我国农田害鼠种群分布与演替

农田害鼠的种类除与当地的地理环境相适应外,还具有鼠种相对较少,优势种突出,易维持较高数量水平的特征。各鼠种在农田的分布与作物种类有一定的关联度,随着季节变化、作物生长和各种农事活动的干扰,害鼠在作物地之间、或与周围环境之间迁移。随着环境条件的变化,农田鼠类群落不断地进行演替。     

中国鼠害防控需求的差异、矛盾、挑战与对策

绝大多数啮齿动物种类为植食性的小型哺乳动物，其生物学特性导致了鼠类危害的复杂性。当前，面对日益提高的生态安全需求，粮食安全、人民健康和生物安全以及生态安全对鼠害控制需求的差异造成了中国鼠害防控策略制定及实施的困扰。尤其在草原地区，如何在应急性灭杀和长效缓控之间找到一个平衡点是目前鼠害防控面临的一个巨大挑战。针对这些矛盾和挑战，该文分析了我国鼠害监测防控的现状、主要瓶颈与短板，并从技术层面提出“精准监测指导精准防控”可能会是解决这些矛盾的有效途径，是在有效控制鼠害暴发对粮食生产和人民健康安全威胁的前提下，推进生态保护和修复的有效途径。     

The need to implement the landscape of fear within rodent pest management strategies

Current reactive pest management methods have serious drawbacks such as the heavy reliance on chemicals, emerging genetic rodenticide resistance and high secondary exposure risks. Rodent control needs to be based on pest species ecology and ethology to facilitate the development of ecologically based rodent management (EBRM). An important aspect of EBRM is a strong understanding of rodent pest species ecology, behaviour and spatiotemporal factors. Gaining insight into the behaviour of pest species is a key aspect of EBRM. The landscape of fear (LOF) is a mapping of the spatial variation in the foraging cost arising from the risk of predation, and reflects the levels of fear a prey species perceives at different locations within its home range. In practice, the LOF maps habitat use as a result of perceived fear, which shows where bait or traps are most likely to be encountered and used by rodents. Several studies have linked perceived predation risk of foraging animals with quitting‐harvest rates or giving‐up densities (GUDs). GUDs have been used to reflect foraging behaviour strategies of predator avoidance, but to our knowledge very few papers have directly used GUDs in relation to pest management strategies. An opportunity for rodent control strategies lies in the integration of the LOF of rodents in EBRM methodologies. Rodent management could be more efficient and effective by concentrating on those areas where rodents perceive the least levels of predation risk. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

What can pest management learn from laboratory animal ethics?

There remains a lack of a clear overarching policy framework for decision‐making in pest control programmes. In comparison, ethical principles have been extensively developed for scientific procedures, such as those underlying the UK's Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. This paper assesses the extent to which the principles and methodology underlying the act and secondary guidance could be used to provide principles of rodent management. Useful principles include that any programme has a legitimate purpose; that methods are used only if the harms are outweighed by the benefits; that harms are minimised by refinement, replacement and reduction and that there is personal responsibility. The usefulness and implications for pest control of each principle and the overall approach are discussed. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Production of UV-light-detectable faeces from house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) after consumption of encapsulated fluorescent pigment in monitoring bait

BACKGROUND: The authors investigated whether fluorescent pigment in thermoset melamine microcapsules incorporated into monitoring baits would be excreted in the faeces of wild house mice in a quantity and intensity that would be detectable by a human observer. RESULTS: Experimental mice produced 24–116 UV‐visible faecal pellets per 24 h; the mean dry weight was 582 mg. The number and weight of the faeces was independent of mouse sex and weight. The defecation of UV‐visible faeces began at 2–3 h, peaked at 5–8 h and was complete at 17 h after bait ingestion. The detectability of the highly fluorescent faecal pellets using a small UV flashlight approached 100%, and no false positives were recorded. CONCLUSION: The tested formulation is of significant value for rodent pest monitoring because faeces that are highly visible by UV light are produced for 15 h by mice after ingestion, and their detection is easy and unambiguous. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Reducing sodium fluoroacetate and fluoroacetamide concentrations in field rodent baits

Laboratory trials were carried out in order to establish the minimum active ingredient (a.i.) concentration of sodium fluoroacetate (1080) and of fluoroacetamide (1081) in wheat baits employed againstMicrotus guentheri, the Levant vole, andMeriones tristrami, Tristram’s jird, without interfering with the toxicants’ efficacy. Using a mixture of treated and untreated grain enabled a greater reduction in the a.i. concentration compared with that which could be achieved whenall the grains offered contained a lower a.i. concentration of the toxicants. ForM. tristrami the lowest efficient final a.i. concentration in the bait was 0.0125% for 1080 mixed bait (1:4 mixture of 0.05% poison grains with filler grains) and 0.01% for 1081 mixed bait (1:10 mixture of 0.1% poison grains with filler grains); and forM. guentheri — 0.005% mixed bait of 1080 or 1081 (1:10 mixture of 0.05% poison grains with filler grains). This leads to a reduction of the hazards involved in the use of prepared baits of these toxicants in the field.     

西部退耕还林还草后鼠类群落改变的现状调查

对青海省大通县退耕还林还草地及周边农田鼠类群落组成进行调查研究,在退耕还林还草地共捕获鼠类6种728只,以根田鼠和高原鼢鼠为优势种;农田中共捕获各种鼠类3种75只,以长尾仓鼠为优势种。比较发现,退耕还林还草后,鼠类群落组成发生了明显的变化,与之相适应,鼠害治理应针对不同的鼠类种群和危害程度采取相应的控制措施。     

洞庭湖区防鼠墙对东方田鼠防治效果调查

东方田鼠（Microtus fortis Buechner）是洞庭湖区重要的害鼠种类,在数量暴发年份,在由湖滩被迫迁入农田过程中会对农作物造成毁灭性的危害,因此修筑防鼠墙以阻断迁移通路是最为有效的防治手段。为了解防鼠墙的防治效果,在2012年4月和7月分别在湖滩和对应的堤内农田进行调查。结果有防鼠墙的堤垸内农田的东方田鼠密度为0.52%,明显低于经过人工捕杀和药物灭鼠后无防鼠墙的农田1.76%（χ2=3.900,P=0.048）;迁入农田后的密度下降幅度为98.53%,明显高于无防鼠墙堤垸的86.61%（χ2=11.060,P=0.01）。充分显示了防鼠墙防治效果,因此建议大力推广。     

长江中下游稻区毒饵灭鼠后害鼠种群数量的变化

长江中下游稻作区大面积毒饵灭鼠后,褐家鼠种群密度下降很快.相对而言,小型鼠小家鼠(农舍区)与黑线姬鼠(农田区)及栖息在房屋上层的黄胸鼠,容易漏灭.在多种鼠并存而灭鼠效果较差的地区,甚至会出现灭后小型鼠捕获率上升的情况,则是先前受种间竞争抑制其活动之故,所以制定灭鼠技术方案应注意当地鼠种组成.灭鼠质量的好坏和灭鼠面积的大小,对灭鼠后的数量回升速度有较大的影响.灭鼠率越高,灭鼠覆盖面积越大,害鼠种群保持在较低水平的时间越长,害鼠种群回升的速度越慢.但无论如何,若生态环境条件不变,毒饵杀灭后害鼠种群密度总会回升,即仅单纯依靠毒饵灭鼠手段,难以持久控制鼠害.所以既要因地制宜提高化防质量以抑制害鼠数量,更应大力提倡生态防治为主的综合措施.     

2011年江西农田春季鼠害调查与分析

为了解江西农田鼠情,2011年4月2～7日在江西省选择5个地区,每个地区各选1个县(区、市)确定1个村作为调查点,采用夹夜法对害鼠进行了调查。调查结果显示,调查地区农田以黑线姬鼠和黄毛鼠为主要害鼠,各占66.96%和26.56%;鼠密度平均为4.85%。密度最高的是新余市渝水区,为11.97%,最低的是抚州南城县,为2.48%;新余市的渝水区、赣州市的兴国县和景德镇市的乐平市需要对农田害鼠采取治理措施。     

我国鼠害学科发展现状与展望

鼠害作为一种重要的农业生物灾害, 造成的危害不仅涉及国家粮食安全、生态安全, 还严重威胁人民健康。随着鼠害防控理念的转变, 对鼠害治理工作提出了新的要求和目标。本文简要介绍了我国近5年来在鼠害治理研究及相关领域取得的成绩和不足之处, 提出了在生态文明建设为目标的要求下, 研究不同生态区域害鼠群落结构和危害特征、种群数量暴发机理等生物学特性, 建立害鼠物联网智能监测系统, 构建不同生态系统的鼠害防控生态阈值。研发生态环境友好型的鼠害绿色防控技术是鼠害治理的基本发展方向。     

The Year of the Rat ends—time to fight hunger!

This paper investigates the importance of ecologically based rodent management in the light of the current food crisis, and the potential effects of this approach on the position of the undernourished. Hunger and food prices are on the rise owing to shortages that can be traced to reasons such as climatic extremes, use of crops for biofuels, reduced growth in yields which lag behind population growth, reduced world stocks and lack of sufficient investment in maintaining the irrigation infrastructure. For the undernourished this is problematic as they are most vulnerable to the rise in food prices. Very often, agricultural experts focus on an increase in agricultural production to reduce food prices. It is postulated in this article that almost 280 million undernourished could additionally benefit if more attention were paid to reducing pre‐ and post‐harvest losses by rodents. Moreover, rodent‐borne diseases would decrease, diseases that can be catastrophic to the livelihoods of the poorest of the poor. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

东北农牧交错带南段啮齿动物群落结构及与环境因子的关系

啮齿动物是我国东北农牧交错带主要有害动物类群, 威胁当地农牧业生产与居民身体健康。为探讨农牧交错带啮齿动物群落结构与环境因子的关系, 于2020年和2021年的6月－9月, 调查了东北农牧交错带南段不同类型生境中啮齿动物的种类和数量, 利用增强回归树模型分析气候、生产力、生境异质性、土壤等因子与啮齿动物密度、物种多样性的关系。结果表明:共捕获601只啮齿动物, 分属于18个种, 优势种为黑线仓鼠 Cricetulus barabensis, 占总捕获个体数的27.94%。草地生境中啮齿动物的捕获率(2.99%)最高, 农草交错区生境中群落多样性指数最高;不同生境类型的啮齿动物群落结构具有一定差异, 且优势鼠种在不同生境类型的捕获率及空间分布格局亦存在差异。气候和生境异质性因子对啮齿动物密度、物种丰富度的综合作用最大, 其中净初级生产力通过上行效应调控啮齿动物密度与物种丰富度。基于此, 我们建议根据不同生境类型中啮齿动物密度及群落特征制定针对性的鼠害防控对策, 并加强优势鼠种在不同生境类型间的迁移及为害的研究, 以便更好地开展景观管理, 实现害鼠生态治理。     

人为不同干扰方式下荒漠啮齿动物群落格局年间变动趋势

2002～2007年,在阿拉善荒漠区的典型地区,选择了4种不同干扰方式的样地,分别为开垦区、轮牧区、过牧区和禁牧区,研究啮齿动物群落的变动趋势,在每种干扰方式的地段设计了标志流放区,面积为0.95hm2,采用标志重捕法,每月连捕4d,同时在4种不同干扰方式的地区选择了4条线路取样,每条线路面积约10km2,采用铗日法调...     

3种抗凝血类杀鼠剂在喀什农区防治害鼠效果及对家禽的安全性评价

为确定适于防治南疆农区鼠害的抗凝血类杀鼠剂, 在喀什地区疏勒县采用夹捕法、食饵法、粉迹法评估了杀鼠醚、溴敌隆、溴鼠灵的防治效果, 并采用灌胃法给药测试3种杀鼠剂对家鸡Gallus domestiaus和鸽子Columba livia的安全性。结果表明, 连续投放毒饵10 d后, 与溴敌隆防治区相比, 杀鼠醚防治区的阳性粉块和无毒小麦取食量的下降幅度均无显著差异, 但无毒小麦取食量下降的农户比例更高;且防治后褐家鼠比例更低, 防治期间毒饵消耗量更高。连续单独投放溴敌隆30 d的灭鼠效果可达90.9%, 但10 d溴敌隆与20 d溴鼠灵联合防治防效仅为65.9%。灌胃法测试表明, 对当地家禽类的毒性从低到高依次为杀鼠醚、溴敌隆和溴鼠灵。因此, 建议优选毒性较低的杀鼠醚或溴敌隆用于南疆农区鼠害防治。     

加强基础研究,提升农业鼠害防治的科技水平

鼠害是制约农业可持续发展的生物灾害之一。为了发展无公害、可持续控制农业鼠害的新方法、新途径,迫切需要加强有关鼠害防治的基础研究,提升鼠害防治的科技水平。本文基于我国农业害鼠发生状况与学科发展趋势,从3个方面探讨了农业鼠害需要加强的研究方向,即基础生物学、鼠害成灾规律及鼠害防治技术。     

转Bt基因作物对农田害鼠发生的影响分析*

转Bt基因作物的推广种植,正在改变着世界种植业格局。本文综述了实验室条件下转Bt基因作物对驯化鼠类影响的研究进展,结合近年来国内外农区鼠害的发生特征及其影响因素,分析了转Bt基因作物的推广种植对农田鼠类种群数量的潜在影响。     

云南沧源县农田鼠害调查

为了解云南沧源县农田害鼠种类、密度、繁殖特性、分布及为害特点,采用"夹夜法",于2010-2011年开展调查。结果表明,沧源县农田害鼠有黄胸鼠、臭鼩鼱、卡氏小鼠、大足鼠、小家鼠、宽齿鼹、短尾鼩等7种。黄胸鼠为优势种,占捕鼠总数的59.22%;臭鼩鼱和卡氏小鼠为常见种,分别占22.62%和15.18%;其他鼠种占2.98%。混合种群平均鼠密度为2.54%±0.88%;雌雄性比0.94∶1.00。年内夏秋季为繁殖高峰期;5-6月和9-11月为危害高峰。平均怀孕率为31.88%,平均胎仔数(6.92±0.43)只。不同鼠种在不同季节睾丸下降情况不同,夏秋季下降率高。臭鼩鼱具有隐睾现象,睾丸不下降。黄胸鼠和臭鼩鼱分布广泛,全县均有分布。卡氏小鼠主要分布于中低海拔稻区。     

Bt棉对主要棉虫发生的影响及防治对策

对河南新乡棉区种植的转Ｂｔ基因棉和常规棉棉田虫情进行了定点系统调查和大田普查,结果表明：棉铃虫在两种棉田棉花上的落卵量无明显差别,而幼虫存量差异显著,Ｂｔ棉棉花上幼虫存量显著降低;Ｂｔ棉对棉蚜的发生无明显的影响,而Ｂｔ棉上棉红蜘蛛的发生比常规棉略重,同时初步研究制定出种植Ｂｔ棉后的棉虫综防对策     

滨海盐碱地芦苇病虫害生态防治技术研究初报

针对近年来芦苇病虫害发生严重和采用化学防治造成的环境污染、对人畜和养殖业危害严重等情况。着重从生态控制角度出发,通过合理利用水源条件、采用赶火烧茬、利用天敌微生物和有益生物等措施,收到较好的防治效果。