习惯施肥对菜地氮磷径流流失的影响

对菜地进行连续3年的定位监测试验。结果表明:与不施肥对照相比,菜农习惯施肥处理显著提高降雨径流中的总氮(TN)和硝态氮(NO3--N)流失质量浓度及流失量,3年监测期内总氮(TN)径流流失负荷为321kg/hm2,总磷(TP)流失负荷为134kg/hm2,分别占氮、磷养分投入总量的13.6%和13.2%,氮肥的流失系数约为5.6%。菜地氮素流失以硝态氮(NO3--N)形式为主,磷素流失以颗粒态磷(PP)形式为主。菜地氮、磷养分径流流失与径流量呈显著线性关系,菜地每流失1kg的总磷(TP),可溶性总磷(TDP)、总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、铵态氮(NH4+-N)所需要的径流量分别为77.5,322,52.5,67.5,404m3。     

翻耕除草对不同坡长下紫色土氮磷流失的影响

为揭示自然降雨下翻耕除草和坡长对紫色土氮、磷流失的影响,通过野外设置径流小区(2个坡面:翻耕除草与自然恢复;3种坡长:20,40,60 m,共9个小区),定位监测研究不同处理下产流产沙及氮、磷流失特征。结果表明,同一坡面不同坡长间产流产沙差异不显著(P0.05);同一坡长不同坡面处理小区的径流量、产沙量差异极显著(P0.01)。与翻耕除草相比,自然恢复坡面20,40,60 m坡长小区径流量分别减少77.55%,62.62%,79.56%,产沙量分别减少85.21%,94.97%,96.25%。仅在40 m坡长下,不同坡面处理径流中DN、DP流失量差异不显著(P0.05),其他坡长DN、DP流失量差异显著(P0.05);各坡长不同坡面处理下泥沙中TN、TP流失量差异极显著(P0.01)。与翻耕除草相比,自然恢复坡面处理径流中DN、DP流失量分别减少75.13%,80.22%,泥沙中TN、TP流失量分别减少96.07%,96.38%。在翻耕除草坡面处理下,降雨强度与径流量、产沙量及泥沙中的TN和TP流失量呈极显著幂函数关系;在自然恢复坡面处理下,上述关系均不显著。研究结果可为紫色土氮、磷流失及面源污染防治等提供理论参考依据。     

灞河流域产流产污的时空特征模拟研究

[目的]探究灞河流域非点源污染物总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)时空演变特征及其与年径流量的负荷关系,提出污染负荷的空间分布规律,为流域规划治理提供思路.[方法]以1996年和2017年两期土地利用数据和2001-2017年灞河流域降雨数据为基准,基于GIS技术和AnnAGNPS模型开展现状模拟与情景设计.[结果]①相比19...     

基于流域降雨强度的氮磷输出系数模型改进及应用

为研究曹娥江流域农业非点源氮磷输出负荷量,将流域降雨及不同营养源产生的氮磷"合成"考虑,提出了产污系数以表征降雨产汇流过程氮磷输出强度,改进了输出系数模型,并探索发现流域年降雨强度与氮磷产污系数之间呈指数正相关,由此构建了基于年降雨强度的农业非点源氮磷输出负荷模型。利用此模型估算了农业污染源氮磷输出负荷量,显示2005-2010年流域总氮(total nitrogen,TN)年输出总量为5456.60~12268.38 t,总磷(total phosphorus,TP)为393.19~820.65 t,年度分布不均,降雨对TN输出总量的贡献率高达54.75%~69.67%。不同农业污染源对TN、TP输出总量的贡献率表明,该流域农业非点源氮磷输出负荷主要来源于人畜,应加强农村生活污水及垃圾、畜禽养殖粪便等治理,进一步控制农田过量施肥,减少耕地氮磷流失。     

北运河下游不同土地利用非点源污染负荷估算

选取我国北方地区以圩区为主要形式的北运河下游农业灌溉区——天津武清区和北辰区作为研究对象,针对不同土地利用类型进行降雨径流污染物浓度监测,采用美国土壤通用流失方程（USLE）、降雨径流模型（SCS-CN）、综合径流系数法等,结合GIS技术,分别估算了透水地面和不透水地面的氮磷负荷量。结果表明,非点源污染总氮、总磷的年负荷量分别为2865.04t.a-1和101.22t.a-1,不透水地面所产生的TN、TP负荷量分别占研究区污染负荷总量的81%和67%,透水地面所产生的TN、TP负荷量分别占研究区污染负荷总量的19%和33%（且污染物形态以溶解态为主,分别达到了81%和74%）。对于不同土地利用类型,总氮流失主要来源于村庄（贡献率为49%）、城镇（贡献率为17%）和耕地（贡献率为16%）,而总磷主要来源于村庄（贡献率为31%）、耕地（贡献率为23%）和城镇（贡献率为19%）。从产污强度来看,城镇用地是最高的,是其他土地利用类型的10倍以上。     

基于输出系数模型的水库汇水区农业面源污染负荷估算

面源污染是导致环境恶化的主要原因之一,由其所引起的水体富营养化现象,已严重威胁着水环境生态安全。该文以长春市水源地新立城水库汇水区为研究对象,选用输出系数模型对其农业非点源污染负荷进行估算,得到结果如下:1)汇水区内农业非点源污染总氮、总磷负荷量分别为2 822.485、471.123 t/a,且二者空间分布较一致;2)总氮负荷量的贡献率大小顺序为:土地利用畜禽养殖农村人口,总磷的污染负荷贡献率大小为:畜禽养殖土地利用农村人口;3)选取水库2004-2013年水质监测数据计算营养盐输出负荷,与模型估算的输出负荷进行对比,得到模型模拟具有较高精度,系数选取合理可靠,可信度高,可在研究区范围内进行推广,能够为长春市水源地综合整治及水利规划提供了数据支撑及科学依据。     

A Modeling Approach to Water Quality Management of an Agriculturally Dominated Watershed, Kansas, USA

Impairment of water quality is a major concern for streams and rivers in the central USA. Total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) establish a watershed framework and set management targets to alleviate pollution from both point and nonpoint sources. For this study, we have used a hydrologic modeling approach to holistically examine the effect of land use management, urban development, and agricultural practices on sediment and nutrient loadings in an agricultural watershed. Annualized Agricultural Nonpoint Source (AnnAGNPS) simulation indicates that while point source dischargers contribute 8% of total nitrogen (TN) and 24% of total phosphorus (TP) loadings to the Marmaton River, agricultural nonpoint sources are the leading pollution source contributing 55% of TN and 49% of TP loading. Based on TMDL analysis and model simulation, 3% of the watershed area (3,244 ha) needs to be targeted to control TN loading whereas 1% of the total area (1,319 ha) is required for TP reduction management. Managing the TN areas alone can achieve a 57% reduction in the TP load required for the TMDL, whereas managing the targeted TP areas can only provide 30% of the required TN reduction. Areas required both TN and TP management comprise 469 ha. Targeting these areas can achieve approximately 22% of the required TN reduction and 29% of the required TP reduction. Overall, 4,094 ha will require management to achieve water quality goals. This study demonstrates that a modeling approach is needed to effectively address TMDL issues and help identify targeted areas for management.     

Agricultural Diffuse Nutrient Pollution Transport in a Mountain Wetland Complex

Wetlands in mountain environments provide critical ecosystem services but are increasingly threatened by agricultural land use intensification. This study evaluates agricultural nonpoint source nutrient pollution transport in a wetland–stream–lake complex in a mountain, tussock grassland catchment in the South Island, New Zealand. Flow and water-quality monitoring in the Lake Clearwater catchment during three flow events from May to August 2010 (autumn high flow, winter low flow, and winter high flow) showed high concentrations and exceedances of water quality guidelines for total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in small ephemeral streams draining agricultural land during high flows. Concentrations were attenuated through the wetlands to below guidelines, with the exception of TN which still remained slightly higher. Most TN was in the organic form above and below the wetland, suggesting N sources from animal waste/agricultural land and organic material and vegetation within the wetland. Most TP was particulate associated with suspended solids during high flows. Dissolved forms of N and P generally were below guidelines. Flows and loads (instantaneous and daily) increased at the lake outlet during winter high flow, indicating unaccounted sources to the lake from groundwater, the wetlands, or the lake sediments, and seasonal N saturation. Infiltration losses to shallow groundwater along the main perennial tributary likely re-appear as discharge to the wetlands and lake downstream. Surface–groundwater interactions play a dominant role in N transport to the wetland complex due to highly permeable soils and glacial alluvial deposits. Loads and unit loads of TN and TP were also elevated in the ephemeral streams. Results show that TN and TP concentrations and unit loads during high flows in ephemeral streams in this mountain grassland catchment are similar to, or higher than, values for impacted lowland pasture catchments. Although impacts to the wetland ecosystem have not been observed to date, the lake is shifting toward a mesotrophic state, and further research is needed to elucidate impacts of nutrient loads and help meet conservation and restoration goals.     

A comparison of the effects of sediments and standard elutriates on phosphorus kinetics in lakewater

Average rates of atmospheric deposition of total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) to Narrow Lake, located on sedimentary bedrock in the boreal forest of central Alberta, were 20 and 424 mg m^?2 yr^?1, respectively, between 1983–1986. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in deposition rates between sites on Narrow Lake, on the lake shore, and on land 18 km away. Deposition of TP, but not TN, followed a distinct pattern during the open-water season; TP was highest just after ice-off (May) and decreased throughout the remainder of the open-water season. Deposition during the winter accounted for only 4 and 12% of the annual TP and TN loads, respectively. Dry fallout contributed 50 and 33% of atmospheric deposition of TP and TN, respectively. In both dry and wet fallout, dissolved P (< 0.45 μm) and organic N were the predominant fractions of TP and TN, respectively. During July 1986, unusually heavy rainfalls caused an increase in TP, but not TN, concentrations in the epilimnion of Narrow Lake. Wet fallout accounted for only 9% of the observed increase of epilimnetic TP; the rest was from surface runoff from the drainage basin. The design of sampling programs to measure atmospheric deposition of nutrients to lakes is discussed.     

黄石市农业面源污染的解析及其空间异质性研究

为弄清黄石农业面源污染的源分配以及在空间上的分布差异,进而为削减黄石农业面源污染提供理论依据,该文采用清单分析方法,研究了黄石市化肥施用、有机肥施用、秸秆遗弃、畜禽养殖、水产养殖、生活污水、生活垃圾、地表径流中COD、BOD5、TN、TP的污染负荷及其在空间上的分布差异.结果表明,黄石市农业面源污染排放COD、BOD5、TN、TP的实物总量分别为6.12万、3.55万、1.65万、0.43万t/a,相应的等标排放量分别为3061、8874、16542、21726 f/a.农业面源污染负荷已占全市水环境的半壁江山,接近水环境容量,必须予以削减.主要污染源是畜禽养殖、化肥与生活污水,主要污染物是TP、TN.因农业面源污染引起COD、BOD5、TN、TP的排放浓度为26.04、15.10、7.04、1.85 mg/L,达到严重污染.按压力确定的污染程度是大冶市>市区>阳新县,按响应确定的污染程度是市区≈大冶市>阳新县.     

Controllability of Phosphorus Losses in Surface Runoff from Sloping Farmland Treated by Agricultural Practices

Phosphorus (P) loss from arable sloping land due to water erosion causes off‐site environment pollution in the Three Gorges area in China. This study aims to estimate the effects of agricultural practices on the reduction of P losses during water erosion processes under natural precipitation conditions: contour culturing with organic matter addition (CT + OM), contour culturing with wheat straw mulching (CT + SM), contour culturing with straw mulching and organic matter addition (CT + OM + SM) and conventional downslope culturing framework as a control (CK). Results demonstrated that CT + OM + SM could viably diminish runoff, sediment yields and P losses from arable sloping land. Compared with CK, CT + OM, CT + SM and CT + OM + SM lessened the surface runoff depths by 19%, 34% and 50%, respectively. A high curve number value induced a notable runoff potential from the plot. The surface‐runoff‐related total P (TP) loads for CK with yearly measures of 1·56 kg ha⁻¹ were significantly higher than those for CT + OM, CT + SM and CT + OM + SM at 1·07, 0·77 and 0·51 kg ha⁻¹ (p  < 0·05), respectively. With all things considered, the particulate P losses represented a significant division of TP losses, adding up to almost 80% in 2014 and 79% in 2015. The outcomes demonstrated that surface protection and organic matter addition are two of the greatest agricultural protection practices that lessen P losses in the surface runoff from sloping farmland by water erosion. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同施肥对雷竹林土壤氮、磷渗漏流失的影响

于2009年利用土壤渗漏水收集器在浙江省临安市的雷竹林中进行雷竹林氮、磷渗漏淋失特征的田间试验,以比较不同施肥处理对雷竹林土壤氮、磷渗漏流失的影响。结果表明:土壤渗漏水量与降雨量呈显著正相关(p<0.05)。土壤渗漏水中全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)的浓度均随施肥量增大而增加。不同施肥处理渗漏水中TN和TP的平均浓度分别为19.7～50.9mg/L和1.2～2.5mg/L。硝态氮(NO3--N)是渗漏水中TN的主要形态,占TN的75.7%～83.6%。整个试验期间,各施肥处理雷竹林氮和磷的累计淋失负荷分别为53.0～149.2kg/hm2和3.0～5.8kg/hm2。不同施肥处理雷竹林土壤渗漏水中氮、磷渗漏淋失负荷递减次序为常规施肥>缓释肥>专用复合肥>微生物肥>对照。与常规施肥处理相比,低量施肥量的专用复合肥、缓释肥和微生物肥处理的氮渗漏流失负荷分别减少31.8%,17.6%,41.2%,而磷渗漏流失负荷分别减少29.4%,12.9%,40.4%。     

西南喀斯特山区典型流域农业非点源污染负荷及分布特征

为更精确地估算西南喀斯特山区的北盘江流域(晴隆段)农业非点源污染情况,引入降雨、地形因子(α,β)对经典的输出系数模型(ECM)进行了研究。结果显示:2017年北盘江流域(晴隆段)农业非点源氮、磷污染负荷分别是2 582.00 t和246.74 t。两者分布特征基本一致,呈现分布不均的特质:污染负荷局部集中,坡度较高和人口密度大的区域负荷量较高。TN,TP负荷中不同农业非点源的贡献率基本一致,为畜禽养殖>土地利用类型>农村生活。与实际观测值比较,改进的输出系数模型(IECM)对TN,TP负荷的估算值的平均相对偏差分别为9.80%和2.09%。综上,IECM提高了模型模拟的精度,可以为喀斯特山区非点源污染负荷的估算提供参考。     

An Integrated Modeling Approach to Total Watershed Management: Water Quality and Watershed Assessment of Cheney Reservoir, Kansas, USA

Degradation of water quality is the major health concern for lakes and reservoirs in the central regions of the United States as a result of heavily devoted agricultural production. A vital key to the development of a reservoir management strategy is to identify nutrient loading that describes associated water quality conditions in reservoirs. This study integrated AnnAGNPS watershed and BATHTUB lake models to simulate actual lake water quality conditions of Cheney Reservoir, KS, and demonstrated the use of the coupled model for simulating lake response to changes in different watershed land use and management scenarios. The calibrated current-conditions model simulated in-lake reductions as much as 52% for TN, 48% for TP, and 70% for chlorophyll a due to conversion to native grass, and increases as much as 4% for TN, 9% for TP and 6% for chlorophyll a due to conversion of land from the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) to cropland (15.5% of watershed). This model also demonstrated an increase in chlorophyll a (19%) as the lake sediment capacity was reached over the next century.     

基于SWAT模型的流域土地利用格局变化对面源污染的影响

近年来随着流域经济社会的快速发展,密云水库流域的土地利用格局也发生了明显的改变,作为影响流域非点源污染输出的主要因素,探讨土地利用格局的演变对非点源污染的影响对有效控制非点源污染具有重要的意义。该文以密云水库上游流域为研究区,从土地利用变化与污染过程相互作用的角度出发,开展流域非点源污染过程对土地利用变化的响应研究。基于流域1995年、2000年、2005年3期的土地利用数据,基于SWAT(soil and water assessment tool)模型,模拟评价流域非点源污染负荷分布特征,并应用景观格局指数、典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)和通径分析等方法,从全流域和三级保护区等多空间尺度,量化分析流域土地利用及其格局时空变化对非点源污染负荷的影响。研究结果表明流域的非点源负荷与土地利用格局间存在着密切的联系。格局指数能累积解释流域非点源污染负荷变化的56.3%。污染负荷受土地利用格局的破碎度和形状的影响较大。通径分析的结果表明,耕地、林地面积比例、形状指数和斑块密度是影响研究区非点源污染负荷输出的主要因子,其中形状指数和耕地面积比例对TN、TP负荷的解释能力要明显高于其他指标。从空间尺度上看,各格局因子与非点源污染负荷的关系具有尺度效应,随着空间尺度的递增,格局对负荷的解释程度降低,在较小的尺度范围内,尤其是一级保护区的解释能力最高,达到62.9%,表明离水库越近的区域应是非点源防治高度重视的区域。     

松花江流域非点源氮磷负荷及其差异特征

为了研究松花江流域非点源氮磷污染负荷和差异,为水环境管理提供参考,该文运用数字高程模型（DEM）、2008年县级统计年鉴和土地利用等数据,基于遥感（RS）和地理信息系统（GIS）技术,利用输出系数模型（ECM）,对松花江流域非点源污染进行了空间模拟和负荷估算,并对流域内非点源污染差异特征进行了分析。结果表明,2008年松花江流域的总氮（TN）负荷为112.99×104 t,总磷（TP）负荷为4.05×104 t。其中,嫩江子流域TN和TP负荷最高,分别为52.08×104 t和1.79×104 t,分别占总量的46.09%和44.14%;第二松花江流域TN和TP负荷强度最高,TN负荷强度2.96 t/(km2·a),TP负荷强度 0.11 t/(km2·a)。从非点源成因角度分析,人为原因产生的非点源TN和TP负荷分别为95.92×104 t和3.40×104 t,分别占总量的83.90%和83.94%。人为原因是松花江流域非点源TN和TP产生的关键,天然原因也不容忽视。研究结果为总体上了解松花江流域非点源污染和水环境管理提供参考。     

植物篱埂垄向区田技术对坡耕地水土和氮磷流失控制研究

针对松干流域农田面源污染控制需求,该文开展了植物篱埂垄向区田技术在坡耕地上的水土及氮磷流失控制效应研究。田间设置8个试验处理,包括两个对照即传统顺垄种植(CK1)与横垄种植(CK2)、3个间距的顺垄种植植物篱埂(1 m间距,T1;3 m间距,T2;5 m间距,T3)和3个间距的土埂(1 m间距,T4;3 m间距,T5;5 m间距,T6)。选择三叶草为植物篱材料。结果表明:1)与传统顺垄种植相比,横垄种植泥沙量减少46.9%,径流量减少52.9%;植物篱埂T1、T2与T3泥沙量分别减少44.6%、44.1%和42.1%,径流量分别减少50.6%、49.8%和49.2%;T4、T5和T6也能降低水土流失量,但与T1、T2与T3相比,泥沙流失量分别增加16.3%、12.6%和29.5%,径流量分别增加29.6%、46.8和76.9%;植物篱埂垄向区田技术的泥沙量与径流量控制效果相对接近横垄种植。2)与传统顺垄种植相比,各处理泥沙与径流TN浓度增大,TP浓度无变化;各处理的径流TN与TP浓度增大,其中各处理间的TN浓度有较大差异,TP浓度无明显差异;径流液TN浓度增加并没有引起农田氮流失增加,农田氮流失平均降低19.7%。3)考虑到经济投入问题,推荐植物篱埂间距3～5 m,较大坡度和坡上坡中采用较小间距,较小坡度和坡底采用较大间距;植物篱埂垄向区田技术能够提高玉米产量,平均增产5%～5.6%。     

三峡库区农桑配置对地表氮磷流失的影响

为优化三峡库区紫色土旱坡地农桑配置方式,提高库区水土保持效果和生态环境效益,本试验通过采用三带等高桑+等高耕作、三带等高桑+交叉耕作、两带等高桑+等高耕作、两带等高桑+交叉耕作、传统等高耕作等5种处理研究了不同农桑配置方式对旱坡地地表氮磷流失的阻抗效果。结果表明,农桑配置方式能够显著阻抗地表径流和氮磷流失,但不同配置方式间存在显著性差异;三带等高桑+交叉耕作方式较其他方式能更显著地降低地表径流中全氮(磷)、可溶性氮(磷)、颗粒态氮(磷)的流失和氮(磷)年流失负荷量,地表径流中氮、磷流失分别以可溶性氮(约50.1%~60.2%)和颗粒态磷(约54.9%~59.6%)为主,并且硝态氮的年流失负荷(约0.19~0.27kg hm-2 a-1)高于铵态氮(约0.12~0.17 kg hm-2 a-1)。综上可知,三带等高桑+交叉耕作对地表径流和氮、磷流失的阻抗效果更显著,最符合三峡库区旱坡地开发利用的生态保护理念。     

Attenuation of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and <Emphasis Type="Italic">E. coli</Emphasis> Inputs from Pasture Runoff to Surface Waters by a Farm Wetland: the Importance of Wetland Shape and Residence Time

Water quantity and quality were monitored for 3 years in a 360-m-long wetland with riparian fences and plants in a pastoral dairy farming catchment. Concentrations of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and Escherichia coli were 210–75,200 g N m⁻³, 12–58,200 g P m⁻³ and 2–20,000 most probable number (MPN)/100 ml, respectively. Average retentions (±standard error) for the wetland over 3 years were 5 ± 1%, 93 ± 13% and 65 ± 9% for TN, TP and E. coli, respectively. Retentions for nitrate–N, ammonium–N, filterable reactive P and particulate C were respectively −29 ± 5%, 32 ± 10%, −53 ± 24% and 96 ± 19%. Aerobic conditions within the wetland supported nitrification but not denitrification and it is likely that there was a high conversion rate from dissolved inputs of N and P in groundwater, to particulate N and P and refractory dissolved forms in the wetland. The wetland was notable for its capacity to promote the formation of particulate forms and retain them or to provide conditions suitable for retention (e.g. binding of phosphate to cations). Nitrogen retention was generally low because about 60% was in dissolved forms (DON and NO_X–N) that were not readily trapped or removed. Specific yields for N, P and E. coli were c. 10–11 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, 0.2 kg P ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and ≤10⁹ MPN ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively, and generally much less than ranges for typical dairy pasture catchments in New Zealand. Further mitigation of catchment runoff losses might be achieved if the upland wetland was coupled with a downslope wetland in which anoxic conditions would promote denitrification.     

基于线性回归的农业氮磷流失比定量模型研究

收集整理了32篇已公开发表的学术论文的N、P流失数据63组,对我国农业N、P流失比进行了分析。结果表明,自20世纪90年代以来,我国农业N、P流失比存在显著下降趋势(p0.05,n=63)。我国农业N素流失和P素流失在化学计量上的变化趋势可能与我国目前频发的水体富营养化存在密切联系。通过线性回归分析,我们发现农业N、P流失比与其影响因子存在良好的线性关系,回归方程为Y=-12.507+0.063X1+0.143X2-1.257X3+4.796X4-11.060X5(X1:降水量;X2:总N输入量;X3:总P输入量;X4:坡度;X5:TN/TP;Y:N/P),但该定量模型仍存在一定缺陷。农业N、P流失比定量模型的研究,对加强水体环境保护具有重要的现实意义。