镧对NaCl胁迫下黑麦草幼苗根系生理特性的影响

采用水培法研究NaCl胁迫下黑麦草幼苗根系活性氧代谢和渗透调节物质含量的变化及La(NO3)3对其变化的影响,结果表明:随着NaCl浓度的增加,黑麦草幼苗根中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧阴离子(O2.-)和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量增大,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性及抗坏血酸(ASA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸含量先升后降,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和可溶性糖、Na+含量不断提高,K+含量和质膜H+-ATP酶活性持续下降。添加20 mg/L La(NO3)3处理提高了NaCl胁迫下幼苗根中SOD、CAT和H+-ATP酶的活性及ASA、GSH、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和K+的含量,降低了APX活性及O2.-、H2O2、MDA、脯氨酸和Na+的含量,POD活性在低浓度NaCl(50 mmol/L、100 mmol/L)时下降,高浓度(200 mmol/L、300 mmol/L)时升高。表明适宜浓度的La(NO3)3可通过提高盐胁迫下根系清除活性氧和渗透调节的能力,降低植株的膜脂过氧化,从而增强黑麦草的耐盐性。     

低温胁迫下内源性ROS对磷脂酶D活性影响的研究

低温(4℃,0℃和-4℃)处理高山离子芥(chorispora bungeana),研究低温胁迫引发的内源性ROS对高山离子芥叶中线粒体膜结合态磷脂酶D(Phospholipase D PLD)活性的影响,以期揭示内源性ROS对高山离子芥叶中线粒体膜结合态PLD活性的调控机制。结果表明,在4℃,0℃和-4℃处理下,高山离子芥叶中H2O2的含量和PLD活性均高于空白对照组。在正常条件下,用不同浓度H2O2处理后,PLD活性高于空白对照组。当添加NADPH氧化酶抑制剂(diphenylene iodonium DPI)处理后,在3个温度胁迫下PLD活性低于对照组,在该条件下线粒体膜结合态Ca~(2+)含量高于对照组。当用DPI+CaCl2处理后,PLD活性较添加DPI处理组高,而添加Ca~(2+)的螯合剂EGTA处理后,PLD活性与对照组相比表现出降低,表明低温胁迫下高山离子芥叶中Ca~(2+)参与内源性ROS对PLD活性的调控。     

H2O2与Fe2+、Cu2+、Zn2+协同作用对桑自由基伤害和保护酶活性的影响

研究了H2O2与Fe2+等金属离子产生的自由基胁迫对桑树生理特性的影响,旨在为桑树的抗逆栽培提供理论参考。以桑树叶片为材料,研究H2O2与Fe2+、Cu2+、Zn2+协同作用对桑自由基伤害和保护酶活性的影响。结果表明:经H2O2-Fe2+、H2O2-Cu2+和H2O2-Zn2+3种体系溶液处理的桑.OH含量分别提高34.38%、8.14%和5.43%;O2.-含量分别降低78.77%、54.75%和63.84%;1,1-二苯基苦基苯肼(DPPH)清除率分别降低44.60%、57.34%和54.64%;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性分别提高44.45%、36.02%和28.28%;多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性分别降低68.18%、86.58%和54.78%;过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性分别降低97.46%、96.57%和68.02%;过氧化物酶(POD)活性分别降低22.22%、提高7.42倍和66.67%。H2O2与Fe2+等的协同作用破坏了桑细胞内自由基动态平衡,导致自由基含量提高,保护酶活性受到显著影响。     

生物炭对紫花苜蓿/玉米间作系统氮吸收的影响

施加生物炭有利于提高土壤氮素吸收利用效率。本研究通过田间试验,明确施加生物炭对紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)/玉米(Zea mays L.)间作系统氮吸收的影响。试验共有6个处理：玉米单作(M),苜蓿单作(A),玉米/苜蓿间作(MA),间作均施生物炭(McAc),间作仅玉米施生物炭(McA),间作仅苜蓿施生物炭(MAc)。结果表明：不同间作处理土地当量比(Land equivalent ratio, LER)均大于1,McAc的LER最高;与MA相比,施加生物炭可显著提高紫花苜蓿及玉米单株地上部氮含量,且McAc的土壤碱解氮含量提高24.95%,根表面积密度增加34.23%～275.72%,进而提高了根系吸收氮素的能力。综上,施加生物炭可以提高土壤碱解氮含量和增加植物根表面积密度,提高紫花苜蓿/玉米间作氮吸收,进而提高作物产量。相比于玉米,施加生物炭对紫花苜蓿效果良好,紫花苜蓿和玉米都施加生物炭效果最好。     

饲用玉米氮素分配与根系特征对不同生物炭施加深度的响应

施用氮肥是当前饲草生产中提高产量的主要方式,而过量施氮会增加养分淋溶,产生环境问题。生物炭近年来已被用作新型土壤改良剂来缓/控释氮肥并见初效,而生物炭施用方式尚待优化,不同深度施用生物炭对土壤氮素和植株氮素分配的影响仍需进一步分析。本研究以不施生物炭为对照,设0-20、20-40、40-60 cm施用深度处理开展野外盆栽试验。结果表明,与其他处理相比,表施(0-20 cm)生物炭更有利于生物量提升,可有效提高总生物量19.3%,果实生物量较对照高出24.6%(P <0.05);在氮素积累方面,0-20 cm施加生物炭处理玉米(Zea mays)地上部分氮含量提升29.9%,果实以及叶鞘部分氮含量显著高于对照(P <0.05),两部分分别高出29.7%、42.3%,氮素积累情况与生物量提升情况一致;在土壤氮固持方面,0-20 cm施加深度下土壤硝态氮含量高于其余处理,而适度增加施用深度(20-40 cm)更利于土壤铵态氮固持。各生物炭施用深度处理均能促进根系生长,20-40 cm施加深度下总根长显著长于对照(P <0.05),0-20 cm施加深度下总根表面积高于对照,...     

冷藏期家蚕滞育卵和即时浸酸卵的H2O2含量及过氧化氢酶基因表达的变化

将产下后48h的家蚕滞育卵和即时浸酸卵进行低温(5℃)冷藏处理30d以上,滞育卵孵化率显著上升,而即时浸酸卵孵化率显著下降。为了探讨低温处理对滞育卵和即时浸酸卵的孵化产生不同影响的分子机制,测定了冷藏期间2种卵中的H2O2含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)基因mRNA转录水平和CAT活性变化。结果表明:2种卵在冷藏期间随着卵中的H2O2含量显著增加,CAT基因mRNA转录水平也上调;虽然冷藏后的10～70d,2种卵中的H2O2含量、CAT基因mRNA转录水平及CAT活性都显著上升,但滞育卵的H2O2含量仍显著高于即时浸酸卵,而CAT基因mRNA转录水平和CAT活性则显著低于即时浸酸卵。即时浸酸卵在冷藏过程中H2O2含量显著增加,可能造成了对胚胎的氧化伤害,从而降低其孵化率。然而,滞育卵在冷藏过程中的CAT基因mRNA转录水平及CAT活性相对较低,H2O2相对较高,胚胎却未受到氧化伤害,推测低温处理可能诱导了滞育卵中其它抗氧化反应。     

H2O2胁迫下豌豆初生根及抗氧化酶系统对外源 Ca2＋的响应

以豌豆品种“陇豌一号”为材料,通过对豌豆种子萌发初期初生根生理特性的研究,探索提高豌豆初生根外源H2 O2胁迫条件下抗性能力的途径。运用生理生化方法,测定 H2 O2胁迫下豌豆初生根在外源 Ca2＋处理后的弯曲率和根系活力,并对豌豆初生根内的丙二醛（MDA）含量、相对膜透性、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性进行测定。结果显示,80 mmol／L 的 H2 O2处理下的豌豆初生根正常生长受到显著抑制,但是经过 Ca2＋处理后,根系生长抑制作用得到缓解,根系活力得以恢复。外施10 mmol／L Ca2＋初生根 MDA 值较 CK1降低了37．32％,并显著地提高了 POD,SOD,CAT 和 APX 的活性,其值分别为51．946 U／（mg·min）,865．174 U／g FW,1．9739 mmol／（L·g·min）和2．569μmol／（L·g·min）。总之,外源施加 Ca2＋能够有效降低 H2 O2造成的氧化胁迫,缓解对初生根细胞膜的伤害,降低质膜透性,增强初生根系抗氧化酶活性,达到抵抗逆境胁迫的目的。     

生物炭和AM真菌对重金属污染下土壤养分及望江南生长的影响

以望江南为研究对象,通过盆栽试验研究了在重金属胁迫条件下添加生物炭与丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)互作对望江南生长及土壤养分的影响。结果表明,接种AMF对土壤pH及养分含量无显著影响;施用生物炭可显著增加土壤pH及土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、有效磷和速效钾含量,但对碱解氮、全钾含量影响不显著;普通生物炭显著增加了AMF侵染率,铁改性生物炭则作用相反;接种AMF可显著增加根系各形态参数,2种生物炭对望江南根系参数的影响则有所差异,单一普通生物炭(biochar, BC)处理下根系总根长、根表面积、总投影面积、根尖数和根系分叉数增加,而单一铁改性生物炭(Fe modified biochar,Fe-BC)处理下,相应参数则均降低,但2种生物炭均降低了根体积和平均直径。接种AMF与BC复合处理下,与对照、单一接种AMF处理和单一BC处理相比,各根系形态参数均增加;播种后初期,生物炭和AMF对望江南株高、叶长及叶宽无显著影响,随着生长期延长,AMF处理下望江南株高、叶长和叶宽显著高于未接种处理,两种生物炭单一处理对望江南株高、叶长及叶宽的增长均无显著影响,但与AMF互作则显著增加望江南株高、叶长和叶宽;不同处理下望江南地上部及根系干重与植株株高的变化情况一致。总体而言,普通生物炭与AMF互作对土壤pH、土壤养分及望江南根系的扩展、植株生长及干物质积累的改善效果最好。     

生物炭和AM真菌对重金属污染下土壤养分及望江南生长的影响

以望江南为研究对象,通过盆栽试验研究了在重金属胁迫条件下添加生物炭与丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)互作对望江南生长及土壤养分的影响。结果表明,接种AMF对土壤pH及养分含量无显著影响;施用生物炭可显著增加土壤pH及土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、有效磷和速效钾含量,但对碱解氮、全钾含量影响不显著;普通生物炭显著增加了AMF侵染率,铁改性生物炭则作用相反;接种AMF可显著增加根系各形态参数,2种生物炭对望江南根系参数的影响则有所差异,单一普通生物炭(biochar,BC)处理下根系总根长、根表面积、总投影面积、根尖数和根系分叉数增加,而单一铁改性生物炭(Fe modified biochar,Fe-BC)处理下,相应参数则均降低,但2种生物炭均降低了根体积和平均直径。接种AMF与BC复合处理下,与对照、单一接种AMF处理和单一BC处理相比,各根系形态参数均增加;播种后初期,生物炭和AMF对望江南株高、叶长及叶宽无显著影响,随着生长期延长,AMF处理下望江南株高、叶长和叶宽显著高于未接种处理,两种生物炭单一处理对望江南株高、叶长及叶宽的增长均无显著影响,但与AMF互作则显著增加望江南株高、叶长和叶宽;不同处理下望江南地上部及根系干重与植株株高的变化情况一致。总体而言,普通生物炭与AMF互作对土壤pH、土壤养分及望江南根系的扩展、植株生长及干物质积累的改善效果最好。     

日循环高温对肉鸡线粒体活性氧产生量、钙泵活性及胸肌品质的影响

通过研究日循环高温对肉鸡线粒体活性氧产生量、钙泵活性的影响，探讨高温影响肉鸡胸肌品质的机制。研究发现，日循环高温显著升高肝脏线粒体H2O2的产生量（P〈0．05），对胸肌线粒体H2O2产生量有提高趋势（P=0．0674），导致肝脏和胸肌脂质过氧化（P〈0．05），并抑制胸肌和肝脏线粒体钙泵活性（P〈0．05），影响肌纤维膜的完整性，使血液中肌酸激酶（CK）和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性升高（P〈0．01，P〈0．05），表明日循环高温影响肌浆钙离子调控功能，导致肌肉中乳酸含量升高（P=0．0703），最终使肉鸡屠宰后胸肌pH1显著降低（P〈0．05），胸肌L^＊、滴水损失和剪切力显著升高（P〈0．01）。配对组与适温组在线粒体H2O2产生量、钙泵活性、脂质过氧化、乳酸含量以及胸肌pH、L^＊、滴水损失等指标上无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结果表明，日循环高温引起肉鸡氧化应激，影响线粒体钙离子转移系统功能，增加胸肌乳酸的积聚，使屠宰后胸肌pH下降速度加快，导致胸肌蛋白质变性，影响胸肌肉色和持水力，日循环高温对肉鸡线粒体功能及肉品质的影响与高温降低肉鸡采食量无关。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -