犬细小病毒Taq Man荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立与初步应用

根据GenBank中CPV VP2蛋白基因序列,选择CPV VP2基因保守序列,分别设计1对特异性引物和TaqMan探针,建立了CPV Taq Man荧光定量PCR检测方法。对CPV Taq Man荧光定量PCR的反应体系和反应条件进行优化,并对其特异性和敏感性进行了测定,建立标准曲线。结果,CPV Taq Man荧光定量PCR对CPV检测阳性,并能对10拷贝/μL的CPV模板检测阳性,标准曲线的相关系数为0.9992,但对非CPV模板检测阴性。结果表明,所建立的CPV Taq Man荧光定量PCR具有很好的特异性和敏感性,标准曲线具有很强的实用性。同时对CPV Taq Man荧光定量PCR与CPV PCR进行了比较试验,结果前者比后者的敏感性高100倍。采用CPVHA、CPV PCR与CPV Taq Man荧光定量PCR对55份临床样品进行检测,CPV HA对30份样品检测阳性,CPVPCR对40份样品检测阳性,CPV Taq Man荧光定量PCR对47份样品检测阳性。这表明,CPV Taq Man荧光定量PCR对样品的检出率最高,具有特异、敏感、快速的特点,适用临床样品的检测。     

牛传染性鼻气管炎gB基因TaqMan探针及SYBR Green 1荧光定量PCR方法的建立与比较

为建立牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒(IBRV)荧光定量PCR检测方法,本研究利用IBRV g B基因序列设计引物及相应探针,分别建立Taq Man探针与SYBR Green 1荧光定量PCR方法,并对两种方法的敏感性等综合比较。结果显示,SYBR Green 1荧光定量PCR方法的相关系数(R2)为0.998,扩增效率(E)为95.7%;Taq Man探针荧光定量PCR方法的R2为0.999,E为108.3%;两种方法的敏感性均为0.2 TCID50,变异系数均小于3%。综合结果显示,两种检测方法无显著差异。最后,本研究成功建立了检测IBRV的荧光定量PCR,将为IBRV的临床检测提供方法。     

传染性胰脏坏死病毒实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法的建立及应用

传染性胰脏坏死病毒(infectious pancreatic necrosis virus,IPNV)是一种严重危害鲑鳟鱼类的重要传染性病原。为建立IPNV快速检测方法,根据IPNV VP2蛋白编码基因保守序列,设计并筛选出特异性引物和Taq Man探针,并优化筛选引物以及探针检测浓度、退火温度和退火时间,建立了一种实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法,并对方法进行了评价。结果显示：该方法灵敏度高,对IPNV的检测限为5 copies/μL;特异性强,对传染性造血器官坏死病毒、鲤春病毒血症病毒、病毒性出血性败血症病毒、草鱼呼肠孤病毒、流行性造血器官坏死病毒等其他病毒核酸扩增均呈阴性;重复性良好,组内与组间重复平均变异系数均小于3%;用本研究建立的实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法,对40份经病毒分离鉴定的样品进行IPNV检测,符合率为100%。结果表明,本研究建立的方法具有快速、特异、敏感等优点,可检测病毒含量较低的组织样品,对于IPNV的快速检测更具优势。     

山羊伪结核棒状杆菌TaqMan荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立和初步应用

为了快速检测无临床症状的山羊是否感染山羊伪结核棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis),根据Gen Bank中伪结核棒状杆菌磷脂酶D(phospholipase D,PLD)基因序列,分别设计1对特异性引物和Taq Man探针,经过反应条件和体系优化,测定特异性、敏感性和稳定性,建立山羊伪结核病Taq Man荧光定量PCR检测方法,并对54份临床样品进行检测。结果显示:建立的山羊伪结核棒状杆菌方法具有很好的特异性,在20μL扩增体系中,引物浓度为0.20μmol/m L,探针浓度为0.45μmol/m L,退火温度59℃时最佳;最低可检测出4.6×102个拷贝数的细菌DNA,标准曲线相关系数是0.996。同时,对Taq Man荧光定量PCR和常规PCR进行了比较,前者的敏感性是后者的1 000倍;对54份临床样品进行检测,Taq Man荧光定量PCR检出的阳性率为68.5%(37/54),常规PCR检出的阳性率为53.7%(29/54)。研究表明:Taq Man荧光定量PCR法检出率较高,有特异、敏感且快速的特点,适用于临床样品的检测。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒实时荧光定量RT—PCR检测方法的建立

本试验根据GenBank中鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)基因组设计一对针对病毒vp5基因的引物和一条特异性Taq Man探针,建立了一种快速检测IBDV核酸载量的Taq Man荧光定量RT-PCR方法.通过对反应条件和反应体系的优化,使得该方法在108拷贝/μL～101拷贝/μL范围内具有良好的线性关系.能够灵敏地检测初始模板中30个拷贝的病毒核酸,其灵敏度是常规RT-PCR检测方法的100倍.该方法不与其它的禽源病毒发生非特异性反应,并且具有良好的重复性,为IBDV的定性定量检测提供了有效的工具.     

A型猪塞内卡病毒TaqMan荧光定量PCR方法的建立

本研究针对A型猪塞内卡病毒(Senecavirus A, SVA)基因组保守区域设计了特异性引物及探针,建立了快速检测SVA的Taq Man荧光定量PCR方法。结果显示,以构建的重组质粒为标准品建立的Taq Man荧光定量PCR方法,标准曲线具有良好的线性关系,线性相关系数达0.9974;特异性良好,与口蹄疫病毒、猪流行性腹泻病毒、猪传染性胃肠炎病毒、猪瘟病毒、猪伪狂犬病毒不存在交叉反应;对SVA核酸最低检测下限为3.75 copies/μL,而普通PCR最低检测下限为3.75×103 copies/μL;批内和批间的变异系数为均小于5%,重复性良好。本研究建立的SVA TaqMan荧光定量PCR方法为检测猪水疱性疾病病原提供了一种快速、灵敏的检测方法,为开展SVA流行病学调查提供了技术支持。     

H7亚型禽流感病毒核酸标准品制备及双探针荧光RT-PCR检测研究

从禽流感病毒A/Chicken/1/2002(H7N1)核酸中扩增了完整HA的基因编码序列,克隆测序后,采用体外转录方法制备c RNA。用RNA保存液稀释至含量约108Copies/μL。分装后进行均匀性和稳定性检验,通过8家实验室联合定值,取平均值作为定值结果;经统计分析计算了该标准品的不确定度。此外,采用Taq Man方法,根据禽流感病毒H7亚型的血凝素基因的末端,采用1对引物和2条MGB探针,建立了禽流感病毒H7亚型Taq Man荧光RT-PCR快速检测技术。应用建立的方法对研制的标准品进行检测,检测限可达10基因拷贝;对新城疫病毒及其他亚型的流感病毒核酸进行检测,结果表明,建立的方法特异性良好,而且双探针的设计思路更能保证病毒核酸的有效检测,防止漏检。     

猪博卡病毒实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

根据GenBank公布的猪博卡病毒(PBoV)序列,通过VP1/2基因设计引物和Taq Man探针建立实时荧光定量PCR检测方法。建立的方法与PPV、PRRSV及PCV均无交叉反应,具有较高特异性,在107 copies/mL～101 copies/mL模板范围内具有良好的线性关系,所制作的标准曲线相关系数为0.997,最低可检测到101copies/mL的阳性质粒。说明所建立的PBoV实时荧光定量PCR检测方法具有灵敏度高、特异性好和精确性高等优点。     

猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型TaqMan荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立及应用

为了快速准确检测猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型(PCV-2)并对病毒拷贝数进行定量,试验根据Gen Bank中PCV-2保守序列(登录号为FJ644559.1)设计1对特异性引物和Taq Man探针,制备标准品,建立PCV-2的荧光定量检测方法,并对临床样品进行检测。结果表明:该方法在1×101~1×108拷贝/μL的模板范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数可达0.999;敏感性是常规PCR方法的100倍;对猪细小病毒(PPV)、猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)、猪瘟病毒(CSFV)、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)均为阴性,没有交叉反应;批内、批间重复试验变异系数均小于2.50%;在临床检测中,比常规PCR方法检测PCV-2的阳性检出率高出38%。说明试验成功建立了PCV-2 Taq Man荧光定量PCR检测方法,可用于临床检测PCV-2感染及对其拷贝数进行定量。     

水疱性口炎病毒荧光RT-PCR鉴别检测方法的建立与应用

本研究建立荧光定量RT-PCR鉴别检测水疱性口炎病毒的方法。针对Gen Bank登录的水疱性口炎两血清型-新泽西型(VSV-NJ)和印第安纳型(VSV-IND)的L基因保守区,设计1对引物和2条探针。通过对荧光定量RT-PCR反应条件的优化,建立了Taq Man荧光定量RT-PCR快速检测VSV的方法。与常规RT-PCR试验比较表明,所建立的荧光RT-PCR检测技术快速、敏感,检测时限3 h以内,具有很好的特异性和重复性,可以实现水疱性口炎病毒的快速检测分型。通过对342份临床样品进行检测,结果表明,所建立的检测方法适用于样品中水疱性口炎病毒的直接检测。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein