不同桑椹品种、物候期及贮藏条件下白藜芦醇的差异研究

为合理利用桑椹中的白藜芦醇,以不同品种桑椹为原材料,测定不同的物候期和贮藏条件下桑椹中白藜芦醇的含量,分析其变化规律。不同品种成熟的桑椹中,‘中椹1号'中白藜芦醇含量最高,为0.3540 mg/g;同一品种桑椹中白藜芦醇含量随发育时期的推迟而不断减少,桑椹发育初期白藜芦醇含量最高。自发气调、减压、紫外照射、壳聚糖涂膜、水杨酸涂膜、1-MCP熏蒸、茉莉酸甲酯熏蒸等贮藏方式可以有效延长桑椹的贮藏时间,‘中椹1号'和‘白玉王'2个品种均可以延长8天,茉莉酸甲酯熏蒸、壳聚糖涂膜、减压贮藏和自发气调等贮藏条件可以有效保持白藜芦醇的含量。同一发育时期内不同品种、不同发育时期同一品种的桑椹中白藜芦醇含量存在差异。     

不同品种梨汁中糖和有机酸含量测定及相关性分析

利用反相高效液相色谱法测定了不同品种梨汁中的糖和有机酸含量,并应用SAS统计软件对各种糖和有机酸含量之间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,梨汁中的糖主要为果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖,其中果糖和葡萄糖含量较高;不同品种梨汁中果糖、葡萄糖及总可溶性糖含量变异较小,相对稳定,果糖与葡萄糖、总可溶性糖之间表现出显著的相关性;有机酸有苹果酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸、莽草酸、酒石酸、奎宁酸、乳酸和富马酸,以苹果酸含量最高;不同品种梨汁中各有机酸含量差别较大,其中琥珀酸与乳酸、富马酸,莽草酸与柠檬酸、奎宁酸的含量之间表现出极显著的相关性。     

1-MCP对凯特杏果实采后糖酸组分与含量的影响

探讨了1-MCP处理对凯特杏果实采后糖酸组分及其含量的影响.试验结果表明,绿熟期的凯特杏果实糖分以蔗糖含量最高,果糖含量最低;有机酸以柠檬酸为主,苹果酸次之,属柠檬酸型.用1.0 μL/L 1-MCP处理可抑制杏果实采后可溶性糖的积累,其蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖与总糖含量均低于对照;同时,1-MCP处理能显著地抑制杏果实抗坏血酸含量的减少,抑制贮藏末期柠檬酸、苹果酸、酒石酸和总酸量的下降与琥珀酸的升高.1-MCP处理改变杏果实采后糖酸代谢可能是提高果实贮藏品质的主要原因.     

1-MCP对凯特杏果实采后糖酸组分与含量的影响

探讨了1-MCP处理对凯特杏果实采后糖酸组分及其含量的影响。试验结果表明,绿熟期的凯特杏果实糖分以蔗糖含量最高,果糖含量最低;有机酸以柠檬酸为主,苹果酸次之,属柠檬酸型。用1．0μL/L 1-MCP处理可抑制杏果实采后可溶性糖的积累,其蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖与总糖含量均低于对照;同时,1-MCP处理能显著地抑制杏果实抗坏血酸含量的减少,抑制贮藏末期柠檬酸、苹果酸、酒石酸和总酸量的下降与琥珀酸的升高。1-MCP处理改变杏果实采后糖酸代谢可能是提高果实贮藏品质的主要原因。     

根瘤共生对紫花苜蓿耐盐碱性及有机酸含量变化的影响

为研究根瘤共生对紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)耐碱性及有机酸含量的影响,本研究以龙牧806为材料,用200 mmol/L Na HCO_3胁迫处理正常植株与接种根瘤菌植株0、4、6、8天,分别测量根中苹果酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸、草酸、酒石酸、乙酸的含量。结果表明,根瘤共生有效的提高了苜蓿对盐碱胁迫的耐性;正常植株在胁迫第4天时,苹果酸、柠檬酸、草酸、酒石酸的含量大幅度显著下降,而后小幅度减少,胁迫第8天时有所提高,琥珀酸则在胁迫第6天大幅度下降,后稍有增加;相对于正常植株来说,接种根瘤菌的植株,有机酸含量波动较小,草酸和酒石酸平稳减少,柠檬酸和琥珀酸随着胁迫时间延长,含量逐渐增加,胁迫第6天达到最高值,然后减少,苹果酸在胁迫第4天时含量增加,而后逐渐减少。综上所述,接种根瘤菌可减缓盐碱胁迫对植株根的伤害,共生根瘤提高苜蓿的耐碱性一部分是通过调节有机酸含量的变化实现。     

4个矮化自根砧短枝富士品种套袋与不套袋果实品质比较分析

为研究双矮栽培模式下套袋、不套袋管理对短枝富士苹果品质的影响,以嫁接在M9T337矮化自根砧上的4个短枝富士品种为试材,检测不同栽培条件下的果实品质和香气物质成分。结果表明,套袋果实的可溶性固形物含量和总糖含量均低于不套袋果实;苹果酸和琥珀酸是苹果中的主要酸组分,不同的短枝富士品种表现出不同的差异;4个短枝型富士品种的主要香气成分均为酯类,占总香气成分的77.71%~96.49%,是典型的酯香型苹果品种;‘烟富6’、‘沂源红’、‘宫崎短枝’3个品种,套袋和不套袋管理情况下主要香气成分均是乙酸己酯;‘龙富短枝’品种套袋果实的主要香气成分为乙酸己酯,而不套袋果实的主要香气成分为2-甲基丁酸己酯。     

菠萝果实生长发育过程中营养品质的变化

以‘巴厘（Ananas comosusr cv. Yellow Mauritius）’、‘卡因（Ananas comosusr cv. Cayenne）’和‘台农11号（Ananas comosusr cv. Tainung 11）’3个菠萝品种的果实为试材, 进行果实发育过程中糖、酸以及维生素C含量的分析。结果表明：蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖是菠萝果实的主要糖类;在果实发育早期,各糖分含量较低,随着果实生长速度减慢,糖含量迅速增加,在果实成熟期达到最大值;在成熟果实中,不同品种间糖份的比例有较大差异,其中,‘巴厘’为3.71:1.11:1,‘卡因’为2.67:0.74:1。菠萝果实中所含有机酸有柠檬酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、乙酸、草酸和马来酸;随着果实的发育,不同品种间有机酸的含量、比例以及变化规律有一定的差异;在成熟果实中有机酸含量由高到低依次,‘巴厘’为柠檬酸（约占65.7%）、苹果酸（约占24.9%）、乙酸、草酸和马来酸,酒石酸没有检测到,‘卡因’为柠檬酸（约占62.2%）、苹果酸（约占14.4%）、酒石酸、乙酸、草酸和马来酸。菠萝果实中也有较丰富的维生素C,不同品种维生素C含量差异较大,‘巴厘’最高（0.49mg/g）,‘卡因’次之（0.19mg/g）,‘台农11号’最低（0.11mg/g）。     

尖叶莴苣有机酸提取工艺的响应面法优化及其定性定量分析

在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面（RSM）试验设计优化尖叶莴苣有机酸的提取工艺,并采用超高效液相色谱（UPLC）对提取的有机酸进行定性定量分析。结果表明,通过RSM试验得到尖叶莴苣有机酸最佳提取工艺参数为：超声时间30 min,乙醇体积分数59%,料液质量体积比1∶20（g/mL）,超声温度70 ℃,超声功率90%,在此条件下有机酸得率为1.96 mg/g,与理论值（2.06 mg/g）基本符合,通过UPLC对尖叶莴苣中的有机酸进行定性定量分析,检测出苹果酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸、琥珀酸4种有机酸,其中以柠檬酸含量最高（0.86 mg/g）,其次为苹果酸（0.4 mg/g）。     

教你一招家庭自酿葡萄酒

葡萄酒色香味美,营养丰富.葡萄酒中含有葡萄糖、果糖、酒石酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸、乳酸和醋酸等多种营养成分,常饮有补气血、舒筋络的功效.在家庭中自己酿制葡萄酒,不但可以充分利用多余的葡萄,而且设备就地取材,投资少,技术易掌握.所酿制的葡萄酒醇和爽口,可以根据自己的喜爱灵活调整口味.     

BTH处理对杏果有机酸代谢关键酶活性的影响

采后的杏果实经0.05 g/L苯丙噻重氮（BTH）处理,置于4 ℃和90%~95%相对湿度（RH）下,通过测定贮藏过程中杏果实苹果酸、柠檬酸含量、柠檬酸合成酶（CS）、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（PEPC）、NAD-苹果酸脱氢酶（NAD-MDH）、NADP-苹果酸酶（NADP-ME）、NADP-异柠檬酸脱氢酶（NADP-IDH）、细胞质乌头酸酶（Cyt-ACO）、线粒体乌头酸酶（Mit-ACO）的活性,研究BTH处理对杏果实有机酸代谢影响。结果表明：贮藏期间,BTH处理可以提高杏果NAD-MDH、PEPC、CS、NADP-IDH、Mit-ACO活性,抑制NADP-ME、Cyt-ACO活性,延缓苹果酸和柠檬酸的降解速度,进而提高杏果实中苹果酸和柠檬酸含量。     

新疆不同桑葚品种营养品质分析

以新疆药桑、鞑靼桑和白桑为材料,分析了它们的水分、pH值、可滴定酸、灰分、维C、葡萄糖、果糖、粗脂肪、粗蛋白、总酚和总黄酮。结果表明,不同品种桑葚果实的营养品质差异显著(p<0.05),其中,药桑的可滴定酸、维C和总酚最高,分别为1.14%,97.3 mg/100 g FW和10.32 mg GAE/g FW;白桑的水分、pH值、粗脂肪、粗蛋白、果糖和葡萄糖最高,分别为83.98%,6.20,0.41%,1.21%,68.10 mg/g FW和73.94 mg/g FW;而鞑靼桑的灰分和总黄酮含量最高,分别为1.21%和2.77 mg RE/g FW。     

柑橘果实发育成熟中果肉游离糖、 肌肌醇及钾含量的变化

以龟井（无籽）温州蜜柑和鄂柑1号（有籽）橘为试材，对果实发育成熟过程中果肉游离糖（果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖）、肌肌醇及钾含量变化进行了测定。结果表明：(1)果实增大初期鄂柑1号果肉果糖和葡萄糖含量明显上升，蔗糖变化小，肌肌醇却趋下降，进入果实增大中后期，蔗糖含量显著上升，其它变化小；而龟井的果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖均于果实增大初期和中期出现明显积累，肌肌醇除在增大中期出现一峰值外趋于平稳；采前果实发育期两品种总糖含量变化趋势均与各自的蔗糖较一致；(2)采后贮藏期内两品种果肉总糖和肌肌醇含量均趋于稳定，而二者的果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖含量变化趋势却均趋相反；(3)两品种果肉钾含量均在果实增大期内出现明显上升并居相对较高水平。     

己糖激酶调控‘赤霞珠’酿酒葡萄蔗糖分解代谢

以酿酒葡萄(Vitis viniferaL.)‘赤霞珠’果实为试材,研究己糖激酶与蔗糖分解代谢关键酶[可溶性酸性转化酶和蔗糖合酶(分解方向)]在果实发育过程中的关系,以期为己糖激酶对蔗糖分解代谢的调控提供知识。利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析了发育期‘赤霞珠’葡萄果实中蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖的含量,测定了其己糖激酶、酸性转化酶和蔗糖合酶活性变化趋势。研究表明,果实整个发育过程中,蔗糖含量极微,己糖激酶表现出与葡萄糖、果糖相反的梯度变化;葡萄糖和果糖含量低时,可溶性酸性转化酶和蔗糖合酶的活性开始上升;葡萄糖和果糖含量高时,可溶性酸性转化酶和蔗糖合酶的活性降低。相关性分析表明,蔗糖含量与葡萄糖含量、果糖含量显著相关,葡萄糖和果糖含量与可溶性酸性转化酶、蔗糖合酶活性负相关,己糖激酶活性与所有因子负相关,但无显著相关。讨论后得出己糖激酶可能通过其催化活性调控葡萄糖和果糖的积累并反馈调节可溶性酸性转化酶和蔗糖合酶。     

A Study of Fructose Yield Components in Chicory

2557 chicory roots from 13 cultivars were analysed individually for root weight, root shape, total fructose, total glucose, potassium and amino-N contents. Fructose yield is highly correlated with root weight and slightly with fructose content, both at the inter- and intra-varietal levels. The comparison of total-sample correlations to between- and within-variation correlations suggests an important genetic variation within varieties.     

菜用大豆食用品质关键组分及其积累动态研究

选用30个菜用大豆品种(系),测定其食用品质与籽粒的化学组分,分析二者的相关性;再选其中3个可溶性糖含量不同的品种(系)测定食用品质组分,并采用主成分分析方法探讨每个组分的作用,研究其积累动态。结果表明,蔗糖、果糖+葡萄糖、蜜三糖、水苏糖、蛋白质、游离氨基酸和脂肪对菜用大豆食用品质的总贡献率为67.8%;其中蔗糖含量与菜用大豆食用品质呈极显著正相关(0.864**),蛋白质含量与菜用大豆食用品质评分呈显著负相关(–0.439*)。鲜食期不同菜用大豆品种籽粒中蜜三糖和水苏糖的平均含量仅有成熟期的7.4%和12.4%,对菜用大豆食用品质影响有限。菜用大豆的鲜食期一般在开花后42 d,可维持一周左右。此期蔗糖含量最高,蛋白质含量比成熟期低3%左右,氨基酸含量明显高于成熟期,而蜜三糖、水苏糖含量最低,果糖+葡萄糖居中,食用品质最佳;鲜食期过后,籽粒中蔗糖和单糖含量降低,脂肪与蛋白质积累增加,蜜三糖和水苏糖含量显著增高,导致食用品质下降。     

Analysis of genotypic variation of sugar and acid contents in peaches and nectarines through the Principle Component Analysis

Genotypic variations and correlations were estimated for sugar and acid contents on afresh flesh weight basis in peach and nectarine genotypes derived from a clone of a wild peach (Prunus davidiana) by three generations of crosses with commercial nectarine varieties. 107genotypes were studied in Avignon (France), 40 in Gotheron (France), and 18 of them were common to both locations. Considerable variations in sugar and acid contents were found among genotypes in both locations. Though location significantly affected sucrose, sorbitol and acid contents of the18 common genotypes, principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that genotypic correlations among sugar and acid contents were stable in both locations. Almost all sugars and acids analysed exhibited positive loadings for the first principal component (PC). Variations of dry matter content among genotypes only partially explained this general trend as shown by the PCA on a dry flesh weight basis. Glucose and fructose contents were closely correlated and were similar in amount inmost genotypes, while fructose content was lower than glucose content in about 12% of the genotypes. A positive but loose relationship was found between malic and citric acid contents in both locations. Likewise, sucrose, sorbitol and quinic acid contents were positively associated. The first PC could be used as a general flavour component. In addition, three groups of closely associated variables (fructose and glucose; malic and citric acids; sucrose, sorbitol and quinic acid) were detected through PCA. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

ISSR profiling of Indian cultivars of mulberry (Morus spp.) and its relevance to breeding programs

Mulberry, Morus spp. has a wide range of use, the chief among them is to feed the silk producing caterpillar Bombyx mori L. (Bombycidae; Bombycoidea). As a homeland of mulberry, India has a number of indigenous mulberry species, of which a few are widely cultivated. In the present investigation genetic distance among such eleven mulberry cultivars originated from six different states of India covering a wide geographic area extending from 15^° N to 32^° N latitude and 72^°E to 89^°E longitude was studied using inter-simple sequence repeat primers. Out of the 20primers tested, 13 primers, viz, nine di-nucleotide, three tri-nucleotide and one penta-nucleotide repeats, gave clear and reproducible band profiles. While the (AT)_n rich primers could not amplify the DNA, the (GA)n, (AC)n and (AG)n rich primers gave excellent amplification profiles. The genetic distance among the cultivars varied from a minimum of 0.053, between Punjab local and Bombay local, to a maximum of 0.431, between Almora local andSujanpur-5. Clustering of the cultivars according to nearest neighbor method created three groups. The north-Indian cultivars made a separate and distinct group while the cultivars originated from eastern and southern India occupied a distinct position. Almora local was found quite different from others. The first two canonical functions identified through discriminant function analysis accounted for 91.2% of the total variability. Distribution of cultivars belonging to six different zones on canonical matrix realized from Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) revealed wider variability for West Bengal, Karnataka and Punjab which reaches the group centroids of Uttar Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh. This attests to the past contribution of West Bengal in east and Karnataka in south towards development of mulberry cultivars indifferent parts of India. Step-wise linear regression analysis, further, identified two markers (825.₁₄₀₀ and835.₇₅₀) associated with leaf yield, which also satisfied the Beta estimation, thereby testifying strong association of these two markers with leaf yield. This finding along with the classification of the eleven cultivars bear strong relevance to mulberry breeding for different agro climatic areas. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Quantitative comparison of individual sugars in cultivars and hybrids of taro [<Emphasis Type="Italic">Colocasia esculenta</Emphasis> (L.) Schott]: implications for breeding programs

Taro [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott] is cultivated for its starchy corm consumed baked or boiled and processed in snacks (chips or French fries) to satisfy growing urban markets. Most consumers prefer non sweet taros. High content of sucrose (non-reducing sugar), glucose and fructose (reducing sugars) represent undesirable characteristics because they cause browning of the snacks. Breeding taro for improved corm quality is complex and phenotypic recurrent selection is impaired by the long growth cycle and the low vegetative propagation ratio. New high-throughput phenotyping tools are needed to select suitable hybrids in early clonal generations. The aim of the present study was to develop an HPTLC protocol for the quantitation of sugars in the fresh corm (FW). The individual sugars values in 60 hybrids released by four different breeding programs were compared with 300 cultivars from six different countries. Sucrose, glucose, fructose, maltose and ribose were quantitated. Mean total sugars varied from 1.83 to 6.28%FW in hybrids and from 1.32 to 7.69%FW in cultivars. The ratio sucrose/reducing sugars varied from 0.06 to 4.34 in hybrids and from 0.04 to 4.82 in cultivars. The protocol developed in this study is rapid, cost efficient, environment-friendly and more accurate than previous techniques based on dry matter because sample preparation is known to affect chemical composition of individual sugars. This technique can be used in taro breeding programmes for the early detection of undesirable hybrids with high levels of reducing sugars.