不同种类有机酸对肉鸡生长性能、养分利用率和肠道微生态的影响研究

本试验研究不同种类有机酸对肉鸡生长性能、养分利用率和肠道微生态的影响。将240只1日龄艾维茵肉鸡随机分为4个处理（对照组、1．5％柠檬酸组、1．5％延胡索酸组、0．2％复合酸化剂组），每个处理6个重复，每个重复10只鸡。在试验第17～20d和38～41d分别进行代谢试验在试验第21d和42d进行屠宰试验。结果表明：肉鸡日粮中添加1．s％柠檬酸、1．5％延胡索酸和0．2％复合酸化荆不同程度改善肉鸡生产性能；提高前期阶段饲粮能量和养分的利用；对42日龄盲肠内容物的pH值有一定影响，同时，柠檬酸和复合酸化剂能显著促进肉鸡42日龄直肠乳酸杆菌的增殖；综合分析所有参数，0．2％复合酸化剂的作用效果最优。     

食料有机酸含量对肉鸡生长性能的影响分析

目的:观察食料柠檬酸、延胡索酸对肉鸡生长性能的影响.方法:将养殖场3日龄肉鸡180只随机等分为比较组和实验组,每组90只.比较组给予基础日粮,实验组在基础日粮基础上分别给予1.5%柠檬酸和1.5%延胡索酸的复合酸化剂.结果:实验组肉鸡在2周、4周、6周时,日采食量和日增重均显著高于比较组肉鸡,但料/增重比显著低于比较组肉鸡,比较均具有显著差异性(P均<0.05).结论:食料中添加柠檬酸+延胡索酸的复合酸化剂,有助于提升肉鸡日均采食量,有助于对提升肉鸡对食料养分的转化率,从而提升肉鸡生长性能.     

复合有机酸和黄霉素对肉鸡生产性能及肠道微生态影响的比较

选180只1日龄艾维茵肉鸡,随机分为3个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复10只鸡,试验期42d,研究复合有机酸和黄霉素对肉鸡生产性能、养分利用率、胃肠道酸度和微生物的影响,比较复合有机酸与黄霉素作用效果。结果表明：①饲粮添加150mg/kg黄霉素使肉鸡1～21日龄日增重提高6.63%（p〈0.05）;0.2%复合有机酸使肉鸡22～42日龄日增重提高7.55%,料肉比降低3.96%;②复合有机酸能显著提高22～42日龄肉鸡饲粮的钙磷利用率,而黄霉素有降低肉鸡22～42日龄饲粮钙磷利用率的趋势;③黄霉素和复合有机酸能不同程度降低42日龄肉鸡盲肠内容物的pH值;添加复合有机酸使肉鸡42日龄直肠的大肠杆菌和乳酸杆菌分别显著增加12.10%和24.29%（p〈0.05）。本试验结果表明,0.2%复合有机酸在改善肉鸡生产性能和胃肠道微生态效果方面与150mg/kg黄霉素（抗生素）相当。     

复合有机酸和黄霉素对肉鸡生产性能及肠道微生态的影响

选180只1日龄艾维菌肉鸡,随机分为3个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复10只鸡,试验期42天,研究复合有机酸和黄霉素对肉鸡生产性能、养分利用率、胃肠道酸度和微生物的影响,比较复合有机酸与黄霉素作用效果。结果表明：①饲粮添加150mg／kg黄霉素使肉鸡0-21日龄日增重提高6．63％（P〈0．05）;0．2％酸化剂使肉鸡22-42日龄日增重提高7．55％,料肉比降低3．96％;②酸化剂能显著提高22-42日龄肉鸡饲粮的钙磷利用率,而黄霉素有降低肉鸡22-42日龄饲粮钙磷利用率的趋势;⑧黄霉素和酸化剂能不同程度降低42日龄肉鸡盲肠内容物的pH值;添加酸化剂使肉鸡42日龄直肠大肠杆菌和乳酸杆菌分别显著增加12．10％和24．29％（P〈0．05）。本试验结果表明,复合有机酸在改善肉鸡生产性能和胃肠道微生态效果方面与抗生素相当。     

不同类型酸化剂对断奶仔猪生长性能影响的研究

试验选择28日龄发育正常、健康良好的三元杂交杜大长断奶仔猪96头,根据胎次、性别、体重随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复8头。四组分别为:Ⅰ组(对照组)为添加0.2%复合酸化剂日粮组;Ⅱ组为添加0.5%复合酸化剂日粮组;Ⅲ组为添加1.2%柠檬酸日粮组;Ⅳ组为添加0.2%微胶囊型包被复合酸化剂日粮组。试验期为30d,研究不同类型酸化剂对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响。试验结果表明:断奶仔猪日粮添加0.5%的复合酸化剂和添加1.2%的柠檬酸可显著提高仔猪的日增重和饲料效率,降低仔猪腹泻率,添加0.2%微胶囊型包被复合酸化剂的效果最佳,而添加0.2%的复合酸化剂对仔猪的生长性能和腹泻方面未起到相应效果。     

复合有机酸对肉鸡的营养生理效应研究

选择360只1日龄艾维茵肉鸡,考察日粮添加0、0.05%、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%和0.4%复合酸化剂对肉鸡生产性能、养分利用率以及肠道微生态环境的影响,确定肉鸡日粮中适宜的酸化剂添加量。结果表明:①饲粮添加酸化剂能不同程度改善肉鸡1￣21日龄饲粮干物质、蛋白质、有机物和能量的利用率,显著提高21～42日龄钙磷利用率(P<0.05),但有降低前期钙磷利用率的趋势。②添加酸化剂有降低肉鸡42日龄十二指肠、空肠和盲肠内容物pH值的趋势,而此时空肠和直肠中大肠杆菌和乳酸杆菌的数量均有不同增加,但乳酸杆菌的增殖占优势。综合分析所有参数,添加0.2%酸化剂效果最好。     

复合酸化剂对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响

本试验选用132只1日龄AA肉仔鸡随机分为3组,每组设4个重复,每个重复11只鸡,一组饲喂基础日粮作为对照组,另两组在基础日粮中添加0.5%和1.0%复合酸化剂作为试验组,研究日粮中添加复合酸化剂对肉仔鸡体增重和屠宰性能的影响,确定肉鸡日粮中适宜的复合酸化剂添加量。试验分两个阶段,前期0～21日龄,后期22～42日龄,每个阶段始末称重。试验结果表明,肉鸡日粮中添加0.5%、1.0%复合酸化剂不同程度改善肉鸡各阶段的体增重、料重比和成活率;但对肉鸡屠宰性能没有显著影响,综合指标来看,肉仔鸡日粮添加1.0%复合酸化剂的作用效果最佳。     

日粮中添加延胡索酸对肉仔鸡增重与屠宰性能的影响

选用300羽1日龄罗斯308肉仔鸡,随机分为3组,每组设置4个重复,每个重复25羽鸡。一组饲喂基础日粮作为对照组,另两组在基础日粮中添加0.2%、0.4%延胡索酸作为试验组。试验分两个阶段,前期1～21日龄,后期22～42日龄,每个阶段始末称重。结果表明,肉鸡日粮中添加0.2%、0.4%延胡索酸不同程度地改善肉鸡各阶段的体增重、料肉比和成活率,但对肉鸡屠宰性能没有显著影响。综合指标来看,肉仔鸡日粮添加0.2%延胡索酸的作用效果最佳。     

甲酸钙、乳酸钙、柠檬酸钙和柠檬酸对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

探讨在商品猪场仔猪日粮中添加甲酸钙、乳酸钙、柠檬酸钙、柠檬酸或复合酸化剂对断奶仔猪生长性能和拉稀情况的影响。试验用12窝96头"杜×长×大"杂种21日龄断奶仔猪,随机分成4个处理组,每组3窝,每窝8头仔猪为1个重复,试验期14 d(21~35日龄)。4个日粮处理组分别是:处理组1:基础日粮+甲酸钙0.46%+柠檬酸1.5%;处理组2:基础日粮+乳酸钙0.88%+柠檬酸1.5%;处理组3:基础日粮+乳酸钙0.88%+复合酸化剂0.3%;处理组4:基础日粮+柠檬酸钙0.66%+复合酸化剂0.3%。试验结果表明:21日龄窝平均体质量对仔猪断奶后2周内的生长速度有正面影响(P0.05);1.5%柠檬酸的促生长作用远大于复合酸化剂0.3%(P0.05);3种有机酸盐对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响顺序为乳酸钙柠檬酸钙甲酸钙(P0.05);就防止仔猪拉稀而言,4个处理组间没有显著差异(P0.05)。     

不同种类酸化剂对白羽肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、器官指数及养分表观消化率的影响

试验旨在研究在饲粮中添加不同种类的酸化剂对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、器官指数及养分消化率的影响。选择初始体重为（44.05±0.02）g的1日龄健康白羽肉鸡360只，随机分为6个处理，每个处理6个重复，每个重复10只鸡。空白对照组饲喂基础日粮，苯甲酸组在基础日粮中添加2 000 mg/kg苯甲酸，富马酸组在基础日粮中添加2 000 mg/kg富马酸，复合酸化剂组在基础日粮上添加1 000、2 000、3 000 mg/kg复合酸（富马酸、甲酸、丙酸和载体）。试验期为42 d，饲喂期间自由采食和饮水。结果表明：与对照组相比，各添加剂组提高了22～42 d平均日采食量（ADFI）(P<0.05)，苯甲酸组提高了22～42 d平均日增重（ADG）、42 d的末重（FBW）以及1～42 d的ADFI和ADG(P<0.05)，且苯甲酸组1～42 d的ADG高于富马酸组和复合酸化剂3 000 mg/kg组（P<0.05）；与对照组相比，各组提高了肉鸡的全净膛率（P<0.01）、半净膛率（P<0.05），苯甲酸组和复合酸化剂1 000 mg/kg组降低了肉鸡胸肌45 mi...     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.