Alpha 1 antitrypsinin the livers of patients with emphysema

Parenchymal liver cells from emphysema patients with an inherited deficiency of alpha(1)-antitrypsin contain globules of glycoprotein that bind fluorescent antibody to alpha(1)-antitrypsin. The globules can be seen after hematoxylin and eosinstaining or on electron microscopy, but are more readily demonstrated by PAS stain of amylase-treated liver sections. It appears that an inappropriately large amount of alpha(1)-antitrypsin is found in the liver even when there is a deficiency in the serum. Genetic variants of the normal antitrypsin molecule may be unable to leave their site of synthesis in the liver cell because of some molecular aberration.     

Obstructive lung disease and alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency gene heterozygosity

The phenotypes of serum alpha(1)-antitrypsin were determined by antigenantibody crossed electrophoresis. There were five homozygotes and 25 heterozygotes for the deficiency gene found in a group of 103 patients with obstructive lung disease. The frequency of heterozygotes was 14 and 9 percent in two control groups with different mean ages of 36 and 80. There was only one heterozygote among 39 healthy males over 70 years of age. Heterozygosity may be a predisposing factor in chronic obstructive lung disease, especially in the male population.     

Inherited variations of human serum alpha-1-antitrypsin

The normal serum alpha(1)-antitrypsin migrates as a three banded patternwhen separated electrophoretically in starch gel with a sodium acetateethylenediaminetetraacetic acid buffer of pH 4.95. The results obtained when certain inherited variants of the serum alpha(1)-antitrypsin are separated electrophoretically suggest that the previously described variations in the region preceding the albumin band represent inherited variations of the serum alpha(1)-antitrypsin.     

枇杷RAPD扩增产物的不同电泳检测及其序列特征分析

为了更好地将RAPD技术应用于枇杷品种资源的鉴定以及遗传基础的研究,在选用11个碱基引物以及严格筛选PCR退火温度的最新RAPD技术优化的基础上,以16个枇杷品种为试验材料,对琼脂糖凝胶以及聚丙烯酰胺凝胶(PAGE)电泳检测的RAPD PCR扩增产物效果进行比较。结果表明,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶(PAGE)电泳检测出的总谱带数以及多态性谱带数均高于琼脂糖凝胶。根据两种电泳系统获得的标记信息进行枇杷品种遗传聚类分析,结果表明PAGE电泳的分析结果与枇杷的分类情况更为一致。随机对挑选的38个片段进行克隆与测序,发现37个片段都是对应引物的RAPD扩增产物,其中有6条是编码蛋白的基因片段,说明RAPD不仅扩增基因组上的非编码蛋白序列,而且可以扩增编码蛋白的基因片段,是能够揭示枇杷品种间基因组信息异同的理想的DNA标记技术。     

基于微流控芯片电泳的番茄黄化曲叶病毒快速检测

【目的】探索微流控芯片电泳方法在PCR产物检测方面的效果,并建立针对番茄黄化曲叶病毒（Tomato yellow leaf curl virus,TYLCV）的微流控芯片电泳检测方法,弥补琼脂糖凝胶电泳方法在试剂消耗、所用时间、安全性方面的缺陷。【方法】通过对TYLCV的基因组进行分析后,在该基因组中相对稳定的位置设计引物,同时兼顾引用已被研究者研究过的引物,对这些选择的引物进行特异性、稳定性、灵敏度等方面的验证,筛选出用于后续试验的引物。选择DNA标准物φX174/BsuR I(Hae Ⅲ) marker,分别进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳和微流控芯片电泳,对二者在耗材、耗时和灵敏度方面进行比较,确定微流控芯片电泳在核酸检测方面的应用价值。利用筛选出的其中1对引物对番茄叶片的实际样品进行PCR扩增,随后通过微流控芯片电泳对其进行检测,以此探讨微流控芯片电泳在病毒检测方面的检测效果。【结果】共筛选出14对TYLCV备用引物,其中2对引自文献,12对为本文设计,每对引物均可满足微流控芯片检测要求。选择其中1对引物TYLCV-T作为随后的研究对象。利用琼脂糖凝胶电泳和微流控芯片电泳对DNA标准物检测,结果表明微流控芯片电泳在耗时方面不足琼脂糖凝胶电泳的1/10,约为13 min,试剂消耗为琼脂糖凝胶电泳的1/8,检测灵敏度方面至少比琼脂糖凝胶电泳高103倍,根据DNA标准物原液浓度计算可知,微流控芯片电泳至少可准确检测到浓度为5×10-6 μg?μL-1的核酸样品。利用微流控芯片电泳对TYLCV-T扩增的TYLCV PCR产物进行检测,将检测峰值图与DNA标准物的峰值图时间比较,就可判断出产物峰的大小范围。【结论】筛选出的关于TYLCV的备用引物可作为进一步研究微流控芯片技术在该病毒检测方面的基础;通过将琼脂糖凝胶电泳和微流控芯片电泳进行比较,确立了后者在核酸检测方面的应用价值;通过微流控芯片电泳对TYLCV PCR产物的检测,建立了基于微流控芯片电泳的TYLCV快速检测方法,为TYLCV的快速检测提供新的技术支持。     

不同花色铁棒锤基因组DNA提取及遗传差异分析

利用RAPD-PCR技术对不同花色的铁棒锤植物进行遗传差异分析,旨在为今后铁棒锤的引种驯化及品种选育提供参考。采用CTAB法,从铁棒锤植物不同材料提取基因组DNA,用琼脂糖凝胶电泳法和紫外分光光度法检测所得总DNA的浓度和纯度,并用20条RAPD随机引物进行PCR扩增及琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析。结果表明,CTAB法从铁棒锤的新鲜叶片及干燥种子中均可提取出基因组DNA,但前者DNA的质量好、产量高;有3条引物可以扩增出条带,其中,引物E68629的扩增产物清晰稳定,可用于铁棒锤遗传差异分析。RAPD分析结果表明,2种花色铁棒锤在分子水平上具有遗传学差异。     

Clonal gene therapy: transplanted mouse fibroblast clones express human alpha 1-antitrypsin gene in vivo

A retroviral vector was used to insert human alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1AT) complementary DNA into the genome of mouse fibroblasts to create a clonal population of mouse fibroblasts secreting human alpha 1AT. After demonstrating that this clone of fibroblasts produced alpha 1AT after more than 100 population doublings in the absence of selection pressure, the clone was transplanted into the peritoneal cavities of nude mice. When the animals were evaluated 4 weeks later, human alpha 1AT was detected in both sera and the epithelial surface of the lungs. The transplanted clone of fibroblasts could be recovered from the peritoneal cavities of those mice and demonstrated to still be producing human alpha 1AT. Thus, even after removal of selective pressure, a single clone of retroviral vector-infected cells that expressed an exogenous gene in vitro, continued to do so in vivo, and when recovered, continued to produce the product of the exogenous gene.     

Neonatal hepatitis induced by alpha 1-antitrypsin: a transgenic mouse model

Transgenic mouse lineages were established that carry the normal (M) or mutant (Z) alleles of the human alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-Pi) gene. All of the alpha 1-Pi transgenic mice expressed the human protein in the liver, cartilage, gut, kidneys, lymphoid macrophages, and thymus. The human M-allele protein was secreted normally into the serum. However, the human Z-allele protein accumulated in several cell types, but particularly in hepatocytes, and was found in serum in tenfold lower concentrations than the M-allele protein. Mice in one lineage carrying the mutant Z allele expressed high levels of human alpha 1-Pi RNA and displayed significant runting (50% of normal weight) in the neonatal period. This lineage was found to have alpha 1-Pi-induced liver pathology in the neonatal period, concomitant with the accumulation of human Z protein in diastase-resistant cytoplasmic globules that could be revealed in the Periodic acid-Schiff reaction (PAS). The phenotype of mice in the strain expressing high levels of the Z allele is remarkably similar to human neonatal hepatitis, and this strain may prove to be a useful animal model for studying this disease.     

Serum elastase inhibitor deficiency and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency in patients with obstructive emphysema

A decreased inhibition of pancreatic elastase has been detected in the serums of six patients with alpha(1)-antitrypsin deficiency. Five have severe clinical and physiological pulmonary emphysema. This observation extends the defect of inhibition by serum to a second, biologically active proteolytic enzyme in this form of familial emphysema.     

桃RAPD扩增产物的不同电泳检测及其序列特征分析

以16个桃品种为试验材料,选用11个碱基引物以及严格筛选PCR退火温度的RAPD技术,对琼脂糖凝胶及聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测的RAPD、PCR扩增产物进行比较.结果表明,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测出的总谱带及多态性谱带数均高于琼脂糖凝胶,前者不存在或少存在共迁移性的现象.随机选取19个片段,发现其中有6条是编码蛋白的基因片段,说明RAPD不仅扩增基因组上的非编码蛋白序列,同时可扩增编码蛋白的基因片段,能够较全面客观地反映不同桃品种遗传上的差异.     

琼脂糖与聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳在SSR鉴定杂交油菜种子纯度中的比较

对3对候选引物SR85、SR332、SR407所扩增的秦优33杂交种及其父母亲本的DNA-SSR片段进行琼脂糖与聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离.两种电泳检测结果比较表明,(1)利用琼脂糖凝胶电泳分离后,3对候选引物对杂交种所扩增的SSR条带均为父母亲本条带的互补.其中引物SR332所获的两条互补条带的迁移率相差大,电泳图谱能清晰鉴别出父本、母本及杂种植株.引物SR85和SR407杂交种的互补条带迁移率相近,在鉴定中易出现人为误差.(2)利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离后,引物SR332所扩增条带未能区别杂交种与父本植株.引物SR85和SR407对杂交种所扩增的条带均为父母亲本所扩增条带的互补,相互差异显著,条带清晰稳定.可见,琼脂糖与聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳都是SSR技术鉴定种子纯度的有效途径,种子纯度分析应根据区别材料的遗传关系和引物分析表现来选择不同的电泳介质.     

RAPD分子标记技术用于实验兔品系鉴定的初探

本文选用新西兰白兔(New Zealand White Rabbit,NZWR)、青紫兰兔(Chinchilla Rabbit,CR)、日本白兔(Japanese White Rabbit,JWR)3个品系的血样提取基因组DNA,并应用随机引物扩增多态性DNA技术(Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA,RAPD)进行遗传分析和比较。结果表明,使用随机引物PCR扩增后,扩增产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测共发现78个条带,其中多态性片段25条,占32.1%,从7套共140个随机引物中筛选出10个多态性较高的引物,包括BH9、AD1、BH11、AN12、AN14、O19、AD3、AD19、O4和O14。其中BH9、AD1扩增效果最好,扩增产物有较大的共性和较好的多态性,可作为实验兔品系鉴定的分子依据。日本白兔和新西兰兔片段共享度最高为0.8268,青紫兰兔和日本白兔最低为0.6190,统计结果显示RAPD标记多态性丰富,3品系的种内相似度大于种间相似度。该技术可用于实验兔的遗传检测。     

Repair of the secretion defect in the Z form of alpha 1-antitrypsin by addition of a second mutation

Homozygous inheritance of the Z-type mutant form of the alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1AT) gene results in the most common form of alpha 1AT deficiency, a human hereditary disease associated with a high risk for the development of emphysema and an increased incidence of neonatal hepatitis. The alpha 1AT-synthesizing cells of individuals with the Z gene have normal alpha 1AT messenger RNA levels, but alpha 1AT secretion is markedly reduced secondary to accumulation of newly synthesized alpha 1AT in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Crystallographic analysis of alpha 1AT predicts that in normal alpha 1AT, a negatively charged Glu342 is adjacent to positively charged Lys290. Thus the Glu342----Lys342 Z mutation caused the loss of a normal salt bridge, resulting in the intracellular aggregation of the Z molecule. The prediction was made that a second mutation in the alpha 1AT genet that changed the positively charged Lys290 to a negatively charged Glu290 would correct the secretion defect. When the second mutation was added to the Z-type complementary DNA, the resulting gene directed the synthesis and secretion of amounts of alpha 1AT similar to that directed by the normal alpha 1AT complementary DNA in an in vitro eukaryotic expression system. This suggests the possibility that a human hereditary disease can be corrected by inserting an additional mutation in the same gene.     

Yeast KEX2 protease has the properties of a human proalbumin converting enzyme

Several classes of proteolytic enzymes have been proposed to have a role in the processing of precursor forms of proproteins at paired basic amino acid residues. In higher eukaryotes, a single endopeptidase has yet to fulfill the necessary criteria as the physiologically relevant convertase. The observation of proalbumin circulating in a child with a bleeding disorder caused by an unusual alpha 1-antitrypsin mutation led to speculation that the presence of this alpha 1-antitrypsin mutant was inhibitory to the convertase. This provided an additional means of characterizing the processing enzyme. In this study the yeast KEX2 enzyme, a calcium-dependent thiol protease, was found to have all the properties expected for this processing enzyme. KEX2 correctly recognized and cleaved the prosequence in proalbumin. In addition, KEX2 was specifically inhibited by the mutant alpha 1-antitrypsin but not by other serine protease inhibitors.     

枣瘿蚊微卫星标记筛选及微卫星多态性分析

【目的】研究枣瘿蚊基因遗传变异程度,分析基因多态性。【方法】从枣瘿蚊部分基因组序列中搜索SSR并设计相应引物,挑选引物48对进行有效筛选。枣瘿蚊样本来自新疆阿拉尔市、昆玉市、且末县等地区,以枣瘿蚊DNA为模板进行PCR扩增,筛选特异性微卫星引物;通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳进行定性检测,再以毛细管电泳检测其多态性。【结果】有42对引物能扩增出条带,选择其中20对特异性较好的引物进行多态性分析。观测杂合度(Observed heterozygosity,Ho)、期望杂合度(Expected heterozygosity,He)和多态信息含量(PIC)平均值分别是0.358、0.649和0.635,其中18对引物PIC值＞0.5,具有较高的多态性。【结论】开发的微卫星标记多态性较高,可用于枣瘿蚊种群遗传多样性及遗传结构研究。     

木毒蛾(Lymantria Xyline)核多角体病毒(NPV)DNA的初步研究 Ⅰ.DNA的提取方法与物化性质

<正>经SDS——冷酚法由纯化的木毒蛾NpV颗粒抽提得到了NPV的DNA。经SephadexG—100柱层析及聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳鉴定该DNA是均一制剂。木毒蛾NPV—DNA的Tm值测定为75℃。经限制性内切酶HinⅣ和EcoRI酶切,琼脂糖电泳分析测得该DNA分子量约为60×10~6道尔顿左右。     

一种高通量提取桃DNA方法的建立与应用

【目的】DNA制备是大规模基因型筛选和分子标记辅助选种的重要前提,本研究采用一种1.2 mL八联排管代替单个离心管,探索一种操作简便、节约时间、成本低的桃DNA快速提取方法,以满足高通量遗传研究的需求,提高工作效率。【方法】以普通生长型桃（standard type,ST）‘中油桃8号’为母本,温度敏感半矮生型桃（temperature-sensitive semi-dwarf in Prunus persica,PpTssd）‘09-1-112’为父本,杂交获得F₁代分离群体500株实生苗为载体,包括温度敏感半矮生型246株,普通生长型254株,建立一种高通量、低成本桃DNA提取方法。利用1.2 mL八联排管结合八通道移液器,简化提取步骤,提取桃幼嫩叶片中的基因组DNA;通过紫外分光光度计和琼脂糖凝胶电泳对所提取的DNA浓度、纯度和完整性进行检测。基于高分辨率熔解曲线（high resolution melting,HRM）,采用96孔板对温度敏感半矮生型桃和普通生长型桃共500个F₁分离后代单株进行PCR扩增和基因分型,区分TSSDtssd基因型与tssdtssd基因型。基于双亲表型与基因型一致,开发InDel位点,PCR扩增后,采用SDS-PAGE在F₁群体中进行验证,确定利用分离的DNA是否正确区分不同基因型。【结果】分离的DNA经紫外分光光度计检测,浓度范围约为25-200 ng·μL^-1,OD_260nm/OD_280nm约为1.81-1.98,DNA纯度较高;琼脂糖凝胶电泳条带清晰、单一,DNA完整度较高。参考桃基因组（Version 2.0）,根据双亲深度测序数据,开发获得SNP标记SNP_Pp03_3758620,应用于高分辨率熔解曲线基因分型,发现温度敏感半矮生型和普通生长型呈现明显不同的峰型,证明提取的DNA模板可应用于HRM基因分型。基于双亲基因型与表型一致,开发InDel标记InDel_Pp03_3829009,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的验证结果显示PCR扩增具有较高的强度,获得与目的片段大小一致的特异性条带,且在两种不同生长型单株中具有明显的多态性,表明PCR扩增稳定,提取的DNA可用于基于InDel标记的多态性分析。使用该提取方法,每人每天可以完成1 000个样品的DNA提取,成本较低,且不会对幼苗早期生长造成影响。【结论】建立了一种简便、有效、低成本的桃基因组DNA提取方法,可以满足基因分型、品种鉴定及遗传分析等分子生物学研究,实现了大批量不同样本基因组DNA的同时提取,具有较高应用价值。     

猪NCOA1基因PCR-RFLP多态性分析

[目的]研究猪NCOA1基因的PCR-RFLP多态性,为猪的分子育种和标记辅助选择提供理论依据。[方法]以81头山东寿光六和原种猪场的长白猪为研究对象,采取常规酚-氯仿抽提法从猪耳组织提取基因组DNA,以基因组DNA为模板进行PCR扩增获得440bp的NCOA1基因目的片段,利用限制性内切酶RsaⅠ对PCR产物进行酶切和琼脂凝胶电泳检测,并计算各等位基因频率和基因型频率。[结果]琼脂糖电泳检测酶切产物出现3种基因型：AA型（1条带：440bp）、AB型（3条带：440、282、158bp）、BB型（2条带：282、158bp）;基因型频率分别为0.54、0.43和0.03;A和B2个等位基因的基因频率分别为0.76和0.24。[结论]该研究猪群中,A为优势等位基因,AA基因型频率较高。     

两种检测扁桃基因组RAPD扩增产物方法的比较分析

通过2;(w/v)的琼脂糖凝胶和8;(w/v)的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对扁桃品种基因组DNA的RAPD检测.结果表明:8;(w/v)聚丙烯酰胺凝胶优于2;(w/v)琼脂糖凝胶,主要表现在,8;聚丙烯酰胺凝胶对长度相差100 bp以下的DNA分子的分离较2;的琼脂糖凝胶电泳效果好;且8;聚丙烯酰胺凝胶的分辨范围广,在线性DNA分子(0.1～2.0 kb)范围内也能得到很好的分离效果;用8;的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶分离扁桃品种基因组DNA的RAPD扩增结果,表现出在扁桃品种间DNA水平上差异大,运用此方法提高了扁桃品种的鉴别能力.     

一种提取菊科植物各组织中总RNA的改良方法

以入侵菊科植物微甘菊(Mikaania micrantha Kunth)、紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng)、豚草(Ambrosia artemisiifolia Linn)、飞机草(Eupatorium odoratum Linn)、假苍耳(Iva xanthifolia Nutt)的根、茎、叶及花蕾为试验材料,采用改良的盐酸胍法提取总RNA,通过紫外分光光度计测定RNA样品的得率和纯度,用琼脂糖电泳检测RNA样品的质量和完整性。结果表明:采用新方法提取的总RNA,其OD260nm/OD280nm值为1.8~2.0,且RNA得率较高;琼脂糖电泳出现18S和28S 2条清晰的rRNA条带,而且28S rRNA条带的亮度约为18S的2倍。采用改良的盐酸胍法可以从不同植物组织中提取到高质量、完整性好总RNA。