新型鸭病毒性肝炎病毒巢式RT-PCR检测方法的建立及应用

根据GenBank上登录的新型鸭病毒性肝炎病毒(N-DHV)基因组序列,设计合成内外2对引物,优化PCR反应条件,建立了检测新型鸭肝炎病毒的巢式RT-PCR方法.结果显示,该方法对Ⅰ型鸭病毒性肝炎病毒(DHV-Ⅰ)、新城疫病毒(ND)、传染性法氏囊病毒(IBDV)、鸭病毒性肠炎病毒(DEV)、鸭细小病毒(DPV)的扩增结果均为阴性;该方法第1次扩增的敏感性是10 pg,第2次扩增的敏感性是0.1 pg,第2次比第1次扩增的敏感性高100倍.结果表明,建立的巢式RT-PCR方法具有特异性强、敏感性高、重复性好等优点,可以准确快速检测出极低含量的N-DHV,解决了新型鸭肝炎病毒不易在组织病料中检出困难的难题,为新型鸭病毒性肝炎的快速诊断、净化及深入研究奠定了基础.     

鸭甲肝病毒VP1基因的克隆和序列分析

鸭病毒性肝炎的致病病原包括鸭肝炎病毒(DHV)和鸭星状病毒(DAstV)[1-2].DHV可分为血清1型[3-5]、台湾新型[6]和韩国新型[7],分别对应于基因A型、B型和C型[8].DAstV指传统的DHV血清2型(DHV-2)[9-11]和3型(DHV-3)[12] (Knowles,个人通讯),其中DHV-2已更名为DAstV-1[2].为避免混淆,已建议将鸭肝炎病毒改称为鸭甲肝病毒(duck hepatitis A virus,DHAV)[13],而DHV-3也应更名为DAstV-2.     

新型鸭肝炎病毒VP1基因的序列分析及其原核表达

参照已公布的新型鸭肝炎病毒(new type Duck hepatitis virus,N-DHV)基因序列设计特异性引物,运用RT-PCR方法成功扩增出N-DHV FJ01株VP1基因,经克隆测序后得到全长为720 nt的FJ01株VP1基因序列。将所得测序结果用DNAstar软件包MegAligntkg程序进行序列比对分析表明,N-DHV FJ01株与GenBank登录的韩国病毒株的同源率为94.2%~98.9%,与台湾病毒株04G和90D的同源率仅分别为72.3%和72.5%,与DHV-1病毒株DHV-HS和DRL-62的同源率仅分别为70.8%和70.7%;通过系统进化树可以发现韩国型与台湾型鸭肝炎病毒可分为2小群。本研究同时将N-DHVVP1基因亚克隆到原核表达载体pGEX-6p-1,诱导表达后经SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析表明VP1基因已成功地在大肠杆菌中得以表达。     

Ⅰ型鸭病毒性肝炎诊断方法研究进展

Ⅰ型鸭病毒性肝炎(Duck virus hepatitis,DVH)是由Ⅰ型鸭肝炎病毒(DHV-1)引起雏鸭的一种传染病,具有发病急、传播快、病程短、发病率高、死率高等特点.     

基因C型鸭肝炎病毒的分离和鉴定

通常将鸭肝炎病毒(duck hepatitis virus, DHV)分为3个血清型.1型(DHV-1)属于小RNA病毒科中为DHV-1成立的一个新属[1-3].2型(DHV-2)已被改称为鸭星状病毒1型(duck astrovirus 1, DAstV-1)[4],对其聚合酶基因部分序列的分析可支持该分类[3,5].虽然3型(DHV-3)仍被ICTV(2005)归属于小RNA病毒科[6],但其聚合酶基因亦具有星状病毒的特点[3,5],因此,不宜再将DHV-2和DHV-3称为DHV的2个血清型.     

Ⅰ型鸭肝炎病毒的分离与鉴定

利用I型鸭肝炎病毒(DHV-Ⅰ)基因组的5′端UTR附近区域设计1对引物,以病死鸭肝组织悬液、鸭胚尿囊液毒和鸡胚尿囊液毒为模板,RT-PCR扩增得到336 bp基因片段。经测序分析病死鸭分离病毒与已发表鸭病毒性肝炎DHV-Ⅰ型病毒的基因同源性可达98%,该病毒与已知DHV-Ⅰ毒株之间病毒基因组一级结构有较高的同源性。为进一步验证所分离的病毒为Ⅰ型鸭肝炎病毒,依据Ⅰ型鸭肝炎病毒VP1基因特异性引物进行PCR,得到714 bp左右目的片段,证明该病毒为鸭病毒性肝炎Ⅰ型病毒。     

番鸭呼肠孤病毒套式RT-PCR检测方法的建立及应用

根据GenBank上发表的鸭呼肠孤病毒基因组序列,利用生物学软件设计合成内外2对引物,建立了检测番鸭呼肠孤病毒(Muscovy duck reovirus,MDRV)的套式RT-PCR检测方法,并运用建立的检测方法对分离病毒与其他禽病病毒进行检测。结果显示,该方法能从MDRV中扩增到与预期大小相符的特异性目的片段,检测灵敏度达到0.1 pg病毒RNA,对禽呼肠孤病毒(avian reovirus,ARV)、鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒(infectious bursal disease virus,IBDV)、番鸭细小病毒(Muscovy duck parvovirus,MDPV)、鹅细小病毒(goose parvovirus,GPV)、鸭病毒性肝炎病毒(duck hepatitis virus,DHV)等病毒样品的扩增结果均为阴性。因此,本研究为番鸭呼肠孤病毒病的快速检测及诊断研究提供参考。     

雏鸭病毒性肝炎卵黄抗体的研制

选取鸭肝炎病毒(duck hepatitis virus,DHV)分离株BZ-Ⅰ株作为疫苗株制备灭活苗,多次免疫蛋鸡制备卵黄抗体。经鸡胚中和试验法测定卵黄抗体的中和效价为2^9.6;经动物试验证实卵黄抗体可有效预防和治疗雏鸭对鸭病毒性肝炎(duck viral hepatitis,DVH)强毒的攻击,为雏鸭DVH的防治提供了新的技术手段。     

鸭病毒性肝炎的防治技术

鸭病毒性肝炎是由鸭肝炎病毒(duck hepatitis virus,DHV)引起的一种急性、高度接触性和致死性的传染性疾病.病原有3种,其中Ⅰ型鸭肝炎病毒在世界范围内流行,是危害养鸭业最严重的传染病之一,该病一年四季均可发生.介绍了鸭病毒性肝炎的流行病学特点、临床症状、类症鉴别及防治措施.     

应用RT—PCR方法检测鸭病毒性肝炎新型和I型病毒

鸭病毒性肝炎病毒是危害养鸭业的重要病毒性传染病,主要感染低日龄雏鸭,临床上分离到的病原主要为鸭病毒性肝炎I型病毒和鸭病毒性肝炎新型病毒,为了加快本病的检测速度,尽快确诊病原,根据GeneBank上两种毒株的基因组序列,选择两种毒株的差异基因序列分别设计了一对特异性的检测引物,将两对引物放在一个PCR反应体系中,两种毒株分别进行特异性扩增,根据扩增片段的大小进行鉴别,建立了可以同时检测鸭病毒性肝炎病毒I型和新型毒株的复合RT—PCR方法,该检测方法快速,特异性强,灵敏性高,可以用于鸭病毒性肝炎病毒的分型鉴别检测。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.