水稻土的先期固结压力测定与分析

土壤先期固结压力的大小通常采用受周向约束柱状土样的快速单轴压缩测试方法获取,该值的确定不仅是土壤结构保护的基础参考,还为确定合理的作业机械轴重、农业机械的设计及其田间运用提供理论依据。该试验通过对江浦农场水稻土的实际测试,得到未受压实耕层土壤的先期固结压力范围为58.84～69.19 kPa,而用拖拉机碾压处理后的先期固结压力区间上升为69.15～100.1 kPa,表明拖拉机的碾压导致土壤先期固结压力的增加,即破坏了土壤的原始结构。目前的农业机械接地压力通常在70 kPa以上,而大田所测的土壤先期固结压力却在60 kPa左右,因此机械的使用必会造成土壤的压实及其结构的破坏。     

土壤压实指标在城市土壤评价中的应用与比较

通过测定南京市不同土地利用下的52个样点的紧实度、容重和孔隙度3个压实指标来反映城市土壤的压实程度。结果表明,南京市大多数土壤存在不同程度的压实,部分压实严重,可能限制植物的生长。不同压实指标在反映土壤压实程度上基本一致,它们之间具有极显著的相关性,可以相互转换。但紧实度指标受到土壤含水量的显著影响。在同一质地或质地相近的土壤,容重和孔隙度可以很好地反映土壤的压实程度。与总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度相比,通气孔隙度在反映土壤压实时更为敏感。所以在进行城市土壤压实状况评价时,可以选择不同的土壤压实程度指标,但就方法的实用性和可靠性来说,容重比紧实度和孔隙度指标一般更方便可靠。     

Peanut macronutrient absorptions characteristics in response to soil compaction stress in typical brown soils under various tillage systems

Soil tillage, a major agricultural management, could effectively alter soil structure and plant growth, particularly under groundnut plantations. To understand effects of different tillage measures on nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) absorptions and use efficiencies for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), four tillage treatments: no tillage (NT), deep loosing (DL), deep plow (DP), and shallow plow (SP), were examined for two growing years at three typical peanut-producing sites of Qishan, Wangcheng, and Xiadian in Shandong, China. Results showed that average soil bulk density under DL, DP, and SP at the three sites was decreased by 7.1–19.5% compared with NT treatment for the 2 years. Significantly higher average total N accumulations in underground peanut part patterned as DP (163 kg/ha) > SP (149 kg/ha) > DL (144 kg/ha) > NT (117 kg/ha), while total N in aboveground peanut part was 8.7–22.1% higher under DP than other treatments. Absorptions of N, P, and K in underground parts were extremely significantly contributed to high peanut yields (P < 0.01), whereas increase of N and P absorptions in aboveground parts did not promote peanut yields. Soil bulk density was significantly negatively correlated with plant macronutrient amounts in underground peanut parts and peanut yields (P < 0.01). Moreover, N:P, N:K, and P:K ratios were similar between NT and noncompaction stress treatments of DL, DP, and SP. These results indicate that DP is a rational tillage practice for promoting nutrient uptake amount, efficiency, and peanut yields by alleviating soil compaction stress in peanut-producing fields.     

Field evaluation of soil moisture deficit thresholds for limits to trafficability with slurry spreading equipment on grassland

This study investigated the extent of soil damage caused by field traffic associated with different levels of soil moisture deficit (SMD). The hybrid SMD model was used for computing temporal patterns of SMD which can be accurately predicted for a range of soil types in Ireland. The aim of this study was to determine SMD threshold limits to trafficability for incorporation into a decision support system for safe slurry spreading. A tractor and a fully loaded single‐axle slurry tanker (total weight ca. 18 tonnes) were driven over well, moderate and poorly drained soils at SMD values of 0, 5, 10 and 20 mm during drying phases. The change in soil bulk density (SBD) was used as an indicator of soil compaction, and rut profile measurements were taken to determine soil deformation indicative of surface damage. The effect of traffic on the grass crop was determined by measuring dry matter yield at 30 and 60 days posttraffic in the wheel‐rut and nontrafficked area. Results showed that the SMD at the time of traffic had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on the magnitude of the changes in SBD on soils of different drainage status, and on rut dimensions following traffic. DMY was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced on the wheeled compared with the nonwheeled soil. No differences in the magnitude of DMY loss were identified between the sites having different drainage status. An SMD value of 10 mm was suggested as an SMD threshold for trafficability for safe slurry spreading purposes.     

大中小型拖拉机压实对土壤坚实度和大豆产量的影响

探讨农业机械压实对土壤坚实度和产量的影响规律,对改善作物生产环境、促进农业机械化向质量型转变具有重要意义。以东北典型黑土区耕地土壤为研究对象,依照随机区组试验原理,选择大、中、小3种型号拖拉机进行6种压实处理,同型拖拉机相同压实次数试验重复3次,采用PV6.08型贯穿阻力仪测量压实轮辙截面土壤坚实度。试验结果表明：土壤坚实度随压实次数增加而逐渐递增,3种拖拉机压实测试截面浅层均出现明显压实核,且压实核内土壤坚实度随压实次数增加而逐渐增大,CASE-210型拖拉机压实对表层土壤坚实度影响程度和范围最大,压实12次时压实核处土壤坚实度达4.0 MPa,JD-280型拖拉机对深层土壤压实影响程度和范围最大,在65~80 cm的土壤深层坚实度的峰值达3.2 MPa;拖拉机压实均导致大豆产量降低,CASE-210、JD-904和JD-280拖拉机压实12次时大豆产量分别降低了21.24%、18.15%和12.38%。     

土壤紧实胁迫对黄瓜生长、产量及养分吸收的影响

用容重分别为1.2、1.4和1.6.g/cm3的土壤进行盆栽试验,研究了土壤紧实度对黄瓜生长、产量及养分吸收的影响。结果表明,当土壤紧实度增大时,黄瓜秧苗的株高在定植后的15.d后受到显著抑制;第4叶的叶宽和叶长在定植后9～17.d内增加;茎粗则是在稍紧的土壤中(R.1.4)最大,过紧的土壤中(R.1.6)最小;根系伸长生长受阻,干物质质量及活力显著下降,根冠比降低;生物学产量、经济产量、经济系数的变化情况及植株对氮、磷、钾吸收量的变化与茎粗的变化趋势相同。在本试验条件下,容重为1.2.g/cm3的土壤利于株高及根系的生长,容重1.4g/cm3的土壤则利于茎粗、根系养分的吸收及产量的增加。     

Comparison of soil preparation methods for rice production in the Middle Nile Delta,Egypt

Field experiments were conducted during the summer seasons of 2011 and 2012 in the Middle Delta of Egypt to compare alterations in saving water and grain yield of transplanted rice in clay loam soil after compaction, wet tillage (puddling) and dry tillage (non-puddling). The results indicate that compacted soil gave higher grain yield, higher irrigation water productivity, higher net income, higher benefit–cost ratio, and less water consumption than wet and dry tillage. The results suggest that soil compaction by four passes of steel plank (2 m long and 600 kg weight) before planting rice is beneficial in terms of saving water and net return. In addition, it can be used instead of the non-puddling method under the conditions of the studied area. Therefore, soil compaction can be considered as a pioneering method of pre-planting soil preparation to increase rice yield and to save irrigation water. It is highly recommended to be used by farmers.     

扰动土与原状土侵蚀产沙规律研究

采用野外模拟降雨试验,对扰动土与原状土的土壤侵蚀规律进行了研究。结果表明,原状土坡面含沙量呈先下降后波动的过程,扰动土径流含沙量在坡度5°,11°时均呈上升-下降后波动的过程。在坡度相同,雨强相近的情况下,扰动土坡面径流含沙量大于原状土。前期原状土产沙量大于扰动土,后期扰动土产沙量大于原状土。扰动土产沙量大于原状土的时间点随着坡度的增加而提前。产沙速率达到稳定后,扰动土产沙速率大于原状土,差距随着坡度的增大而增大。     

土壤紧实胁迫对黄瓜碳水化合物代谢的影响

用容重分别为1.25 g/cm3(疏松土壤,即对照)和1.55 g/cm3(紧实土壤)的土壤进行盆栽试验,研究了土壤紧实胁迫对“津春4号”黄瓜(Cucumis sativusL.)不同生育期叶片和根系碳水化合物代谢的影响,以探讨土壤紧实胁迫对黄瓜生长产生影响的机理.结果表明,在土壤紧实胁迫条件下,黄瓜不同生育期叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)均显著下降,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)显著升高,光合作用受到抑制;叶片中蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性显著降低,蔗糖合成酶(SS)、酸性转化酶(AI)和中性转化酶(NI)活性显著增强,蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖和淀粉含量显著增加,蔗糖的合成与输出受到抑制;不同生育期根系SPS、AI和NI活性显著下降,而SS活性显著增强,蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖含量显著增加,淀粉含量基本不变.这表明,土壤紧实胁迫抑制了黄瓜叶片中同化物的合成和输出,降低了碳水化合物向根系中的输入,阻碍了根系对碳水化合物的利用,使植株矮小,产量下降.     

土壤质量评价方法述评

 为全面总结土壤质量评价方法的研究进展,从指数法、模型法及GIS的参与等方面综述当前一些定量评价土壤质量的方法。指数法计算方法较简单、实用;模型法具有较强的逻辑性和系统性;应用GIS评价土壤质量客观且潜力大,对土壤进行时空动态监测以实现土壤持续经营管理。在土壤质量评价工作中将定量与定性评价结合起来,选择适宜的土壤质量评价指标,不断完善现有的评价方法,发挥信息技术的优势,为合理开发利用土壤提供依据。     

采用Gompertz函数的水稻土压缩特性研究

土壤压实模型是预测压实破坏的常用方法,但土壤压实模型的应用常因输入参数（土壤压缩特性及其与不同土壤物理性质之间的关系）的缺乏而受到限制。为定量地评价土壤水力学性质和土壤结构对土壤压缩特性的影响,该文利用土壤固结仪对25种不同含水率和容重的重塑土样进行单轴压缩试验,并采用Gompertz函数对试验数据进行拟合以获取土样的回弹指数、压缩指数和先期固结压力。试验结果表明,Gompertz函数对水稻土试验数据的拟合效果较优,决定系数为0.991～0.999。水稻土回弹指数为0.003～0.138,与容重呈负相关,与含水率呈正相关。水稻土压缩指数为0.115～0.839,与容重呈负相关,与含水率呈二次多项式关系。水稻土先期固结压力为33～127 kPa,与容重呈正相关,与含水率呈负相关。该研究建立的土壤压缩特性与含水率和容重之间的传递函数,可用于大尺度范围内水稻土压缩特性的预测;同时这些传递函数可作为土壤压实模型的输入参数,用于农业机械作业引起的压实破坏的量化和土壤压实风险的评估。     

Dris calculation methods for evaluating the nutritional status of oil palm in the Eastern Amazon

This study aimed to evaluate six Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) calculation methods, including two ways to choose the nutrient ratio [F (Letzsch) or R (Nick) values] combined with three functions (Beaufils, Jones, or Elwali and Gascho), and to generate nutritional diagnoses for oil palm. A total of 144 foliar samples in 33 plots in the Eastern Amazon, Brazil, were used. Except for potassium (K) in all calculation methods, the DRIS indices showed no correlation with soil nutrients. Regardless of the formula, the nutritional balance index correlated with the productivity (significant r values) and similar diagnostics were obtained. These diagnoses were reliable according to the chi-square test (χ2), and most observed frequencies presented χ2 calculated less than χ2 tabulated. The average frequencies of samples with nutrient deficiency were 51%, 42%, 37%, 35%, 32%, 30%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 12%, and 12% for samples with nitrogen (N), boron (B), manganese (Mn), sulfur (S), K, copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (Mg), respectively. All tested DRIS methods may be used, and their diagnoses indicate the most common nutritional deficiencies in oil palm.     

流域侵蚀控制度的概念与计算方法——以王茂沟流域为例

文章将流域最小可能土壤侵蚀模数与实际土壤侵蚀模数的比值定义为流域侵蚀控制度,并以王茂沟流域为例说明计算方法。结果表明：王茂沟流域水土保持措施容量下的流域最小可能土壤侵蚀模数为2573t／（km^2·a）;使用王茂沟流域2004年土地利用图,计算得出王茂沟流域实际土壤侵蚀模数为7413t／（km^2·a）,王茂沟流域侵蚀控制度为0．35,造成王茂沟流域2004年流域侵蚀控制度较低的原因是王茂沟流域还存在一定数量的坡耕地以及林地面积较少。建议将流域停饨榨制摩作为评价流域水土保持现状的指标。     

黑土长期定位试验原状土搬迁对土壤真菌群落多样性的影响

采用PCR-DGGE及其特异性条带克隆测序的方法,研究黑土长期定位试验原状土整体搬迁对土壤真菌群落结构多样性的影响。对同为小麦茬的搬迁前(2010年)和搬迁后(2013年)土壤真菌群落结构的研究表明:DGGE图谱中搬迁前后2个土层不同处理的样品间条带的数量和亮度存在部分变化;对DGGE图谱进行聚类分析可得,真菌群落结构在2个土层各处理中搬迁前后有部分变化,其中MNPK处理的变化较为显著;对DGGE图谱主成分分析结果可得,在0~20 cm土层中各处理虽然搬迁前和搬迁后产生分异,但搬迁前后的3年中处理间的分布规律相似,在20~40 cm土层中搬迁前和搬迁后MNPK和CK处理的分布规律发生了变化。搬迁前和搬迁后土壤真菌群落结构受到搬迁扰动的影响远小于耕作方式、植被类型、土壤肥力等的影响。     

疏浚淤泥的固化试验研究

采用一种成分可调的水泥系土壤固化剂对太湖清淤工程的3种代表性淤泥质土(HH-4、HH-10、LM-2)进行了固化试验，以研究太湖淤泥固化后用于路基填筑的可行性，确定固化剂各组分的质量分数，掺入固化剂的最佳质量分数以及固化土的强度变化特性。结果表明：当固化剂质量分数为6%时，3种固化土均能满足路堤填料的规范要求，但加固HH-10土样时，需要提高固化剂中A、D、F组分的质量分数。由于土样颗粒级配和化学成分的不同，HH-4固化土具有较高的早期强度，LM-2固化土具有较高的后期强度。疏浚淤泥固化并用于路基填筑，避免了淤泥的长期占地堆放，既减少了环境污染，又保护了土地资源，经济和社会效益显著。     

履带式行走机构压实作用下土壤应力分布均匀性分析

履带式行走机构因具有较小的接地压力而被逐渐应用在大型农业车辆上,以减小对土壤的压实。然而由于履带下应力分布的不均匀,导致农业车辆对土壤的最大应力并未有效减小,对土壤较长的压力作用时间反而增加了土壤被压实的风险。应力分布的不均匀还会造成履带沉陷量的增大,降低车辆在软土地面的通过性能。为了研究履带式行走机构压实作用下土壤内的应力分布规律以及如何提高应力分布的均匀性,以缓解履带车辆对土壤压实作用、提高履带车辆软地通过能力,该文采用侧断面水平钻孔埋设压力传感器的方法,测得了履带式行走机构压实作用下履带中心线横截面内0.35 m深度土壤内沿履带长度方向上的垂直及水平应力分布;同时研究了履带张紧力大小对应力分布均匀性的影响。结果表明,履带式行走机构下的垂直应力在各负重轮的轴线处呈现一个应力峰值;水平应力在各负重轮轴线的前、后方分别呈现一个应力峰值,且最小应力在轴线处。各负重轮下的应力峰值大小不同。最大垂直应力出现在履带式行走机构后端的导向轮处;最大水平应力出现在后支重轮与导向轮之间。适当减小履带张紧力能够提高垂直及水平应力分布的均匀性。履带张紧力由1.8×10⁴k Pa减小至...     

Estimating precompression stress of structured soils on the basis of aggregate density and dry bulk density

In soil mechanics, precompression stress is an essential parameter for estimations of the compaction risk of cultivated land. In order to determine this factor, regression equations were developed. They require various input variables of water and air regime, dry bulk density as well as the shear strength parameters c and φ. In this paper, we propose a regression model, which estimates the precompression stress from the two parameters dry bulk density (BD) and aggregate density (AD). The experiments were conducted on various structured arable soils in Germany. Altogether 25 natural soils and seven disturbed substrates were examined with three to seven replications. On all sites, precompression stress (log σ_P) was determined by means of stress–strain measurements under drained conditions and a matric potential of −6 kPa. The same samples were used for estimating the dry bulk density. Parallel to this, density measurements of aggregates with a diameter of 8–10 mm were made at a matric potential of −6 kPa. Aggregate density and dry bulk density were put into a relation (AD/BD ratio). This quotient shows the state of the inter-aggregate pore system and thus the load-support strength between the aggregates. A multiple linear regression equation of simple design allows to determine the level of precompression stress using the input variables AD/BD ratio and dry bulk density. Precompression stress rises with increasing dry bulk density. An increasing AD/BD ratio leads to a decline of precompression supposing the density values remain constant. The model produced good agreement with the measured values. The determination coefficient of the regression function was 0.84, the mean absolute error (MAE) 0.12 and the root mean square error (RMSE) 0.14. The index of agreement according to Willmot [Willmot, C.J., 1982. Some comments on the evaluation of model performance. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 63 (11), 1309–1313] was 0.95.     

不同程度压实对土壤理化性状及作物生育产量的影响

采用大、小四轮式拖拉机在冬小麦播种地上压地1到10遍，对照为未压实地，测定对小麦生育产量影响；同时进行了不同程度土壤压实后孔隙度为58%，52%，46%和40%的土壤理化性状测定试验。结果表明不同程度压实具有系统累积效应，为免耕、保护性耕作和减免中耕提供了运用依据。