differential and platelet data generated by an impedance-based hematology analyzer without availability of validated species-specific software for recognition of elephant WBCs and platelets, compared to manual blood film review. Blood samples preserved in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) of 50 elephants (n = 35 Elephas maximus and n = 15 Loxodonta africana) were used. A Mann-Whitney test for independent samples was used to compare parameters between methods and agreement was tested using Bland-Altman bias plots. All hematological variables, including absolute numbers of heterophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and platelets, were significantly different (p < 0.0001) between both methods of analysis, and there was no agreement using Bland-Altman bias plots. Manual review consistently produced higher heterophil and monocyte counts as well as platelet estimates, while the automated analyzer produced higher lymphocyte, eosinophil, and basophil counts. The hematology analyzer did not properly differentiate elephant lymphocytes and monocytes, and did not accurately count elephant platelets. These findings emphasize the importance of manual blood film review as part of elephant complete blood counts in both clinical and research settings and as a basis for the development of hematological reference intervals.     

Hematology of the sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus: standardization of complete blood count techniques for elasmobranchs

BACKGROUND: Standardized hematologic methods and reference intervals have not been established for cartilaginous fishes (sharks, skates, and rays) despite the large number of animals displayed in zoos and aquariums worldwide. OBJECTIVE: The focus of this study was to validate CBC methods for sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus) blood, based on criteria established in human medicine, for the following tests: RBC count, total WBC count, PCV, hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration, and WBC differential percentages. METHODS: Replicate CBCs were performed using blood samples from 5 captive sandbar sharks. Three protocols for RBC and total WBC counts were compared, as were different centrifugation times for PCV determination, and 2 methods for Hgb concentration. Means, minimum and maximum values, and CVs were compared to CAP and CLIA performance guidelines for human tests. RESULTS: Total WBC counts in a diluent modified for elasmobranch blood, Hgb concentration by the cyanmethemoglobin method after removal of nuclei, and WBC differential percentages showed acceptable performance. PCV results were acceptable when tubes were centrifuged for at least 5 minutes. Total RBC counts by all 3 methods exceeded the acceptable error for manual counts of human cells. CONCLUSIONS: Standardized CBC tests can be used as health assessment tools for elasmobranchs. Total RBC counts should be viewed as estimates.     

Artifactual changes in canine blood following storage, detected using the ADVIA 120 hematology analyzer

BACKGROUND: Artifactual changes in blood may occur as a consequence of delayed analysis and may complicate interpretation of CBC data. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to characterize artifactual changes in canine blood, due to storage, using the ADVIA 120 hematology analyzer. METHODS: Blood samples were collected into EDTA from 5 clinically healthy dogs. Within 1 hour after blood sample collection and at 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours after storage of the samples at either 4 degrees C or room temperature (approximately 24 degrees C), a CBC was done using the ADVIA 120 and multispecies software. A linear mixed model was used to statistically evaluate significant differences in values over time, compared with initial values. RESULTS: The HCT and MCV were increased significantly after 12 hours of collection at both 4 degrees C and 24 degrees C, and continued to increase through 48 hours. The MCHC initially decreased significantly at 12-24 hours and then continued to decrease through 48 hours at both temperatures. Changes in HCT, MCV, and MCHC were greater at 24 degrees C than at 4 degrees C at all time points. A significant increase in MPV and a decrease in mean platelet component concentration were observed at all time points at 24 degrees C. Samples stored at 24 degrees C for 48 hours had significantly higher percentages of normocytic-hypochromic RBCs, and macrocytic-normochromic RBCs, and lower platelet and total WBC counts. CONCLUSIONS: Delayed analysis of canine blood samples produces artifactual changes in CBC results, mainly in RBC morphology and platelet parameters, that are readily detected using the ADVIA 120. Refrigeration of specimens, even after 24 hours of storage at room temperature, is recommended to improve the accuracy of CBC results for canine blood samples.     

Evaluation of hematological, chemistry and blood gas values in dogs receiving hemoglobin glutamer-200

Objective: To evaluate the degree of interference that administration of hemoglobin glutamer‐200 (Hb‐200) caused for complete blood counts (CBC), biochemical profiles, cooximetry, and point of care (POC) testing in healthy dogs. Design: Prospective, longitudinal experimental study. Setting: Veterinary medical teaching hospital. Animals: Six purpose‐bred research hounds. Interventions: Dogs were administered FDA‐approved hemoglobin‐based oxygen carrier (Hb‐200) intravenously at 7.5 mL/kg over 2 hours. Arterial and venous blood samples were obtained before administration (Time 0) and at 3, 8, 14, 26, 50, 74, 98, 122, and 146 hours following administration. Measurements and main results: No adverse health effects were observed in any of the dogs. Characteristic mucous membrane, serum, and plasma color changes occurred following administration of Hb‐200. Laboratory values that were significantly lower than baseline included packed cell volume, red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, creatinine, cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase. Laboratory values that were significantly greater than baseline included mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, arterial pH, arterial total carbon dioxide, arterial bicarbonate, amylase, albumin, total protein, globulin, calcium, phosphorous, total bilirubin, carboxyhemoglobin, and methemoglobin. All values returned to baseline by the completion of the 146‐hour monitoring period. Conclusions: In normal dogs, administration of Hb‐200 resulted in statistically significant changes in multiple laboratory parameters; however, these changes are not likely to be clinically significant in the care of critically ill dogs.     

血球蛋白粉和血粉的差异

本文主要从血球蛋白粉和血粉的感官、加工工艺、化学组成和新鲜度4个方面分析比较二者的差异,结果表明,血球蛋白粉的加工工艺比血粉更加科学、安全。其粗蛋白质和氨基酸含量显著高于血粉,比血粉更新鲜。     

脑外伤大鼠血液黏度、气体变化及其相关性研究

目的：探讨脑外伤大鼠血液黏度和气体短期内的变化规律及其相关性,探寻其变化规律并分析变化原因。方法：通过大鼠脑外伤模型检测大鼠脑外伤后不同时间点右心房混合静脉血血液黏度和血液气体的变化。结果：脑外伤后血液黏度和对照组比较显著增高（P〈0.05）,在伤后30 min、1 d出现2次高峰;血液pH值在伤后30 min、1 d出现2次低峰,PCO2在伤后30 min、1 d出现2次高峰,PO2在伤后出现下降,12 h达到低峰。结论：脑外伤可致血液黏度增高、血液pH值下降、PCO2升高、PO2下降。     

Association of Blood Monocyte and Lymphocyte Count and Disease‐Free Interval in Dogs with Osteosarcoma

Background: Identification of biomarkers that predict outcomes in dogs with osteosarcoma (OSA) would be valuable to veterinarians and owners. Leukocyte numbers in peripheral blood are associated with outcomes in some types of cancer in humans. Hypothesis/Objectives: We hypothesized that increased numbers of monocytes would be associated with reduced disease‐free interval (DFI) in dogs with OSA. Animals: Medical data from 69 dogs with appendicular OSA treated with amputation and chemotherapy were selected for study. Methods: Retrospective study. Statistical associations were assessed by univariate and multivariate analysis. Information about DFI and leukogram values, tumor location, and serum alkaline phosphatase was abstracted from the medical record. Results: Higher numbers of circulating monocytes (>0.4 × 10³ cells/μL) and lymphocytes (>1.0 × 10³ cells/μL) before treatment were found to be significantly (P < .05) associated with shorter DFI in dogs with OSA. Other parameters associated with poor outcomes were increased alkaline phosphatase, primary tumor location, and age. Conclusion and Clinical Importance: These results indicated that pretreatment evaluation of monocyte and lymphocyte counts provided prognostic information for dogs with appendicular OSA. Notably, most animals in this study had monocyte counts within the normal reference range, indicating that variations within the reference range of leukocyte values might also have prognostic significance.     

Platelet abnormalities and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios in canine immunosuppressant-responsive and non-responsive enteropathy: A retrospective study in 41 dogs

Few studies have examined platelet alterations in dogs with chronic enteropathy. Our aim was to investigate platelet count (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in dogs diagnosed with immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy (IRE). In this retrospective study of 41 dogs, data regarding signalment, canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index (CCECAI), endoscopic and histopathological scores, PLT, MPV, PLR, total serum protein concentrations, albumin, and iron were collected. Clinical response and relapse were assessed with the evaluation of CCECAI over time. One month after starting therapy, dogs with >25% CCECAI reduction were considered responders. During a three-month CCECAI evaluation as part of a twelve-month follow-up, a CCECAI >3 together with a ≥2 unit increase in responder dogs was considered a relapse. PLT and PLR displayed significant negative correlation with MPV. MPV was positively correlated with total protein and albumin levels and negatively correlated with CCECAI. Three dogs were classified as non-responders, and 14 relapsed within 12 months. No differences were observed in PLT, MPV, or PLR between responding/non-responding and relapsing/non-relapsing groups. PLT, MPV, and PLR correlated with total protein, albumin, and CCECAI, confirming PLT as a potential marker, and suggesting MPV as a new marker of clinical efficacy against canine IRE.     

奶牛瘤胃酸中毒相关血液指标及乳酸含量的测定与分析

对密山地区7例瘤胃酸中毒奶牛的三项血液生理指标以及瘤胃液、尿液和血液中乳酸进行了分析,结果表明患牛红细胞（RBC）增加;白细胞（WBC）显著增加;白细胞分类（WBC—DC）也有不同程度的变化,尤以分叶核嗜中性白细胞显著增加;淋巴细胞、嗜酸性白细胞和嗜碱性白细胞都显著减少;乳酸含量显著升高。     

天冬氨酸对脂多糖刺激断奶仔猪生长性能、血细胞分类计数和血液生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究天冬氨酸(ASP)对脂多糖(LPS)刺激断奶仔猪生长性能、血细胞分类计数和血液生化指标的影响。试验选用24头断奶仔猪,分为对照组、LPS组、LPS+0.5%ASP组(0.5%ASP)、LPS+1.0%ASP组(1.0%ASP)。结果表明:0.5%和1.0%ASP可缓解LPS刺激导致的日增重的降低(P<0.05);注射LPS 4 h后,0.5%或1.0%ASP可显著缓解LPS刺激导致的淋巴细胞比例、血小板数量的降低和嗜酸性粒细胞比例的升高,增加红细胞平均血红蛋白(HGB)浓度(P<0.05);注射LPS 24 h后,0.5%和1.0%ASP可显著缓解嗜中性粒细胞数量、嗜中性粒细胞比例的升高和淋巴细胞比例的降低(P<0.05);0.5%或1.0%ASP可显著缓解LPS刺激引起的谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、尿素氮、血糖的升高和谷丙转氨酶/谷草转氨酶的降低(P<0.05)。结果显示,ASP缓解了LPS刺激所导致的生长抑制和应激反应。     

Detection of bacterial contamination and DNA quantification in stored blood units in 2 veterinary hospital blood banks

Blood transfusions in veterinary medicine have become increasingly more common and are now an integral part of lifesaving and advanced treatment in small and large animals. Important risks associated with transfusion of blood products include the transmission of various infectious diseases. Several guidelines suggest what infectious agents to screen for in canine and feline transfusion medicine. However, while the risk of bacterial contamination of blood products during storage and administration has not been documented in veterinary medicine, it has emerged as a cause of morbidity and mortality in human transfusion medicine. Clinical experience shows that the majority of blood component bacterial contaminations are caused by only a few species. Unlike other types of bacteria, psychrotolerant species like Pseudomonas spp. and Serratia spp. can proliferate during the storage of blood units at 4°C from a very low titer at the time of blood collection to a clinically significant level (> 10⁵ CFU/mL) causing clinical sepsis resulting from red blood cell concentrate transfusions in human medicine. The purpose of this report was to describe the detection and quantification procedures applied in 4 cases of bacterial contamination of canine and feline blood units, which suggest the need for further investigations to optimize patients’ safety in veterinary transfusion medicine.     

牛瘤胃酸中毒症三项血液指标的回顾性分析

对武威地区 2 0例瘤胃酸中毒病牛的三项血液生理指标进行了回顾性分析 ,其结果 :红细胞 (RBC) 8.82× 10 1 2 ±2 .2 0× 10 1 2 L增加 ;白细胞 (WBC) 13 .5 4× 10 9± 4.49× 10 9 L显著增加 ;白细胞分类 (WBC -DC)也有不同程度的变化 ;尤以分叶核嗜中性白细胞 (4 6.1± 15 .5 % )显著增加 ;淋巴细胞 (4 0 .2 8± 18.9% ) ,嗜酸性白细胞 (0 .9± 1.65 % )和嗜碱性白细胞 (0±0 % )都显著减少。