22个猕猴桃品种的果实品质比较研究

以在浙江台州地区引种的22个猕猴桃品种为试材,对猕猴桃果实的成熟期、果实大小、果肉品质、贮藏性等进行了综合观测评价,结果表明,猕猴桃品种果实性状存在较大差异,果实形状、大小、果肉色泽以及可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量等都具有丰富的多样性。其中,‘红阳’、‘徐香’、‘东红’、‘红华’、‘庐山香’、‘金艳’、‘海艳’、‘玉玲珑’的果实品质综合性状表现较优。     

八个蓝莓品种果实质地品质差异分析

为进一步丰富和完善蓝莓果实质地品质评价资料,弥补蓝莓在质地品质研究领域的不足,为蓝莓定向栽培和育种提供基础依据。本研究,利用物性分析仪测定8个品种蓝莓果实质地品质。结果表明,参试8个蓝莓品种果实的硬度、咀嚼性、胶着性、粘附性、果肉脆性、果肉紧实度、果肉硬度、果实弹性、果皮脆性、果皮硬度等质地品质参数存在显著差异。弹性和硬度、回复性、咀嚼性、胶着性、内聚性呈极显著正相关。果肉脆性与果皮脆性、果皮硬度与果皮脆性都呈极显著正相关。结合综合评价分析认为参试的8个品种中,‘灿烂’、‘顶峰’和‘绿宝石’果实的果肉弹性、硬度、回复性、咀嚼性、胶着性、内聚性高于‘巴尔德温’‘莱格西’、‘圆蓝’、‘珠宝’、‘蓝雨’,这表明参试的8个品种中,‘灿烂’、‘顶峰’、‘绿宝石’更耐贮运。     

三个南高丛蓝莓品种果实品质及光合特性分析

为进一步明确南高丛蓝莓新品种引种栽培表现,对‘明星’、‘绿宝石’和‘珠宝’3个蓝莓品种果实品质及光合特性进行了测定分析。结果表明：3个蓝莓品种中,‘明星’蓝莓果实最大,Vc、花青素含量和固酸比最高,Fuzzy综合评判结果显示,‘明星’综合品质为优,‘绿宝石’和‘珠宝’综合品质为良;‘明星’蓝莓净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和气孔导度(G_s)均显著高于‘绿宝石’和‘珠宝’,相关性分析结果显示,P_n与T_r、G_s均呈极显著正相关,而与胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)相关性不显著,故认为‘明星’蓝莓光合性能高主要是由非气孔限制因素所决定的。综上可知,‘明星’、‘绿宝石’和‘珠宝’3个南高丛蓝莓品种均适合当地栽培与推广,其中‘明星’蓝莓综合品质及光合性能最优。     

不同授粉品种对‘灿烂’兔眼蓝莓着果率与果实性状的影响

以‘天赐五号’、‘天赐八号’、‘蓝金’和‘奥尼尔’等4个蓝莓品种作为授粉品种,对‘灿烂’兔眼蓝莓进行异花授粉,以‘灿烂’兔眼蓝莓自花授粉为对照,研究了不同授粉品种对着果率、果实品质和果实外观性状的影响,以期为‘灿烂’兔眼蓝莓生产栽培选择适宜授粉树提供科学依据。研究结果表明：4个授粉品种与‘灿烂’间都具良好的亲和性,对着果率、可溶性固形物含量、花色苷、总酸含量、单果重、纵径、横径、果形指数、萼洼、果蒂、萼片、果形和果梗分离等性状均有显著影响。虽然‘天赐八号’授粉后着果率显著低于‘天赐五号’、‘蓝金’,但其着果率仍可以达到70%以上,同时其可溶性固形物含量、花色苷、总酸含量、单果重、纵径、横径、果形指数等亦显著优于其他授粉品种,这表明‘天赐八号’为‘灿烂’最佳授粉搭配品种。     

高丛蓝莓和兔眼蓝莓在湖北省引种试验

对引进的14个蓝莓品种的植物学、生物学及园艺性状观测,通过综合评价,筛选出表现好的蓝莓品种8个。其中,北高丛蓝莓 蓝丰、公爵、伯克利果实较大,品质佳,成熟期在5月中下旬,可以作为早熟鲜食品种发展。兔眼蓝莓粉蓝、顶峰、梯芙蓝、芭尔德温、果个较大,味道甜,果实品质中上,产量较高,成熟期在6月中下旬,可以作为中熟鲜食品种发展。园蓝虽然果实较小,但可溶性固形物和花色素含量高,产量较高,可以发展为加工品种。     

4个蓝莓品种在广西百色市种植表现及品质特性分析

【目的】筛选出适合广西百色市种植的蓝莓优良品种,为蓝莓生产提供理论指导和科学依据。【方法】引进了‘珠宝’、‘天后’、‘优瑞卡’、‘火花’4个蓝莓品种并调查和分析其种植表现及品质特性。【结果】4个蓝莓品种在广西百色市种植后第1年正常开花结果,丰产性好,种植后第3年平均单株鲜果产量在2.54～3.46 kg之间,平均单果重从大到小依次为‘珠宝’>‘优瑞卡’>‘天后’>‘火花’;不同蓝莓品种果实品质较好,果实可溶性固形物含量在9.7 %以上,花色苷、维生素C、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白等内含物含量较丰富。【结论】在避雨设施基质栽培条件下,‘珠宝’和‘优瑞卡’在广西百色市综合表现较好,可选择作为优良品种加以推广;‘天后’和‘火花’平均单株产量中等,平均单果重较小,可选择作为授粉树品种、育种材料等用途但不适宜大面积推广。     

花粉直感对‘杰兔’兔眼蓝莓着果率和品质的影响

以‘粉蓝’、‘蒂夫蓝’、‘芭尔德温’和‘灿烂’4个品种作为授粉品种,对‘杰兔’进行异花授粉,以其自花授粉为对照,研究了不同授粉组合对着果率和品质的影响,以期为‘杰兔’生产栽培中选择适宜授粉品种提供科学依据。研究结果表明,4个授粉品种与‘杰兔’间都具有一定的亲和性,花粉直感对‘杰兔’蓝莓的外在品质和内在品质都有显著的影响,包括着果率、果实横径、果实纵径、单果重和可溶性固形物含量。以‘芭尔德温’为授粉树的着果率不仅最高,而且其果实的果实横径、果实纵径、单果重、可溶性固形物含量等亦显著优于其他授粉组合。这表明‘芭尔德温’是‘杰兔’蓝莓最佳的授粉搭配品种。     

15个桃品种(系)在浙江宁波的引种表现*

以从江苏省农科院引进的15个桃品种(系)为试材,对照宁波市主栽的‘湖景蜜露’、‘玉露’桃品种进行比较,经适应性、丰产性、果实经济性状等综合评价,‘霞脆’、‘霞晖8号’、‘玉霞蟠桃’、‘美香’、‘金陵黄露’5个桃品种性状良好,成熟期适中,可在宁波地区推广种植。     

四个兔眼蓝莓品种物候期与枝芽特性调查研究

为深入认识蓝莓的生物学积累基础资料,及生产栽培管理提供科学依据,本研究连续三年对‘蒂芙蓝’、‘芭尔德温’、‘S13’和‘粉蓝’四个兔眼蓝莓品种的开花结果和枝梢生长物候期,以及枝芽特性进行调查。调查结果表明,‘粉蓝’和‘S13’的果实成熟期较早,于6月中旬开始成熟,‘巴尔德温’的成熟期最晚于7月上旬成熟。四个品种的萌芽率均为50%左右,‘粉蓝’的成枝力显著高于其他三个品种。从枝梢类型来看,四个品种均以中枝为主,‘粉蓝’的长枝比例显著高于其他三个品种,短枝比例最低的则是‘巴尔德温’,并显著低于其他三个品种,四个品种间的超长枝比例无显著差异。     

‘钱德勒’等4个北高丛蓝莓品种在南京地区的引种表现

通过对2015年种植于南京地区的4个北高丛优良蓝莓品种‘钱德勒’、‘甜心’、‘布里吉塔’和‘埃利奥特’的生长量、物候期以及果实外观和品质特征的调查发现,结果发现,布里吉塔和埃利奥特的适应性较强,生长量大,坐果率高,在较好的管理条件下,可以取得较高的产量;钱德勒和甜心的适应性中等,坐果率及产量中等或偏低。甜心属于极早熟品种,5月下旬成熟,钱德勒和布里吉塔属于中熟品种,6月上旬成熟,埃利奥特属于晚熟品种,6月中旬成熟。钱德勒和布里吉塔属于大果,甜心属于中果,3个品种的鲜食品质极佳,感官评分在南京地区种植的近60个品种中名列前茅。埃利奥特属于中果,鲜食品质中等。综合来看,布里吉塔在南京地区适应性好,果实品质佳,具有较大的发展潜力,钱德勒和甜心的果实鲜食品质极佳,但适应性中等,可少量种植,埃利奥特的适应性较好,果实品质中等,可酌情推广。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.