磷的不同动态变化对模拟湖泊生态系统中附草螺类的影响

采用试验围隔模拟湖泊富营养化过程,选取磷的不同动态变化,研究其动态输入模式对附草螺类的影响。结果表明,总量相同时,中短期内低频次的磷输入比高频次的磷输入对螺类生物量的影响更显著,而长期条件下高低频次的磷输入对螺类生物量的影响无显著差异（P〉0.05）。营养的添加显著促进螺类生物量（密度和丰度）的增长。试验系统中附植藻类的生物量与螺类的生物量成显著负相关（P〈0.05）,沉水植物刺苦草（Vallisneria spinulosa）与螺类（Radix）生物量的相关性不显著（P〉0.05）,表明螺类是螺类-附着     

沉水植物对中华绒螯蟹生长和非特异性免疫力的影响

从东太湖采集伊乐藻(Elodea canadensis)、金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticilla-ta)、苦草(Vallisneria natans)、马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)5种沉水植物分别制成干粉。在基础饲料中添加15%的干粉形成5种不同的配合饲料,分别饲喂体重为(9.37±0.15)g的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)60 d,分析沉水植物对中华绒螯蟹生长和非特异性免疫力的影响。结果显示:马来眼子菜组的中华绒螯蟹平均增重率显著低于对照组(P<0.05),饲料系数显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其余4种沉水植物组的平均增重率和饲料系数与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05);各组成活率、肥满度及肝体比差异不显著(P>0.05)。沉水植物各组的蟹血清超氧化物歧化酶活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05);与对照组相比,轮叶黑藻组、伊乐藻组和苦草组的中华绒螯蟹血清溶菌酶活性显著升高(P<0.05),金鱼藻组和马来眼子菜组则差异不显著(P>0.05);除马来眼子菜组降低外,其余4种沉水植物组中华绒螯蟹对嗜水气单胞菌的抵抗力强于对照组。因此,除马来眼子菜以外的4种沉水植物对中华绒螯蟹的生长性能无明显的促进作用,但可在一定程度上提高其非特异性免疫力。     

无机碳和磷添加对两种沉水植物磷富集和灰分磷组成的影响

研究不同沉水植物对水体磷的富集和生物沉积能力,为湖泊生态修复中沉水植物优势种的选择提供理论依据。研究的沉水植物为菹草(Potamogeton crispus)和粉绿狐尾藻[Myriophyllum aquaticum(Vell)Verdc],每个锥形瓶4～5株,鲜重约1 g;锥形瓶中装有含无机碳和磷的培养液200 mL。外加无机碳为NaHCO_3,添加浓度1.5 mmol/L;无机磷为K_2HPO_4,添加浓度0.1 mg/L。添加药品后溶液的pH值通过1 M的HCl和1 M的NaOH调整到8.2～8.3。试验时间为1周,培养结束后检测植物全磷、植株灰分磷及灰分磷的组成。结果表明:菹草培养12 h后,溶液pH显著上升,pH漂移值显著高于粉绿狐尾藻;无机碳含量低于粉绿狐尾藻培养液,无机碳浓度显著性影响了△pH和溶液最后的无机碳含量,但磷浓度对△pH和无机碳含量无显著影响。无机碳添加和磷水平均显著影响了菹草的灰分总磷,但无机碳的贡献百分比(55.34%)高于磷(26.73%);无机碳添加显著影响了粉绿狐尾藻灰分总磷,而磷水平显著影响植物干重全磷。无机碳和磷浓度均显著影响了2种沉水植物灰分磷中H_2O-P百分比,但无机碳的影响占比更高(菹草46.16%,粉绿狐尾藻75.78%)。在试验处理条件下,2种植物的钙磷均占比最高,能通过降低水体磷含量抑制浮游植物的生长。     

水体营养水平及附着藻类对苦草生长的影响

为研究不同水体营养水平及附着藻类对沉水植物生长的影响,选择苦草(Vallisneria natans)作为研究对象,在4种水体营养水平下进行42 d的室内试验。结果表明:试验结束时,中营养及富营养处理组苦草的相对生长率、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和附着藻类生物量与贫营养及重富营养处理组具有显著性差异(P<0.05);贫营养处理组苦草的可溶性糖含量显著高于其它处理组(P<0.05);苦草氮磷含量及可溶性蛋白含量与水体营养水平呈明显正相关,且贫营养及中营养处理组与富营养及重富营养处理组之间差异显著(P<0.05);各处理组水体叶绿素a含量差异不明显。表明在中营养(TN=0.8 mg/L,TP=0.08 mg/L)条件下,苦草的生长情况最佳。     

赤眼鳟鱼种配合饲料适宜钙磷水平及其比例的研究

选取平均体重为4.05 g的赤眼鳟(Squaliobarbus curriculus)鱼种1080尾,随机分成9组,每组3个重复,每个重复置1个1.6 m×1.2 m×1.4 m的养殖池饲养。采用3×3析因试验,研究赤眼鳟鱼种对配合饲料中钙磷的需要量及适宜钙磷比。钙和磷各分别设3个水平:0.6%、1.2%和1.8%,共配制9种试验饲料喂养45 d。结果表明:饲料中钙、磷的交互作用对赤眼鳟的特定生长率有显著影响(P<0.05),但钙、磷的交互作用对饲料系数和成活率的影响不显著(P>0.05)。饲料中钙水平对赤眼鳟的特定生长率和饲料系数无显著影响(P>0.05),但磷水平对赤眼鳟的特定生长率和饲料系数有显著影响(P<0.05)。赤眼鳟对钙、磷的需要量分别为0.6%～1.8%、1.2%～1.8%,而适合赤眼鳟生长的钙磷比为1∶1～1∶3。试验各组赤眼鳟肌肉的钙、磷含量及钙磷比以及脊椎骨的钙磷比差异均不显著(P>0.05)。但饲料中钙水平对赤眼鳟脊椎骨中钙、磷含量影响显著(P<0.05),骨中钙、磷含量均随饲料中钙水平增加而增加。     

大鳍鱊对4种沉水植物的选择性摄食

杂食性鱼类往往是修复后浅水湖泊的优势鱼类。大鳍鱊是一种小型杂食性鱼类,在无锡蠡湖生态修复区内发展成为优势种;虽主要以沉水植物为食,但对不同沉水植物的选择性目前尚不清楚.目前有关杂食性鱼类对沉水植物影响的研究多集中在个体较大的种类（如鲤、鲫）,而对小型杂食性鱼类的研究较少。本文通过受控实验,研究了大鳍鱊对4种沉水植物（轮叶黑藻Hydrilla verticillata、密刺苦草Vallisneria denseserrulata、金鱼藻Ceratophyllum demersum和穗花狐尾藻Myriophyllum spicatum）的选择性摄食,分析了大鳍鱊对这些沉水植物生长的影响。结果显示:1)大鳍鱊组的水体营养盐浓度显著高于对照组,而pH值则显著低于对照组;2)肠道内含物分析结果显示：穗花狐尾藻和金鱼藻是大鳍鱊的主要食物,其所占肠道内含物的体积比分别为75%和17%;而大鳍鱊对密刺苦草的选择性较低(8%),且内含物中未出现黑藻;3)大鳍鱊显著抑制了穗花狐尾藻和金鱼藻的生长(RGR),而对轮叶黑藻和密刺苦草的RGR有促进作用。沉水植物在维持湖泊生态系统结构稳定与湖泊生态修复中发挥重要作用,大鳍鱊等小型鱼类与沉水植物关系密切,主要生活在沉水植物丰富的水域。我们的研究结果发现大鳍鱊可显著增加水体营养盐浓度,对不同沉水植物有明显的摄食选择性,其摄食活动可显著降低沉水植物的生物量。因此,大鳍鱊或者其它小型杂食性鱼类(如麦穗鱼和鲹等)可能会通过选择性摄食沉水植物的途径影响沉水植物群落结构和生物量,严重时可能会对湖泊生态系统结构的稳定性产生负面影响。所以,在湖泊管理与生态修复中,需要关注此类小型杂食性鱼类的种群规模,将其控制在较低生物量水平。该研究探讨了大鳍鱊的选择性摄食行为以及该行为带来的影响,为浅水湖泊的修复提供了参考。     

三角帆蚌对蓝藻的滤食作用及其对沉水植物生长的影响

双壳贝类是淡水生态系统常见的滤食性动物,以浮游植物和有机物悬浮颗粒为食,其作用可能降低蓝藻浓度,从而促进沉水植物生长。通过构建4组(草+蓝藻、草+蓝藻+低生物量蚌、草+蓝藻+高生物量蚌、草)室外微型生态系统,研究了湖泊下风区常见蓝藻堆积浓度下,三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)的滤食作用对蓝藻水华和沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria natans)生长的影响。结果表明:(1)蓝藻对苦草的生长具有显著抑制作用,草藻组和草组的相对生长率分别为-7.65mg/g·d和7.19mg/g·d;(2)三角帆蚌对蓝藻具有明显的下行滤食压力,其大小与蚌生物量有关,蚌生物量高时效果明显;(3)三角帆蚌的滤食可以不同程度上缓解蓝藻对苦草的生长抑制,低蚌组和高蚌组苦草相对生长率分别为-5.31mg/g·d和4.24mg/g·d。蓝藻颗粒被滤食后,水体光照条件的改善可能是有蚌组苦草生物量相对较高的主要原因。说明双壳贝类可以通过滤食浮游植物使水体理化环境向着有利于沉水植物生长的方向发展,但这种作用的大小与贝类生物量的合理配置有密切关系。     

福寿螺对草鱼粪便再利用的可行性研究

为探究福寿螺(Pomacea canaliculate)能否有效利用草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)摄食水葫芦(Eichhornia crassipes)后产生的粪便,该研究对草鱼粪便、水葫芦饵料处理组福寿螺的生长、体组成、消化酶活力、氮磷富集量等进行比较分析。结果显示:1)两组福寿螺体质量均极显著增加(P<0.01),其中水葫芦组特定生长率(SGR)、食物转化率(FCR)均极显著高于草鱼粪便组(P<0.01);成活率(SR)无显著差异(P>0.05);2)两组福寿螺软体部的体组成差异不显著(P>0.05);3)水葫芦组的胃淀粉酶活力显著高于草鱼粪便组(P<0.05),纤维素酶、脂肪酶活力无显著差异(P>0.05);4)两组福寿螺均能有效富集氮(N)、磷(P)元素,且两组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。结果表明福寿螺摄食草鱼粪便不仅能满足螺本身的基本生长需求,还能间接减轻水体中的N、P负荷,表明在已有的“水体-水葫芦-草鱼”养殖模式中,可利用福寿螺解决草鱼粪便污染问题。     

添加植酸酶日粮不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血液生化指标和骨骼性能的影响

本试验利用饲养试验方法,研究玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加植酸酶时不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血清指标和骨骼性能的影响。试验选用162头20kg左右的杜长大三元杂交猪进行2×3(磷水平×钙磷比)因子饲养试验,试验分2个阶段进行,前期为生长期体重在20-60kg,后期为肥育期体重为为60-100kg。结果表明:添加植酸酶日粮磷水平对血清磷含量和碱性磷酸酶的活性影响显著(P<0.05);钙磷比对血清钙和血清磷含量的影响显著(P<0.05);添加植酸酶日粮磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪骨骼性能的影响不显著(P>0.05)。在添加植酸酶条件下,降低日粮磷水平不影响猪的正常生长发育。     

不同蛋白质来源的饲料对肉鸡生产性能的影响

本试验研究了3种不同蛋白来源饲料(杂粕、DDG、豆粕)对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响,选用8周龄的雌性艾维茵肉鸡80只,分豆粕组、杂粕组和DDG(干酒精糟)组进行饲养和代谢试验。3个组的日粮在蛋白质水平和能量上相同,但日粮的组成类型不同,试验期为18d。试验结果表明,不同来源的蛋白对肉鸡生产性能的影响差异不显著(P>0.05);对钙、磷的代谢率影响差异显著(P<0.05);对粗蛋白、粗纤维的代谢率影响差异不显著(P>0.05)。利用DDG、菜籽粕和棉籽粕代替部分豆粕在降低养殖成本的基础上不会降低肉仔鸡的生产性能。     

着生藻碳氮计量特征对铜锈环棱螺生长的影响

氮负荷较高的富营养湖泊中,着生藻大量增加,而牧食者数量却逐渐减少,进而导致沉水植物衰退或消亡;为了探究氮浓度过高对螺类生长的影响,本文基于受控实验,探讨了不同水体氮浓度(1 mg/L,4 mg/L,7 mg/L)培养下的着生藻碳氮计量特征对铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)生长的影响效应。结果表明,4 mg/L处理组的着生藻和螺体内的碳和氮含量均高于1 mg/L和7 mg/L处理组,而碳氮比则低于这2个处理组;1 mg/L处理组的着生藻和螺体内的碳和氮含量最低,其碳氮比最高。着生藻氮含量与螺体内氮含量呈显著正相关关系(r=0.877,P0.001)。水体氮浓度为1 mg/L处理组的螺生长率和体长均高于4 mg/L和7 mg/L处理组,4 mg/L处理组的螺生长率和体长最低。研究结果显示,着生藻氮元素含量在一定范围内会随着水体氮浓度的增加而升高,着生藻氮含量与螺体内的氮含量变化一致,作为螺食物的着生藻氮含量增加时,螺体内氮含量也相应随之增加。环棱螺食物质量的下降与着生藻中化学元素含量的改变有关,这可能是螺生长受到抑制的重要原因。     

盐龙湖沉水植物群落变化规律及其驱动因子研究

为探究沉水植物群落现状及其变化规律,2015年10月至2019年10月对江苏省盐龙湖沉水植物进行连续跟踪调查,并分析沉水植物生长和分布的主要驱动因子。结果表明,调查期间共记录沉水植物15种,隶属于1门、6科;其中2015-2019年沉水植物出现种类数分别为13、12、9、11、12种。从优势种变化来看,沉水植物优势种整体经过穗状狐尾藻（Myriophyllum spicatum）→金鱼藻（Ceratophyllum demersum）→马来眼子菜（Potamogeton malaianus）→穗状狐尾藻的变化过程。从覆盖度和生物量变化看,盐龙湖沉水植物的覆盖度和生物量均呈现先下降、后上升的变化趋势,其中2016-2017年沉水植物退化显著,但随着生态修复措施的进行,2018-2019年沉水植物群落逐渐恢复。相关分析表明,沉水植物生物量与透明度显著正相关（P <0.05）,与浊度、草食性鱼类生物量和水深呈显著负相关（P<0.05）;限制沉水植物生长的生态因子依次为透明度、浊度、草食性鱼类生物量和水深。水体透明度和浊度的改善、草食性鱼类的控制和水位调节是实现盐龙湖沉水植物恢复的主要方向及对策。     

Relationships between littoral microcrustacea and aquatic macrophyte communities on the Isle of Skye (Scotland), with implications for the conservation of standing waters

Littoral microcrustacean (Ctenopoda, Anomopoda, Onchyopoda) samples, aquatic macrophyte data and chemical measurements were collected from 51 freshwater lochs in the Isle of Skye, Scotland, during the summer of 1989. Canonical correspondence analysis was employed to investigate correlations between the environmental data, the microcrustacean assemblages, and the aquatic macrophyte community types used for floristic classification of standing waters. Cluster analysis was used to classify lochs based on their microcrustacean assemblages. The major trends in microcrustacean distributions were related to pH, catchment area, macrophyte diversity and the distance from the sea. There was little correlation between the plant community types and microcrustacean assemblages. These results support the case for the development of an integrated approach to lake surveys so that correlations can be made between environmental variables and the distribution and abundance patterns of the plant and animal taxa of conservation interest.     

Spatial patterns in fish biomass and relative trophic level abundance in a wastewater enriched river

Abstract –  It is generally accepted that nutrient enrichment of aquatic systems will lead to increased production at the top trophic level (fish). We found that in the wastewater enriched Bow River, Alberta rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) biomass increased over 25-fold, and brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) biomass increased 5-fold, however total sportfish biomass did not increase below the nutrient input point source. This was due to a dramatic downstream decrease in mountain whitefish ( Prosopium williamsoni ) biomass to 2% of the average biomass upstream of the municipal effluent source. The spatial pattern over a 177-km river section encompassing the city of Calgary, showed that the increase in trout abundance approximately tracked the expected nutrient concentrations in the river, but with a downstream lag of 20–30 km. Mountain whitefish biomass over the 177 km was inversely related to the dominant trout species, rainbow trout. Invertebrate abundance, macrophyte biomass and phytoplankton biomass all increased below the wastewater treatment plant outfalls. However, periphyton data were highly variable and showed no response. We propose several hypotheses as regards the factors that may have led to the decrease in mountain whitefish, based on the data from all trophic levels and the spatial pattern for fish biomass. Proposed factors influencing the mountain whitefish decline were; altered competitive ability because of macrophyte abundance, ammonia toxicity and barriers to movement (weirs).     

白洋淀不同沉水植物盖度下浮游植物群落结构及变化

为研究不同沉水植物盖度下浮游植物群落结构及变化规律,为水域生态修复提供科学依据,在白洋淀选取了4个盖度水平区域,分别为25%、50%、75%和90%(C-25、C-50、C-75、C-90),对照区域(C-0)结合水体理化参数和浮游植物群落结构特征,评价出沉水植物的最佳盖度。结果表明,沉水植物组均可有效降低水体总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、溶解性固体总量(TDS)和电导率(SPC),而C-50组的TN和TP浓度最低。对浮游植物群落结构分析发现1)沉水植物组浮游植物种类数高于对照组,各组绿藻门比例最高且均在50%以上;2)C-50组蓝藻门优势种最少且比例显著低于其他组(P<0.05);3)浮游植物密度和生物量随沉水植物盖度的增加而降低,且占比最大的分别是蓝藻门和绿藻门;4)Margalef指数随盖度增加表现出先上升后降低的趋势;而Shannon-Weiner指数和Pielou指数随盖度的增加而增大;5)RDA表明,C-90、C-75和C-0组的浮游植物群落主要受TDS、SPC、pH、叶绿素a、高锰酸钾指数和透明度等环境因子的影响;C-50和C-25组浮游植物群落受环境因子的影响较小,说明水生态系统较稳定且受环境的影响小。鉴于盖度为50%时,TDS、SPC、TN和TP浓度最低;蓝藻门比例和优势种较低,Margalef指数最高,在水生态保护或修复时,建议沉水植物盖度以50%为宜。     

Nitrogen loading alters seagrass ecosystem structure and support of higher trophic levels

• 1. Anthropogenic‐derived nutrient inputs to coastal environments have increased dramatically worldwide in the latter half of the 20th century and are altering coastal ecosystems. We evaluated the effects of nitrogen loading on changes in macrophyte community structure and the associated fauna of a north temperate estuary. We found that a shift in primary producers from eelgrass to macroalgae in response to increased nutrient loading alters habitat physical and chemical structure and food webs. As nitrogen load increased we found increased macroalgal biomass, decreased eelgrass shoot density and biomass, decreased fish and decapod abundance and biomass, and decreased fish diversity.
• 2. The central importance of macroalgae in altering eelgrass ecosystem support of higher trophic levels is evident in the response of the ecosystem when this component was manipulated. Removal of macroalgae increased eelgrass abundance and water column and benthic boundary layer O₂ concentrations. These changes in the physical and chemical structure of the ecosystem with lower macroalgal biomass resulted in higher fish and decapod abundance and biomass.
• 3. Both a ¹⁵N tracer experiment and the growth of fishes indicated that little of the macroalgal production was immediately transferred to secondary consumers. δ¹⁵N values indicated that the most abundant fishes were not using a grazing food web based on macroalgae. Fish tended to grow better and have a greater survivorship in eelgrass compared to macroalgal habitats.
• 4. Watershed‐derived nutrient loading has caused increased macroalgal biomass and degradation and loss of eelgrass habitat, thus reducing the capacity of estuaries to support nekton.

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Feeding ecology of fishes associated with Egeria spp. patches in a tropical reservoir, Brazil

Abstract –  This research characterised feeding ecology of fishes associated with patches of Egeria najas and Egeria densa , two submerged macrophytes, in Rosana Reservoir, Upper Paraná River basin, Brazil. Fishes were sampled using a 1 m² throw trap in patches of different macrophyte biomass and in three diel periods during a wet season. Fish diet (10 species) was primarily composed of autochthonous items (zooplankton, algae and aquatic insect larvae). Almost all intra-specific diet patterns had moderate to low levels of diet similarity, indicating a high variability in diet. Some species showed no diel patterns in feeding activity, whereas others were primarily diurnal or nocturnal. No differences in feeding activity were observed among habitats of medium and high macrophyte biomasses, and species tended to feed on the same items among these habitats. The most abundant fish species demonstrated low inter-specific diet overlap and appear not to compete for food resources. We suggest that Egeria patches are feeding grounds and shelter for small-sized fish species.     

Patterns of foraging and distribution of bluegill sunfish in a Mississippi River backwater: influence of macrophytes and predation

Abstract— We studied the trophic interactions and spatial distributions of bluegills Lepomis macrochirus and largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides in a macrophyte bed in Lake Onalaska, a backwater lake in the upper Mississippi River. The diets of adult and age-0 bluegills were similar and changed seasonally probably in response to changes in life stages of macroinvertebrates (i. e. emergence of winged adults). Diets and diel patterns of abundance of bluegill suggest that age-O and adults were feeding in the vegetated, littoral zone. Predation by age-O largemouth bass appears to influence use of vegetated habitat by age-0 bluegills. In summer, when most age-O bluegills were vulnerable to predation by age-O largemouth bass, bluegill abundance was strongly correlated with vegetation biomass. In October and November, piscivory by age-O largemouth bass was limited by gape. Consequently, the relationship between the abundance of age-O bluegills and vegetation biomass was weakened because predation risk by age-O largemouth bass was reduced.     

夏季台湾海峡北部及邻近海域鱼类群落结构及环境解释

根据2014年7月台湾海峡中部、北部及邻近水域渔业资源底拖网调查资料,分析了该水域的鱼类群落结构,包括种类组成、区系特点、优势种、多样性及空间分布等,探讨了鱼类群落结构与环境因子的关系,并阐述了鱼类群落的群聚结构。结果表明,调查海域共捕获鱼类84种,隶属于16目、48科、69属。从种类数上看,适温类型以暖水种为主,区系类型以大陆架浅水底层鱼类以及大陆架岩礁性鱼类为主;从生物量组成上看,区系类型则以大陆架浅水中低层鱼类为主。优势种为带鱼(Trichiurus japonicus)和七星底灯鱼(Benthosema pterotum),合计渔获质量占总渔获质量的46.92%,对总渔获质量的回归贡献值分别为0.30和0.62;高生物量区集中分布在台湾海峡北口海域,在空间上表现为明显的生态位重叠。层次聚类分析将群落优势物种划分为2个主要的生态类型:沿海类型和广布类型,沿海类型的代表性物种包括龙头鱼、黄鲫、鳓;广布类型物种有带鱼、窄颅带鱼、七星底灯鱼、竹荚鱼、刺鲳、麦氏犀鳕。Shannon-Wiener多样性、Pielou均匀度和Margalef丰富度的变化范围分别为0.22~2.31、0.11~0.72、0.36~4.04,平均值分别为1.44、0.51、1.59,丰富度与总渔获质量表现为显著负相关(r=?0.65),与深度显著正相关(r=0.48)。物种?环境典范对应分析表明,与物种空间结构关系密切的影响因子为底盐、底层无机氮、底温、表底温差和水深;而影响群落优势群体分布的因子为底温、底盐和底层无机氮。