Short-term effects of biochar and gypsum on soil hydraulic properties and sodicity in a saline-alkali soil

Salt and sodicity of saline-alkali soil adversely affect the construction of ecological landscapes and negatively impact crop production. The reclamation potential of biochar (BC, wheat straw biochar applied at 1% by weight), gypsum (G, 0.4% by weight), and gypsum coupled with biochar (GBC) was examined in this laboratory-based study by evaluating their effects on a saline-alkali soil (silt loam) with no amendment as a control (CK). Saline ice and fresh water (simulated rainfall) were leached through soil columns to investigate changes in salt content, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), alkalinity, and pH of the leachate and the soil. Results showed that saturated water content and field water capacity (FWC) significantly increased by 4.4% and 5.6%, respectively, in the BC treatment after a short incubation time. Co-application of biochar and gypsum (GBC) increased soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) by 58.4%, which was also significantly higher than the sole addition. Electrical conductivity (EC) of the leachate decreased sharply after saline ice leaching; subsequent freshwater leaching accelerated the removal of the rest of the salts, irrespective of the amendment application. However, the application of gypsum (G and GB) significantly enhanced the removal of exchangeable Na+ and reduced leachate SAR. After leaching, the soil salt content decreased significantly for all treatments. The application of gypsum resulted in a significantly lower soil pH, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), SAR, and alkalinity values than those recorded for the CK and BC treatments. These results demonstrated that the co-application of gypsum and biochar could improve saline-alkali soil hydraulic conductivity and decrease leaching-induced sodicity over a short period.     

黄河三角洲海水灌溉对土壤盐碱化和导水率的影响

为研究海水灌溉对土壤盐碱化和导水率的影响,该文在黄河三角洲滨海盐渍土上采用75%的海水于田间小区进行3年灌溉试验,分析了海水灌溉前后土壤含盐量、土壤盐碱化的各项指标、土壤中各种离子和饱和导水率的变化,结果表明：采用75%的海水灌溉后土壤剖面中盐分含量明显升高,在土层80 cm以下有盐分积累的现象;而饱和导水率减小;土壤的pH值在海水灌溉前后变化不大;残余碳酸钠(RSC)的变化也较小;土壤的钠吸附比(SAR)和碱化度(ESP)在3年海水灌溉后上升较大,已经超过了碱化土壤的临界值,并均与土壤中的盐分含量呈对数曲线变化。在黄河三角洲地区运用海水灌溉可能会对土壤资源安全产生影响,海水灌溉必须防治次生盐渍化和土壤碱化的发生。     

Suitability of a hydraulic‐conductivity model for predicting salt effects on swelling soils

Many empirical approaches have been developed to analyze changes in hydraulic conductivity due to concentration and composition of equilibrium solution. However, in swelling soils these approaches fail to perform satisfactorily, mainly due to the complex nature of clay minerals and soil–water interactions. The present study describes the changes in hydraulic conductivity of clay (Typic Haplustert) and clay‐loam (Vertic Haplustept) soils with change in electrolyte concentration (TEC) and sodium‐adsorption ratio (SAR) of equilibrium solution and assesses the suitability of a model developed by Russo and Bresler (1977) to describe the effects of mixed Na‐Ca‐Mg solutions on hydraulic conductivity. Four solutions encompassing two TEC levels viz., 5 and 50 mmol_c L^–1 and two SAR levels viz., 2.5 and 30 mmol^1/2 L^–1/2 were synthesized to equilibrate the soil samples using pure chloride salts of Ca, Mg, and Na at Ca : Mg = 2:1. Diluting 50 mmol_c L^–1 solution to 5 mmol_c L^–1 reduced saturated hydraulic conductivity of both soils by 66%, and increasing SAR from 2.5 to 30 mmol^1/2 L^–1/2 decreased saturated hydraulic conductivity by 82% and 79% in clay and clay‐loam soils, respectively. Near saturation, the magnitude of the change in unsaturated hydraulic conductivity due to the change in TEC and SAR was of 10³‐ and 10²‐fold, and at volumetric water content of 0.20 cm³ cm^–3, it was of 10¹⁴‐ and 10⁶‐fold in clay and clay‐loam soils, respectively. Differences between experimental and predicted values of saturated hydraulic conductivity ranged between 0.6% and 11% in clay and between 0.06% and 2.1% in clay‐loam soils. Difference between experimental and predicted values of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity widened with drying in both soils. Predicted values were in good agreement with the experimental values of hydraulic conductivity in clay and clay‐loam soils with R² values of 0.98 and 0.94, respectively. The model can be satisfactorily used to describe salt effects on hydraulic conductivity of swelling soils in arid and semiarid areas, where groundwater quality is poor.     

Physical activation of biochar and its meaning for soil fertility and nutrient leaching – a greenhouse experiment

The slow alteration of the surface of charred biomass (biochar) over time may contribute to an improved nutrient retention and thus fertility of tropical soils. Here, we investigated soils from temperate climates and investigated whether a technical steam activation of biochar could accelerate its positive effects on nutrient retention and uptake by plants relative to nonactivated biochar. To this aim, we performed microcosm experiments with sandy or silty soil, mixed with 2.0, 7.5 and 15.0 g/kg soil of fine (<2 mm) or coarse‐sized (2–10 mm) biochar from beech wood (Fagus sp.). After initial fertilizer (NPK), ashes and excess nutrients were leached with water, and the microcosms were planted for 142 days with Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum ssp. italicum). Thereafter, leachate, soil and plant samples were analysed for their nutrient contents. The results showed that biochar additions of ≤15 g/kg soil left elevated contents of available P and N in the surface soil but reduced their uptake into the plants. As a result, total biomass production was unchanged. Different particle size and application amounts influenced these findings only marginally. Nitrate leaching was enhanced in the sandy soil (+41% for nitrate, but reduced in the silty soil ?17%) and P was immobilized. Hence, the fertility of the temperate soils under study was only marginally affected by pure biochar amendments. Steam activation, however, almost doubled the positive effects of biochars in all instances, thus being an interesting option for future biochar applications.     

生物炭对土壤磷素转化的影响及其机理研究进展

【目的】土壤中磷素总量及形态变化是其发挥营养元素作用和造成环境潜在威胁的重要因素。作为一种外源输入的新型功能材料,生物炭对调节土壤磷素转化及其功能发挥具有重要意义。本文重点针对农业生态系统中生物炭影响土壤磷素转化的研究进展进行综述,并对相应的影响机制进行探讨,旨在为生物炭在农田土壤磷素迁移转化方面的应用及调控提供理论依据。主要进展生物炭可有效增加土壤中有效磷的供给,不仅由于生物炭本身含有较高的磷,其施入土壤后,还可以调节土壤pH,吸附土壤磷素与金属的络合物,直接作为土壤微生物的碳素营养,提高土壤磷素的生物转化率等途径。展望生物炭研究应针对低肥力土壤进行生物炭适宜类型和添加量的研究,防止由于可能的磷素过多导致养分供应的不平衡。由于生物炭本身的含磷量较高,还应进行增施生物炭适当减少磷肥用量的试验,以提高生产效益。生物炭对根际土壤磷活性影响与实际生产相关更加密切,也应投入更多的注意力。此外,作为较为新兴的改土材料,生物炭施入土壤后的长期效应还有待观察和评估。     

生物炭对云南典型植烟土壤持水性及烤烟产量的影响

为解决季节性干旱导致云南省烤烟减产的问题,开展了烟秆生物炭改善云南典型植烟土壤持水性的研究,进而为生物炭在烟叶生产中的推广应用提供依据。通过盆栽试验研究了穴施不同用量生物炭(0%、1%、4%、7%、11%干土重)对黄红壤(YR)、黄棕壤(YB)、赤红壤(LR)、水稻土(PD)和紫色土(PE)5种典型植烟土壤持水性的影响。结果表明:施用生物炭显著提升5种土壤持水性,一次浇水周期较对照延长1~5 d,对烤烟产量的影响因土壤类型而异。其中,1%~11%范围内,YR土壤持水性随着生物炭用量增加而降低,施用生物炭1%土壤持水性最好,与对照相比,烤烟生育期总补水量显著降低59.5%,土壤含水量平均下降速度显著下降50.4%,水分利用效率显著提高32.3%。但施用生物炭导致烤烟最高减产37.9%。YB土壤持水性随着生物炭用量增加呈升高趋势,施用生物炭11%最好,相比对照,烤烟生育期总补水量显著降低41.3%,水分利用效率显著提高93.3%,产量无显著提高。随着生物炭用量增加,LR土壤持水性先增加后降低,施用生物炭4%效果最好,烤烟产量和水分利用效率分别较对照显著提高46.2%和68.8%。随着生物炭用量增加,PD和PE的土壤持水性及烤烟产量呈现先增加后降低趋势,施用生物炭7%效果最佳,与对照相比,烤烟产量分别显著提高17.0%和55.6%,总补水量分别显著降低40.3%和26.8%,土壤含水量平均下降速度分别显著降低37.4%和36.5%,水分利用效率分别显著提高94.4%和121.7%。烟秆生物炭对于云南典型植烟土壤的保水效果明显,其最佳施用量视土壤类型而异。     

黄河三角洲滨海盐渍土饱和导水率的研究

通过对黄河三角洲滨海盐渍土饱和导水率的研究, 结果表明: 原状土的饱和导水率随着土壤剖面深度的增加呈现出表土层高、中间土层低、底土层又升高的趋势; 扰动土与原状土的饱和导水率差异较大, 土壤饱和导水率与土壤容重呈负相关、而与孔隙度、结构系数、团聚度等均呈正相关。原状土的饱和导水率能反映田间水分运动以及孔隙状况, 对研究土壤水量平衡和水土保持有重要的意义。扰动土的饱和导水率对于土壤理化性质的理论研究有一定参考价值。     

生物炭对紫色土中腐植酸淋溶的影响

为了减少紫色土腐植酸的流失,提高龙川江流域紫色土肥力,采用土柱室内模拟方法,通过模拟降雨淋溶,研究了不同生物炭处理下(CK、1%、3%、5%和10%)对紫色土淋溶液p H值、电导率、体积以及胡敏酸和富里酸的影响。结果表明:在29 d试验过程中,淋溶液的p H值和电导率随着生物炭比例增加而增加;与CK相比,在1%、3%、5%和10%的生物炭处理条件下紫色土水分损失分别减少了6.33%、10.13%、16.46%和25.32%;胡敏酸浓度和累积淋失量随着生物炭比例增加而减小;除了1%和3%之外,富里酸浓度和累积淋失量也随着生物炭比例增加而减小;生物炭比例为10%的处理条件下对紫色土淋溶液中胡敏酸和富里酸浓度及累积淋失量最小,胡敏酸浓度和累积淋失量分别为1.46 mg/L、0.12 mg,富里酸浓度和累积淋失量分别为149.64 mg/L、29.60 mg,该处理有利于更大程度吸附胡敏酸和富里酸,减少其流失。     

施用生物炭对紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤水力学性质的影响

该研究通过野外坡耕地小区施用1%秸秆生物炭1年后的对比试验,揭示生物炭对川中丘陵区紫色土耕作层土壤水力学参数、大孔隙度及其对饱和导水率的贡献率所产生的影响。试验设对照区与施用生物炭区2个处理,各处理有3个平行小区,耕作层土壤分为表层和亚表层(2~7和7~12 cm)。比较2个处理小区试验结果,可以发现:1)施用生物炭导致植物难以利用的土壤滞留水和易流失的结构性孔隙水的含量(θstr)下降,而基质性孔隙中植物有效水含量显著提高(P0.05),由(0.058±0.003)cm3/cm3增加至(0.085±0.002)cm3/cm3;2)表层和亚表层土壤中对产流起主要贡献的半径125μm的总有效孔隙度分别平均增加54%和8%,其中孔径500μm的孔隙增加最为明显,高达110%和355%;3)表层和亚表层土壤的饱和导水率分别平均增加45%和35%。研究证明,施用生物炭,一方面,能增加土壤有效水的持水量,有利于植物抗旱;另一方面,提高土壤导水率,有利于水分入渗,从而减少地表径流及土壤侵蚀的发生。     

Long‐term‐fertilization effects on soil organic carbon,physical properties,and wheat yield of a loess soil

The large dryland area of the Loess Plateau (China) is subject of developing strategies for a sustainable crop production, e.g., by modifications of nutrient management affecting soil quality and crop productivity. A 19 y long‐term experiment was employed to evaluate the effects of fertilization regimes on soil organic C (SOC) dynamics, soil physical properties, and wheat yield. The SOC content in the top 20 cm soil layer remained unchanged over time under the unfertilized plot (CK), whereas it significantly increased under both inorganic N, P, and K fertilizers (NPK) and combined manure (M) with NPK (MNPK) treatments. After 18 y, the SOC in the MNPK and NPK treatments remained significantly higher than in the control in the top 20 cm and top 10 cm soil layers, respectively. The MNPK‐treated soil retained significant more water than CK at tension ranges from 0 to 0.25 kPa and from 8 to 33 kPa for the 0–5 cm layer. The MNPK‐treated soil also retained markedly more water than the NPK‐treated and CK soils at tensions from 0 to 0.75 kPa and more water than CK from 100 to 300 kPa for the 10–15 cm layer. There were no significant differences of saturated hydraulic conductivity between three treatments both at 0–5 and 10–15 cm depths. In contrast, the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity in the MNPK plot was lower than in the CK plot at depths of 0–5 cm and 10–15 cm. On average, wheat yields were similar under MNPK and NPK treatments and significantly higher than under the CK treatment. Thus, considering soil‐quality conservation and sustainable crop productivity, reasonably combined application of NPK and organic manure is a better nutrient‐management option in this rainfed wheat–fallow cropping system.     

加入不同量生物质炭盐渍化土壤盐分淋洗的差异与特征

生物质炭作为土壤调理剂,能够显著地改良培肥土壤,但对盐渍化土壤盐分淋洗的影响缺乏研究和了解。本研究采用土柱模拟试验,将蘑菇棒生物质炭按照不同的质量比(0%、2%、5%、10%),添加到内蒙古河套地区硫酸盐盐渍化土壤0～20 cm的土层中,并进行淋洗,测定淋出液和土壤盐分及主要盐分离子含量,以期了解生物质炭对土壤盐分和主要盐分离子洗脱的影响。结果表明:加入生物质炭的土柱,淋洗液出现的时间提前了5～36 d,电导率降低至5 mS cm-1缩短了41～100 d;生物质炭加入量越大,淋洗液出现的时间越早,电导率降低至5 mS cm-1所需的时间也越少。其中,生物质炭用量2%的处理,淋洗结束表层脱盐效果较好,含盐量与对照相比降低了34.25%。显然,向盐渍化土壤加入生物质炭,不仅能够缩短盐分洗脱时间,而且提高洗盐效率,但对盐分离子洗脱先后顺序及其速率,并没有表现出明显的影响。     

25年长期定位不同施肥措施对关中塿土水力学性质的影响

土壤水力学性质和功能的变化是评价长期施肥是否维持土壤可持续健康发展的重要方面。该研究通过采取"国家黄土肥力与肥料效益监测基地"的表层原状土壤,分析测定了撂荒(LH)、休闲(XX)、不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷钾肥(NPK)和有机肥与氮磷钾肥配施(MNPK)6个处理的土壤水分特征曲线、饱和导水率和紧实度等指标,评价了长期定位施肥对土壤基本物理性质和水力学性质的影响。结果表明:1)与CK、N和NPK处理相比,MNPK处理显著提高了土壤有机碳、饱和导水率和孔隙度,而降低了土壤容重和紧实度(P0.05)。2)不同施肥处理之间的土壤水分特征曲线表现出一定的差异,其土壤持水能力强弱为:XXN≈NPKCKMNPKLH;MNPK处理较CK、N和NPK处理持水能力分别提高2.57%、3.33%和7.34%;V-G模型拟合结果表明残余含水量(θ_r)、饱和含水量(θ_s)和进气值倒数(a)都存在一定程度的差异,θ_r在MNPK处理最大,XX最小;θ_s在N处理最大,MNPK次之,CK最小。进气值(1/a)在XX处理最大,LH最小。3)当量孔隙的分布主要在9μm大孔隙范围内,其次是0.2μm小孔隙范围,0.2～9μm之间的中孔隙分布较少。综上,MNPK有助于改善土壤结构,提高土壤持水性,降低土壤容重和紧实度,有助于作物生长和高产,是关中地区较为适宜的施肥措施。     

Effects of biochar and phosphorus fertilizer rates on soil physical properties and wheat yield on clay textured soil in middle Nile Delta of Egypt

ABSTRACT

Biochar has not been adequately used by farmers to improve the clay textured soil productivities in the world. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the effect of the co-application of biochar with different rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer on selected soil physical properties and wheat yield on clay textured soil over two growth seasons. Biochar treatments occupied the main plots at a rate of 0.0 and 10 t ha^?1, while the sub-plots were devoted to phosphorus rates at rates of 0%, 50%, 100%, and 150% of recommended P fertilizers. Biochar (10 t ha^?1) and P at different rates decreased soil bulk density significantly. Meanwhile, it increased aggregate stability, saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil water retention significantly at (p < .05), and it improved the grain yield of wheat. More grain yields in the soil treated with biochar than untreated soil under all P application rates for both years were probably caused partially by more nutrients (N, P, and K) were applied from biochar itself. Grain yield of wheat in the soil-amended biochar and P did not increase significantly between the application at 50%, 100% and 150% P. The results of this study indicate that phosphorus blends with biochar can be used to decrease the bulk density of clay textured soils and to improve crop production in these soils.     

Potential of sawdust and corn cobs derived biochar to improve soil aggregate stability,water retention,and crop yield of degraded sandy loam soil

Abstract

Poor soil structure is the main cause of soil degradation; however, biochar the solid carbon-rich production of pyrolysis biomass could improve the soil structure. Biochar from the feed stock sawdust (SD) and corn cobs (CC) was pyrolyzed at 450?°C. Wheat was grown as a test crop and treatments were control, NPK, SDB1% (sawdust biochar), CCB1% (corn cobs biochar), SDB0.5%+CCB0.5%, SDB1%?+?½ NPK, CCB1%?+?½ NPK. The higher growth, higher grain and dry matter yield were displayed by biochar?+?NPK. The lowest pH, the higher organic matter, available P and available K were observed in SDB0.5%+CCB0.5%. However, the highest total N (1.43?g kg^?1) was by NPK treatment. The biochar increased plant available water contents, water contents at field capacity and permanent wilting point, soil porosity and decreased bulk density. The highest stable aggregates were in SDB0.5%+CCB0.5%. Biochar application was found as a useful practice for soil sustainability     

Synergetic use of biochar and synthetic nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers to improves maize productivity and nutrient retention in loamy soil

Abstract

This study was designed to investigate the effect of biochar on maize production and nutrient retention with recommended full and half dose of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) nutrition in loamy soil. In the first study, maize was grown in pots with four levels of biochar (0, 2, 4, and 6?t?ha^?1) under two levels of NP fertilizer, viz. recommended (200–150?kg?NP?ha^?1) and it’s half (100–75?kg?NP?ha^?1) dose. The prominent improvement in plant roots traits, leaf area, plant growth, morphological and yield-related parameters were observed with addition of biochar at 2 and 4?t?ha^?1; while, plant height, number of grains per cob, grains and biological yield decreased with biochar addition 6?t?ha^?1 along with full dose of NP nutrition. In subsequent field studies, two levels of biochar along with control (0, 2, 4?t?ha^?1) were investigated. The more improvement in root growth, leaf area and crop growth was observed when biochar was applied at 2?t?ha^?1 with full NP nutrition. Biochar application at 2?t?ha^?1 with full NP nutrition produced the highest grain yield (6.64?t?ha^?1); however, biochar addition (2?t?ha^?1) with half NP nutrition resulted in better grain yield than full dose of NP to enhance maize production as compared with full dose of NP without biochar. Therefore, biochar addition (2?t?ha^?1) with half-recommended dose of NP prominently improved the maize productivity in loamy soil and serve as better in replacement of full dose of NP fertilizer.     

Effect of biochar application rate on soil physical and hydraulic properties of a sandy loam

Biochar is used as a soil amendment for improving soil quality and enhancing carbon sequestration. In this study, a loamy sand soil was amended at different rates (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% v/v) of biochar, and its physical and hydraulic properties were analyzed, including particle density, bulk density, porosity, infiltration, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and volumetric water content. The wilting rate of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) grown in soil amended with various levels of biochar was evaluated on a scale of 0–10. Statistical analyses were conducted using linear regression. The results showed that bulk density decreased linearly (R² = 0.997) from 1.325 to 0.363 g cm^?3 while the particle density decreased (R² = 0.915) from 2.65 to 1.60 g cm^?3 with increased biochar amendment, with porosity increasing (R² = 0.994) from 0.500 to 0.773 cm³ cm^?3. The mean volumetric water content ranged from 3.90 to 14.00 cm³ cm^?3, while the wilting rate of tomato ranged from 4.67 to 9.50, respectively, for the non-amended soil and 100% biochar-amended soil. These results strongly suggest positive improvement of soil physical and hydraulic properties following addition of biochar amendment.     

烟台棕壤土饱和导水率的初步研究

该文利用单环入渗的概化解,对不同土地利用方式下烟台棕壤土的饱和导水率进行了研究,同时分析了不同单环直径对求解饱和导水率产生的影响。研究结果表明：草地、裸地和道路的入渗速率、累积入渗量和饱和导水率呈现依次降低的变化趋势,利用直径为20、30和45 cm的入渗环得到的饱和导水率具有明显的差异性。根据求解的饱和导水率计算的累积入渗量非常接近实测值,整体相对误差很小,草地、裸地和道路,在5、7和40 m in后浮动在5%以内;在15、43和55 m in后变化幅度小于1%。20、30和45 cm入渗环累积入渗量计算值的相对误差初始阶段波动较大,随后逐渐趋于平稳。     

生物炭对粉黏壤土水力参数及胀缩性的影响

该文选取2种粒径（细炭0.013～0.048 mm、粗炭0.3～0.7 mm）的生物炭,以2种质量百分比（3%、6%）施入一种粉黏壤土,通过测定不同粒径生物炭及施加比例下土壤的水分特征曲线、饱和水力传导度、收缩性及饱和膨胀率,研究生物炭对粉黏壤土水力参数及胀缩性的影响。结果表明,2种粒径及添加比例的生物炭均降低了粉黏壤土的持水能力。但4种添加生物炭处理相互之间持水能力差异不显著。生物炭可降低粉黏壤土中极微孔隙和中大孔隙的比例,提高微孔隙和小孔隙所占的比例。生物炭的添加降低了该粉黏壤土的饱和含水率和凋萎系数。细炭对粉黏壤土的田间持水率没有显著影响,粗炭降低了粉黏壤土的田间持水率。两种粒径的生物炭均可提高粉黏壤土的有效含水率,并降低离心失水过程中土壤的收缩,在这2方面细炭的影响效果比粗炭显著;细炭的添加对粉黏壤土饱和膨胀率没有显著影响,粗炭则降低了粉黏壤土的饱和膨胀率。2种粒径生物炭的添加均降低了该粉黏壤土的饱和水力传导度。3%和6%的添加比例在大部分研究指标中未表现出明显差异。该研究可为生物炭在土壤环境修复应用方面提供一定的理论指导。