桁杆虾拖网圆形分隔装置的效果分析

在桁杆虾拖网中间一只网囊前部加装圆形分隔装置,并在装置上部开设逃逸口.装置的格栅倾角分别为30.、45.、60.,栅条间距分别为2.5 cm、3.5 cm和4.5 cm.在逃逸口上方装有网袋,用于收集逃鱼.对装配不同倾角和不同栅条间距的装置进行了试验,根据各个网次网囊和网袋的渔获组成和体长分布情况,分析装置的分隔效果....     

桁杆虾拖网选择性装置的试验分析

设计并研制了一种内、外圆环形刚性框架和柔性六角形网片组合而成的桁杆虾拖网选择性装置。所研制选择性装置在东海区近海桁杆虾拖网中,采用对比试验法开展了海上选择性试验,并针对试验期间主要渔获品种哈氏仿对虾,以Logistic曲线为选择性模型,对六角形网目水平缩结长度分别为D1=31.00 mm,D2=27.50 mm,D3=21.25 mm三种规格选择性装置的选择性效果进行分析。结果表明,3种规格选择性装置均具有选择性效果,其中安装六角形网目水平缩结长度为31.00 mm和27.50 mm的选择性装置的目标网囊内哈氏仿对虾的优势体长均为75~95 mm,相应非目标网囊内哈氏仿对虾的优势体长分别为25~45 mm和35~55 mm,具有较显著的差异性;而安装六角形网目水平缩结长度为21.25 mm的选择性装置的目标网囊内哈氏仿对虾的优势体长35~55 mm,相应非目标网囊内哈氏仿对虾的优势体长同为25~45 mm。六角形网目水平缩结长度31.00 mm的选择性装置对哈氏仿对虾的50%选择体长L50最大,为48.89 mm,而选择性范围SR最小,为16.75 mm,在试验规格范围内的选择性效果最显著。     

Scale model of a new midwater trawl system for sampling pelagic larval and juvenile fish

SUMMARY: A new midwater sampling trawl was designed to collect pelagic larval and juvenile fish. It has a rigid square frame of 2.25 m², with a 12.5 m high strength polyethylene net. The cambered V-type depressor with a camber ratio of 15%, aspect ratio of 6.0, and dihedral angle of 20° was hung to the bottom of the frame with four slings based on the principle of the parallelogram. A 1/5 scale model net of the prototype was made to examine the towing performances in a circulating water tank. The depth of the net and the attack angle of the depressor were measured at various flow velocities ranging from 30 to 100 cm/s with warp lengths of 260, 310, 360, 410 cm. The depressor held the setting angle closely, and the fluctuating range of the net depth was only 2% for the longest warp length over a wide range of flow velocities. This sampling trawl could maintain near constant depth under various flow velocities by the results of model experiment.     

不同结构的人工礁模型对牙鲆的诱集效果初探

本实验研究了牙鲆(Paralichthys olitaceus)对六种不同结构的立方体模型礁的行为反应,并对模型礁的诱集效果进行了比较。实验结果表明：在自然光照条件下及未投放礁时,牙鲆在水槽中的分布没有选择性,呈随机分布;而投礁后各礁均能对牙鲆产生诱集效果,牙鲆在鱼礁标志区的分布率从7％提高到了14％-26%,其中以顶部不开孔,四周开孔较小的D型礁的诱集效果最好;在40W日光灯下,牙鲆在鱼礁标志区的平均分布率由23％提高到27％。     

Multiple metrics provide context for the distribution of a highly mobile fish predator,the blue catfish

Data sets with increased spatial and temporal resolution can help researchers and resource managers quantify representative distributional patterns of mobile sportfish. In this research, first, we illustrate patterns of sportfish distribution using individual (percent of population, residence time, number of movements) and combined distributional metrics. Second, we apply these metrics to one highly mobile fish species, the blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus), across a range of spatial (whole reservoir, region, site) and temporal (year, month, diel period) scales. Specifically, we tracked 123 acoustically tagged blue catfish with a 20‐receiver array in Milford Reservoir, KS, USA. When we integrated metrics, four site‐specific distributional patterns emerged: (a) a large, active multi‐site fish aggregation, (b) localised site fidelity, (c) transitional sites and (d) rarely used locations. These patterns would not have been detected using a single metric as each measurement revealed a different piece of the distribution story. For example, if we had only quantified percent of population, we could identify fish location, but not whether individual fish spent time at a location or were just passing through. Our examination of multiple scales also provided a novel context for interpreting site‐specific patterns. As an illustration of this insight, using conventional approaches, we would have observed heterogeneity, but we would not have detected fish aggregations, in which individual fish either remained or repeatedly returned to a site. In summary, our results show the advantage of setting the entire ecosystem as the study boundary to integrate multiple responses using a spatially and temporally extensive data set.     

时空和环境因子对海州湾方氏云鳚资源丰度分布的影响

根据2011年3月、5月、7月、9月和12月在海州湾及邻近海域进行的渔业资源底拖网调查数据,研究了该海域方氏云鳚(Pholis fang)资源丰度的分布特征,并用广义可加模型(GAM)分析了其资源丰度分布与时空和环境因子之间的关系。结果表明,海州湾及邻近海域方氏云鳚资源丰度呈现明显的时空变化。方氏云鳚资源丰度7月最高,9月最低;其主要分布在海州湾东北部海域,这与受到南黄海西侧冷中心的影响有关。GAM分析表明,月份、水深和离岸距离对方氏云鳚的资源丰度具有显著影响。方氏云鳚的资源丰度随水深的增加而增大,随离岸距离的增大呈现先增加后降低的趋势。在离岸距离70 km左右,水深14~36 m时,方氏云鳚的资源丰度较大,这可能与其产卵洄游和环境因子的时空差异有关。     

Environmental and spatial effects on the distribution of blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) as inferred from data for longline fisheries in the Pacific Ocean

Blue marlin is distributed throughout tropical and temperate waters in the Pacific Ocean. However, the preference of this species for particular habitats may impact its vulnerability to being caught. The relationship between spatio‐temporal patterns of blue marlin abundance and environmental factors is examined using generalized additive models fitted to catch and effort data from longline fisheries. The presence of blue marlin, and the catch rate given presence, are modeled separately. Latitude, longitude, and sea‐surface temperature explain the greatest proportion of the deviance. Spatial distributions of relative density of blue marlin, based on combining the probability of presence and relative density given presence, indicate that there is seasonal variation in the distribution of blue marlin, and that the highest densities occur in the tropics. Seasonal patterns in the relative density of blue marlin appear to be related to shifts in SST. The distribution and relative abundance of blue marlin are sufficiently heterogeneous in space and time that the results of analyses of catch and effort data to identify ‘hotspots’ could be used as the basis for time‐area management to reduce the amount of blue marlin bycaught in longline fisheries.     

基于最大熵模型模拟西北太平洋柔鱼潜在栖息地分布

为模拟西北太平洋柔鱼(Ommastrephes bartramii)潜在栖息地分布,分析柔鱼渔场时空变化和环境变化规律。利用2011—2015年中国鱿钓船在西北太平洋海域获得的柔鱼渔业生产数据,结合该海域海洋环境遥感数据,包括海表面温度(sea surface temperature, SST)、叶绿素a (Chlorophyll-a, Chl a)浓度、净初级生产力(net primary productivity, NPP)、混合层深度(mixed layer depth, MLD)及海平面异常(sea level anomaly, SLA),采用最大熵模型对柔鱼潜在栖息地进行模拟,并利用ArcGIS软件对栖息地适宜性进行评价。结果显示,7月柔鱼最适宜区主要分布在39°N～43°N, 150°E～163°E。8月柔鱼最适宜区向东移动,较适宜区向北扩张至46°N。9月柔鱼最适宜区和较适宜区面积向西缩小,主要集中在40°N～46°N, 150°E～160°E。10月最适宜区和较适宜区向南移动,主要分布在40°N～45°N,150°E～165°E。各月影响柔鱼潜在分布的重要环境因子有所差异,7—8月为SST,9月为MLD和SST,10月为NPP和SST。研究表明西北太平洋柔鱼分布受海洋环境因子的影响,时空变化明显,最大熵模型对西北太平洋柔鱼潜在栖息地分布的模拟精度非常高。     

Evaluating diel, ontogenetic and environmental effects on larval fish vertical distribution using Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale and Shape

Changes in ichthyoplankton vertical distributions can have important consequences with respect to larval transport and survivorship, yet determining the relative importance of environmental influences on vertical migrations in a statistically meaningful framework remains challenging. Here we use Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale and Shape (GAMLSS) and Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) to model the vertical distribution of larval Urophycis regia collected over a 108-h time series on the Mid-Atlantic Bight shelf. Depth was the response variable weighted by two measures of larval abundance: concentrations (number 100 m⁻³) and proportions at depth. Mean and variance of depth were modeled as a function of time, wind stress, current velocity, water column stratification and ontogeny. Model results indicated a large effect of stage for both concentration- and proportion-based analyses. Subsequent and separate analyses on preflexion and postflexion U. regia indicated a differential response to the environmental parameters based on ontogeny. Model results suggested preflexion U. regia do not have a diel pattern in vertical distribution, but do avoid areas of high surface turbulence related to wind stress. In contrast, postflexion larvae have a significant diel pattern of vertical distribution mediated by surface turbulence (increased variance). The statistical approaches applied here offer the potential to evaluate the effect of multiple factors on vertical distribution and have provided significant insight into the factors that influence the vertical distribution of spotted hake larvae.     

A simple model for predicting ecological impacts of introduced aquatic organisms: a case study of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., in the Sepik-Ramu River Basin, Papua New Guinea

Abstract Practical models for predicting the impacts of introduced biota are urgently required to assess the benefits and risks of introductions. The simple method described predicts the ecological consequences of an introduction through potential competition between species based on elementary niche classifications. The model's predictions are tested against field data for common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., which escaped from fish farms during a study of the feasibility of fish stock enhancement in a large river basin. Recorded effects of carp are based on pre- and post-carp gillnet catches, observations of local villagers, socio-economic censuses and other sources of data. The predicted ecological interactions of common carp are in broad agreement with those recorded. The method can assist pre-introduction assessments and is particularly useful where limited data exist. In this particular study, common carp have contributed significantly to an improved capture fishery by fortuitous accident; production from aquaculture was negligible. High niche overlap between carp and certain resident fish species is predicted and this may be of more consequence in highland than lowland regions. Organisms introduced/transferred for aquaculture should be assessed within a much wider forum. The intended impacts of an introduction/ transfer, which in the case study were entirely erroneous, is an area in need of considerable attention.     

Age distribution of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus nudus (A. Agassiz) in relation to algal zonation in a rocky coastal area on Oshika Peninsula, northern Japan

ABSTRACT: The age distribution of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus nudus in relation to algal zonation was studied in a sublittoral rocky area on Oshika Peninsula, northern Japan, from June 1995 through to August 1996. The algal zonation observed there extends from a shallow area of cobbles to deeper areas dominated successively by Sargassum yezoense , Eisenia bicyclis and, finally, crustose coralline red algae. One-year-old sea urchins occurred only on the cobbles and crustose corallines in contrast to the presence of 2-year-old individuals from all areas and the restricted distribution of individuals aged 3 years and over to Eisenia and crustose corallines. Calculated mean body sizes in the Eisenia area became larger after the age of 2 years compared with those in the area of crustose corallines. Spawning was ascertained histologically in both the Eisenia and crustose coralline areas, although gonad indices were higher in the former area than in the latter throughout the year. Gut contents were dominated by E. bicyclis in the Eisenia area, and by crustose coralline red algae and small algae in the crustose coralline area. Thus, the sea urchin may settle most abundantly on crustose corallines and lives there for 1–2 years. Thereafter, they expand their habitat toward the Eisenia area, where there is richer sources of food for attaining a higher growth rate and to generate heavier gonads.     

Reconstruction of the historical distribution ranges of imperilled stream fishes from a global endemic hotspot based on molecular data: Implications for conservation of threatened taxa

1. Understanding historical distribution patterns of freshwater fishes prior to human impacts is crucial for informing effective strategies for biodiversity conservation. However, incomplete information on species occurrence records, the existence of cryptic species and sensitivity to small sample sizes limit the application of historical records in natural history collections as well as conventional species distribution modelling algorithms to infer past distributions of species.
2. This study used molecular data as an alternative and objective approach to reconstruct the historical distribution ranges of four stream fishes from the Breede River system in the Cape Fold Ecoregion, a global hotspot of imperilled endemic freshwater biodiversity in southern Africa.
3. The study used 249 occurrence records and 208 mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences to reconstruct the potential historical ranges of four taxa: Galaxias sp. ‘zebratus nebula', Galaxias sp. ‘zebratus Riviersonderend', Pseudobarbus sp. ‘burchelli Breede' and Pseudobarbus skeltoni.
4. All four taxa historically had broader distribution ranges across the Breede River system before human impacts, but they have suffered severe attrition as the main‐stem populations have been extirpated.
5. The severe decline in the historical ranges of these four taxa is a result of multiple impacts, particularly hydrological modification, habitat degradation and the introduction of non‐native species, which are also global challenges for freshwater ecosystems.
6. The approach presented in this study has great potential for reconstructing historical ranges of stream‐dwelling taxa from disparate regions where fragmentation has resulted from human‐mediated impacts. This information is crucial for identifying appropriate conservation strategies such as river rehabilitation and eradication of non‐native species, as well as guiding reintroductions and informing assisted gene flow where these are deemed necessary interventions.

     

Influence of maternal habitat choice,environment and spatial distribution of juveniles on their propensity for anadromy in a partially anadromous population of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

This study evaluated the importance of the environment and spatial distribution of juvenile fish for the adoption of alternative migratory tactics in a partially anadromous population of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from the Santa Cruz River. We captured young‐of‐the‐year fish along the river during autumn 2009, 2010 and spring 2010 and determined their maternal origin (anadromous vs. resident) using strontium to calcium ratios in the otolith core. Relative proportion of anadromous offspring, modelled with logistic regression, increased towards headwaters and in areas with deeper channels and larger substrate composition. Body length, modelled with linear multiple regression, varied positively with site depth, water velocity, substrate size and anadromous maternal origin. Based on evidence for limited juvenile movements (<25 km), the spatial extent of this study (240 Rkm) and the identification of large, contrasting reaches along the river, it is likely that the observed spatial distribution of juveniles and their association to sites with coarse substrate composition reflects maternal spawning activity. Results further indicate that anadromous females breed predominantly in middle and upper river sections in areas with coarse substrate. Given that body size in this system has been positively related to propensity for anadromy, we propose that female spawning choice affects their offspring's spatial distribution, providing the adequate physical template for anadromous offspring to reach or maintain larger body sizes and display anadromy themselves. Relevance of this study is also discussed in the context of alterations in response to future dam construction in one of the latest free‐flowing rivers sustaining anadromous O. mykiss.