Management of Wild Ungulate Populations in Italy: Captive-Breeding,Hybridisation and Genetic Consequences of Translocations

Captive-reproduced stocks of some species of ungulates (Artiodactyla), and particularly the red deer (Cervus elaphus), fallow deer (Dama dama), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and the wildboar (Sus scrofa) are more or less extensively translocated in Italy, mainly for local reintroductions or restocking of exploited wild populations. However, captive breeding often involves the reproduction of non-indigenous individuals or the production of artificial hybrids. Consequently, translocations of captive-reproduced ungulates are of concern for the conservation of indigenous populations and gene pools. The impact of translocations should be evaluated within the background of the growing knowledge on population genetic and phylogeographic structure of ungulates. Molecular genetic markers are being used to map geographic genetic diversity, and reconstruct the phylogeographic history of natural populations (i.e., in the roe deer). Molecular makers are also used to detect the consequences of domestication and identify hybrids between wild and domesticated populations (i.e., in the wildboar), or to detect inter-specific hybridisation (i.e., between the red deer and wapiti). Hybridisation of wild and domestic pigs, and diffusion of hybrids in nature is widespread in Italy. Admixture of indigenous and non-indigenous roe deer stocks is also widespread. Therefore, conservation and management of indigenous ungulates calls for careful evaluation of captive-reproduced stocks.

     

野猪群体结构基因遗传共适应特性的研究

本研究对吉林、黑龙江、辽宁3省的东北野猪群体随机采样42个,利用PCR-SSCP和PCR—RFLP技术检测到Nanog、瘦蛋白、胰岛素样生长因子蛋白3、JAK2、肠毒素大肠杆菌受体、心脏脂肪酸结合蛋白、钙蛋白酶抑制蛋白7个具有多态性的基因位点,并进行了群体遗传共适应性分析,结果表明：①7个多态性基因位点中有5个处于遗传不平衡状态,占所检测多态性基因位点的71．43％;②位于不同染色体上的基因位点之间的18个组合中有6个处于遗传不平衡状态,其主要原因可能是遗传共适应差异造成;③位于同一条染色体上的3个基因位点之间的3个组合都处于遗传平衡状态,但是Leptin—ECF18R组合处于连锁不平衡状态,这可能是因为遗传共适应和基因间的连锁作用的方向是相反的,两者共同作用使得两位点处于遗传平衡状态。     

野猪及其杂交群体的遗传多样性和遗传分化的研究

采用PCR-RFLP和PCR-SSCP技术,通过对IGFBP3、LEPTIN、Zp3、MC4R及H-FABP这5个结构基因遗传变异的检测,分析野猪、杜洛克、长白及野猪与杜洛克、野猪与长白的杂交后代5个猪群体的遗传多样性和遗传分化,结果表明:(1)5个群体的平均位点杂合度和多态信息含量结果基本一致,野猪与杜洛克的杂交后代、野猪与长白的杂交后代最高,杜洛克、长白次之,野猪最低;(2)野猪、杜洛克及野猪与杜洛克的杂交后代这3个群体间总变异的17.9%来自种群间,而剩余的82.1%来自种群内;野猪、长白及野猪与长白的杂交后代这3个群体间总变异的27.1%来自种群间,72.9%来自种群内,因此,野猪与杜洛克或长白及野猪与它们的杂交后代的遗传分化均处于中等以上(Fst>0.15);(3)群体间Reynolds′遗传距离显示,杜洛克与野猪的遗传距离比长白与野猪大,可以认为杜洛克与野猪杂交产生的杂种优势较大.     

黄花苜蓿野生种群遗传多样性的初步研究

对来自我国不同地区的黄花苜蓿野生种群的种子千粒重、发芽率及贮藏蛋白进行了初步研究。结果表明，黄花苜蓿野生种群内和种群间均存在着较大的变异，种子千粒重在1.098～2.012g之间，其中二倍体黄花苜蓿种子千粒重最低，仅为1.098g，是四倍体黄花苜蓿种子平均千粒重的62.01%；种子发芽率也十分不整齐，种皮不经磨擦的自然发芽率十分低，从0～40%不等，平均发芽率仅为16.9%，二倍体种子的自然发芽率为0；种子贮藏蛋白SDS凝胶电泳亦显示出其具有多态性，平均多态位点百分比为37.9%，基因多样性为0.3066，种群分化系数为0.2257。     

导入野血牦牛群体的遗传变异和基因分化

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法和火焰光度法对家牦牛和３个含野血牦牛群体ＴＦ,ＨＢ,Ｈｐ,ＫＥ,ＡＭＹ１和ＲＢＣＬＤＨ１６个基因座多态性的研究表明：家牦牛与３个含野血牦牛群体具有同样的多态性特征,但群体的遗传变异随野牦牛血比例的增多而减少。含野血牦牛群体之间的亲缘关系大于家牦牛,再大于野牦牛,但总群体所发生的基因分化程度很小（２７４８％）。     

家鹑与野生日本鸣鹑群体微卫星DNA标记的遗传学分析

选择10个微卫星标记位点，合成引物对微山湖野生日本鸣鹑和家鹌鹑各40只进行PCR扩增，变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测分型，并对其品种内和品种间的遗传变异进行群体遗传学分析，从分子水平上揭示这两个鹌鹁群体的遗传结构关系、亲缘关系和遗传分化程度，为鹌鹑的遗传资源研究提供新资料。     

Wild Ungulate Herbivory of Willow on Two National Forest Allotments in Wyoming

Willows (Salix) are important riparian plants and often used to indicate riparian condition. Many herbivores feed on willows, but there is limited information about willow browsing by wildlife except in national parks. This study was conducted to estimate wild ungulate herbivory of willow on two US Forest Service allotments in northern Wyoming and to compare these values to published estimates for national parks. We also compared total annual and seasonal willow utilization by wildlife between sites dominated by willows of different heights. The effects of height category, site, and season on willow utilization were determined with a repeated measures analysis. Four permanent willow utilization transects were established at each of six study sites per allotment on two allotments, in communities supporting planeleaf (Salix planifolia Pursh), Wolf's (Salix wolfii Bebb), Drummond's (Salix drummondiana Barratt ex Hook.), or Eastwood's (Salix eastwoodiae Cock. ex A. Heller) willow. Twenty-five twigs were marked per transect (distributed across 6–12 plants/transect). Lengths of marked twigs were recorded on four dates to estimate willow utilization for winter/spring, summer, and late summer/fall periods. Total annual willow utilization on one allotment (53%) was similar to published estimates for national parks (P = 0.0864), whereas utilization for the other allotment (58%) was greater (P = 0.0421) than national parks. Seasonal patterns of willow utilization differed among sites within height categories (P < 0.001). Total annual willow utilization by wildlife also varied by site within height category (P = 0.0165) but was not greater for short (43–56%) versus tall (59–63%) willow communities. Wildlife browsing of willow in this study equaled, or exceeded, estimates for national parks, where concern has been expressed about willow community conditions. Generalizations about willow utilization for tall and short willow communities are problematic. Management decisions should be based on site-specific information as opposed to generalizations.     

江苏省野生及家养中华蜜蜂微卫星DNA遗传多样性分析

利用8对微卫星标记对江苏省野生及家养中华蜜蜂群体遗传多样性进行分析，评估群体内的遗传变异和群体间的遗传分化，结果表明，共检测到31个等位基因，每个位点的等位基因数从1～7不等，平均等位基因数为3.875；所有位点平均的期望杂合度和PIC值分别为0.4424和0.4054。野生及家养中华蜜蜂群体8个微卫星位点平均有效等位基因数分别为3.83和4.17，平均基因杂合度为0.0778和0.0993，两个群体均表现出较低的群体杂合度和遗传多样性。群体分化系数为4.9%（P<0.001），两个群体的Reynolds’遗传距离和Nm值分别为0.05024和4.852。江苏省野生及家养中华蜜蜂群体均表现出较低的群体杂合度和遗传多样性水平，且有相互交流的迹象。     

Relationships of the Host,Pathogen, and Environment: Implications for Diseases of Cultured and Wild Fish Populations

Abstract

Many effects of diseases on cultured fish are known; they are less clear in wild fish populations. Cultured fish represent captive populations that can be subjected to intense scrutiny with an increasing range of diverse and powerful tools. Disease represents a spectrum from acute mortality to rather benign or inconsequential syndromes, all sharing the common feature of a deviation from the normal structure or function of the host. Understanding these deviations among cultured and wild fish populations and balancing their implications against ecological, economic, and political concerns are challenges for both fish health scientists and fisheries managers. The severity of a given disease is dependent on the interaction of numerous variables of the host, the parasite, and the environment. To understand diseases and their impacts on fish populations, we must know which variables are important, how we measure them, and finally how we assess the results of our measurements. We have perhaps been most successful with variables associated with the pathogen. We often can more easily isolate and scrutinize the pathogen than either the host or the environment. The host variables of importance (for which we lack considerable knowledge) include actions of the immune system in general and specifically the influence of genetics and nutrition on host resistance–susceptibility to disease. Lastly, the contribution of the environment, a nebulous term encompassing everything other than the host and pathogen, is only partly appreciated. While we can measure certain physical and chemical parameters of the environment, we have a poor understanding of the biological–ecological variables that influence host–pathogen interactions. Ultimately, diseases of wild fish must be considered in the context of these complex interactions including numerous physical, chemical, biological, and ecological parameters, which may yet be discovered as integral parts of the aquatic habitat.     

中国新疆苜蓿野生种群秋眠性的研究

以美国9个秋眠性标准对照品种为参照，按Barnes(1991)方法测定了中国新疆野生苜蓿种群117份、伊朗及其它国家35份材料的秋眠性。结果表明，中国新疆北疆苜蓿野生种群没有半秋眠性种质，均为秋眠性种质，而南疆苜蓿则有秋眠性等级为4和5的种群多份；来自伊朗等国的材料则具有秋眠、半秋眠、非秋眠类型材料，对中国南疆、北疆野生种群秋眠性差异大的原因进行了探讨。     

藏系绵羊群体遗传多样性及遗传结构分析

旨在从分子层面对藏区绵羊群体进行群体关系研究。本试验选取西藏、青海、甘肃、云南和四川5个地区的20个藏系绵羊群体共384个个体进行Affymetrix Ovine 600K芯片扫描分型,基于杂合度和近交系数分析藏系绵羊群体的遗传多样性,并通过PCA、NJ-tree和STRUCTURE分析藏系绵羊的群体聚类情况。结果发现,西藏浪卡子绵羊的观测杂合度最低(0.235 0),近交系数最高(0.279 6);青海山谷型藏羊的观测杂合度最高(0.323 4),近交系数最低(0.009 0)。遗传结构分析结果显示,西藏和云南地区藏系绵羊能够单独聚成一支,而青海、甘肃和四川地区的草地型绵羊混乱聚集在一起。结果表明,西藏和云南地区藏系绵羊的遗传多样性普遍低于青海、甘肃和四川地区的藏系绵羊,且西藏和云南地区的藏系绵羊基本能保持地域特异性,而青海、甘肃和四川地区的草地型绵羊在遗传距离和群体结构中差异不大。     

我国十个鹅品种的遗传结构及遗传分化研究

利用多态性丰富的15个微卫星标记对列入国家级畜禽保护名录的10个鹅品种群体遗传结构、遗传分化及基因流进行研究.结果表明:10个鹅群体总近交系数(Fit)为-0.044,群体内近交系数(Fis)为-0.408,群体间基因分化系数(Fst)为0.257,3个固定指数只有Fst 达到极显著水平(P<0.01).鹅群体内近交系数(Fis)均为负值.各个鹅群体间,豁眼鹅与伊犁鹅的基因流值最小(Nm=0.416),四川白鹅与伊犁鹅间基因流值最大(Nm=1.430).结合基因流和STRUCTURE分析结果,10个地方鹅品种可划分为四类:兴国灰鹅、豁眼鹅和太湖鹅为一类,四川白鹅、狮头鹅和乌鬃鹅为一类,酃县白鹅和皖西白鹅为一类,雁鹅和伊犁鹅为一类,这种聚类结果与各个品种的选育历史和地理分布等一致.     

我国十个鹅品种的遗传结构及遗传分化研究

利用多态性丰富的15个微卫星标记对列入国家级畜禽保护名录的10个鹅品种群体遗传结构、遗传分化及基因流进行研究。结果表明:10个鹅群体总近交系数(Fit)为-0.044,群体内近交系数(Fis)为-0.408,群体间基因分化系数(Fst)为0.257,3个固定指数只有Fst达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。鹅群体内近交系数(Fis)均为负值。各个鹅群体间,豁眼鹅与伊犁鹅的基因流值最小(Nm=0.416),四川白鹅与伊犁鹅间基因流值最大(Nm=1.430)。结合基因流和STRUCTURE分析结果,10个地方鹅品种可划分为四类:兴国灰鹅、豁眼鹅和太湖鹅为一类,四川白鹅、狮头鹅和乌鬃鹅为一类,酃县白鹅和皖西白鹅为一类,雁鹅和伊犁鹅为一类,这种聚类结果与各个品种的选育历史和地理分布等一致。     

山西不同居群野生草地早熟禾的坪用性状评价

为评价山西不同居群野生草地早熟禾（Po apratensisL.）的坪用特性,采用完全随机区组设计,将山西20个不同居群野生草地早熟禾种质进行试验评价。通过对出苗期和成坪期的观察以及生长速度、再生速度、盖度、密度、质地、色泽、均一性、越冬率等指标的测定,对其坪用性状进行综合评价。结果表明：沁水Ⅱ和浑源Ⅱ居群的野生草地早熟禾出苗早、成坪速度快;沁水Ⅱ居群野生草地早熟禾的越冬率、密度和盖度高于对照和其他野生居群,沁水Ⅱ和浑源Ⅱ居群野生草地早熟禾的质地最佳,五台和沁水Ⅱ居群叶绿素含量显著高于其他居群（P<0.05）。沁水Ⅱ和浑源Ⅱ居群野生草地早熟禾的综合质量表现均衡且分值较高,适宜作为草坪草种植,是推广应用的最佳选择。     

Management of wild ungulate populations in Italy: captive-breeding, hybridisation and genetic consequences of translocations

Captive-reproduced stocks of some species of ungulates (Artiodactyla), and particularly the red deer (Cervus elaphus), fallow deer (Dama dama), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and the wildboar (Sus scrofa) are more or less extensively translocated in Italy, mainly for local reintroductions or restocking of exploited wild populations. However, captive breeding often involves the reproduction of non-indigenous individuals or the production of artificial hybrids. Consequently, translocations of captive-reproduced ungulates are of concern for the conservation of indigenous populations and gene pools. The impact of translocations should be evaluated within the background of the growing knowledge on population genetic and phylogeographic structure of ungulates. Molecular genetic markers are being used to map geographic genetic diversity, and reconstruct the phylogeographic history of natural populations (i.e., in the roe deer). Molecular makers are also used to detect the consequences of domestication and identify hybrids between wild and domesticated populations (i.e., in the wildboar), or to detect inter-specific hybridisation (i.e., between the red deer and wapiti). Hybridisation of wild and domestic pigs, and diffusion of hybrids in nature is widespread in Italy. Admixture of indigenous and non-indigenous roe deer stocks is also widespread. Therefore, conservation and management of indigenous ungulates calls for careful evaluation of captive-reproduced stocks.     

中国野牦牛遗传资源的保存与利用

野牦牛是青藏高原珍贵的野生畜种资源.本文从野牦牛的分布、类型、种群数量以及主要地理分区等方面分析了中国野牦牛遗传资源现状,同时讨论了野牦牛的生物学特性和经济价值,并提出了保存和利用野牦牛遗传资源的措施,对促进高寒牧区生态效益和社会效益有着重要的意义.