63株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒NA基因序列分析

为了从分子水平上掌握我国H9N2亚型禽流感病毒NA基因变异情况和流行规律,作者汇集了我国部分省市的63株H9N2亚型禽流感毒株,采用RT-PCR技术对其NA基因进行扩增、克隆和测序,并对所得序列进行同源性和进化分析。结果显示分离株核苷酸同源性在87.4%~99.5%;52株NA蛋白颈部63—65位点缺失了T、E、I 3个氨基酸,属于Y280-like分支,11株没有发生缺失,属于G9-like分支,没有发现G1-like分支和Y439-like分支的NA基因毒株;唾液酸结合位点(HB)和抗原决定簇的氨基酸发生了明显的变异;酶活性位点处的氨基酸非常保守,没有发生与抗神经氨酸酶抑制剂奥塞米韦和扎那米韦相关的氨基酸突变;36/63毒株失去了402位点处的潜在N-糖基化位点;而28/63毒株新出现了264位点处的潜在N-糖基化位点。本研究提示目前中国大陆地区商业鸡群流行的H9N2亚型禽流感病毒NA基因分为2个差异较大分支——Y280-like分支和G9-like分支,而Y280-like分支仍是我国H9N2亚型禽流感病毒流行的主要类型。     

基于马赛克HA序列的H9亚型禽流感灭活疫苗的免疫效力分析

H9亚型禽流感在我国家禽中广泛流行,给养禽业造成巨大经济损失的同时,也严重威胁着公共卫生安全。H9亚型禽流感病毒（avian influenza virus,AIV）具有高度遗传变异性,导致流行株和疫苗株之间抗原匹配性差,从而影响疫苗的临床保护效果,急需研发一种高效、具有交叉保护性的通用型H9亚型禽流感疫苗。马赛克疫苗是针对遗传多样性病原体设计,通过整合所有抗原序列获得一条抗原表位覆盖最广泛的嵌合蛋白,并制备疫苗。本研究参考mosaic疫苗设计原则,设计、优化并合成了一条H9亚型禽流感病毒的mosaic血凝素（hemagglutinin,HA）基因序列,采用反向遗传操作技术,以H1N1亚型流感病毒PR8株为骨架,以mosaic H9HA序列替换PR8株的HA片段,获得重组病毒rPR8-HAm/H9。将其制备为灭活疫苗并免疫SPF雏鸡,监测抗体水平、攻毒保护效果,评价其交叉保护效果。结果表明,重组病毒rPR8-HAm/H9灭活疫苗免疫SPF雏鸡,可诱导机体产生较高水平的HI抗体和中和抗体,可显著抑制攻毒后病毒的脱落,对H9N2 AIV JM0305株的攻毒保护率为80%。rPR8-HAm/H9灭活疫苗可以对异源H9N2 AIV JM0305株产生较好的交叉攻毒保护,为研发基于马赛克技术的禽流感通用疫苗提供了前期基础。     

一株鸭源H1N6亚型禽流感病毒的分离鉴定及HA和NA基因序列分析

为了解禽流感病毒（AIV）在广西中越边境地区的流行情况，本研究在该地区活禽市场开展禽流感病原监测。监测过程中分离鉴定出1株H1N6亚型禽流感病毒，命名为A/Duck/Guangxi/F01/2016（H1N6），对其HA和NA基因进行序列测定，并与GenBank中下载的相关参考序列进行比对和遗传进化分析。结果显示，分离株HA基因与A/sparrow/Guangxi/GXs-1/2012（H1N2）的核苷酸同源性最高（96.9%），NA基因与A/Pavo cristatus/Jiangxi/JA1/2016（H5N6）的核苷酸同源性最高（98.2%）。HA基因裂解位点氨基酸序列为PSIQSR↓GLF，符合低致病性禽流感病毒分子特征；与部分N6亚型禽流感病毒一样，分离株NA基因有11个氨基酸缺失。此外，本研究还对分离毒株的受体亲和性进行了测定，结果显示该病毒优先结合唾液酸α-2，3-Gal受体。本研究结果表明A/Duck/Guangxi/F01/2016（H1N6）是一株重组低致病性禽流感病毒。     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒反向遗传操作平台的建立

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)在自然界中广泛存在和传播,给养禽业造成了巨大损失。为了进一步揭示该病毒的致病机制,本研究采用RT-PCR技术扩增禽流感病毒A/Chicken/Shanghai/1/2006(简称SH1)的PB2、PB1、PA、HA、NP、NA、M、NS 8个基因片段,并分别克隆至PLLB双向表达载体上。采用8质粒系统共转染293T细胞,转染48 h后加入TPCK胰酶作用2 h,将上清液和细胞一同接种9~11日龄SPF鸡胚,并检测其血凝效价。经序列比对,拯救获得的病毒rSH1的8个基因片段序列均与亲本病毒SH1的序列相同。实验结果表明,本研究成功建立了H9N2亚型禽流感病毒反向遗传操作系统,为该病毒的致病机理和传播机制研究等奠定了技术平台。     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒复制特性的基因分析

利用反向遗传技术,通过基因重排方法,以A/chicken/shanghai/F/98（H9N2）禽流感病毒（Avian influenza virus,AIV）的6个内部基因为骨架,与A/Chicken/Guangdong/SS/94（H9N2）AIV的HA和NA基因组合,产生3株H9N2亚型重排AIVs。动物试验发现A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/98（H9N2）和A/Chicken/Guangdong/SS/94（H9N2）AIV主要在呼吸系统复制,A/chicken/shanghai/F/98（H9N2）株在气管和肺组织的复制能力明显强于A/Chicken/Guangdong/SS/94（H9N2）AIV株。3株H9N2亚型重排AIVs的动物试验发现HA和NA基因对H9N2亚型AIV在呼吸道的复制特性起主要作用。内部基因对H9N2亚型AIV在呼吸道的复制也有一定的作用。结果表明1994年中国首次分离到的H9N2亚型AIV经过4年的宿主适应和基因进化,加强了其在呼吸系统的复制能力,奠定了气溶胶传播的基础。     

Coexpression of avian influenza virus H5 and N1 by recombinant Newcastle disease virus and the impact on immune response in chickens

To analyze the contribution of neuraminidase (NA) toward protection against avian influenza virus (AIV) infection, three different recombinant Newcastle disease viruses (NDVs) expressing hemagglutinin (HA) or NA, or both, of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) were generated. The lentogenic NDV Clone 30 was used as backbone for the insertion of HA of HPAIV strain A/chicken/Vietnam/P41/05 (H5N1) and NA of HPAIV strain A/duck/Vietnam/TG24-01/05 (H5N1). The HA was inserted between the genes encoding NDV phosphoprotein (P) and matrixprotein (M), and the NA was inserted between the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein (HN) genes, resulting in NDVH5VmPMN1FHN. Two additional recombinants were constructed carrying the HA gene between the NDV P and M genes (NDVH5VmPM) or the NA between F and HN (NDVN1FHN). All recombinants replicated well and stably expressed the HA gene, the NA gene, or both. Chickens immunized with NDVH5VmPMN1FHN or NDVH5VmPM were protected against two different HPAIV H5N1 and also against HPAIV H5N2. In contrast, immunization of chickens with NDVN1FHN induced NDV- and AIV N1-specific antibodies but did not protect the animals against a lethal dose of HPAIV H5N1. Furthermore, expression of AIV N1, in addition to AIV H5 by NDV, did not increase protection against HPAIV H5N1.     

Efficacy of vaccines in chickens against highly pathogenic Hong Kong H5N1 avian influenza.

In 1997, highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1 avian influenza virus (AIV) caused infections in poultry in Hong Kong and crossed into humans, resulting in a limited number of infections including 18 hospitalized cases and six associated deaths. The unique ability of this, AIV to infect both poultry and people raised a concern for the potential of humans to be biological as well as mechanical vectors of this AIV to poultry. The current study was undertaken to determine if existing vaccines and their technologies could be used during an outbreak to protect poultry. Commercial and experimental inactivated whole H5 AIV and baculovirus-expressed AIV H5 hemagglurinin protein vaccines provided protection from clinical signs and death in chickens after lethal challenge by human-origin HP H5N1 Hong Kong strains 156/97 and 483/97. The commercial and experimental inactivated vaccines had mean protective doses ranging from 0.25 to 0.89, which represents the milligrams of viral protein in the vaccines that provided protection from death in half of the birds. Furthermore, the vaccines reduced the ability of the challenge AIV to replicate in chickens and decreased the recovery of challenge AIV from the enteric and respiratory tracts, but the use of a vaccine will nor totally prevent AI virus replication and shedding. Existing vaccines will protect poultry from mortality and reduce virus replication from the new HP AIV strain that can infect both poultry and humans.     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒与其他病原混合感染的研究进展

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒（Avian influenza virus,AIV）属于低致病性AIV,但因其分布广泛、传播迅速,可引起感染家禽生产性能下降,给家禽业带来了极大的经济损失。H9N2亚型AIV在感染家禽过程中可引起严重的免疫抑制,使家禽极易继发上呼吸道细菌、消化道细菌等感染,从而导致H9N2亚型AIV致病力增强,细菌黏附定植能力增强,家禽死亡率显著升高。另外,H9N2亚型AIV还能与禽传染性支气管炎病毒、禽传染性法氏囊病病毒、新城疫病毒等发生混合感染,病毒入侵时有可能出现协同作用或颉颃作用,从而相互促进或抑制病毒的复制和排毒;H9N2亚型AIV还极易发生突变或与其他亚型流感病毒在混合感染时发生基因重组产生感染人的新亚型毒株,给人类健康和公共卫生安全带来重大威胁。作者综述了H9N2亚型AIV与其他病原混合感染的研究进展,通过阐述H9N2亚型AIV与细菌或病毒混合感染的协同或颉颃作用,以期为临床上H9N2亚型AIV混合感染的防治提供参考。     

H7N2禽流感病毒CK/HB/1/02株NA全基因序列分析

采用RT-PCR扩增了国内H7N2禽流感病毒(AIV)CK/HB/1/02分离株的完整神经氨酸酶(NA)基因节段,测定了其核苷酸序列,并与GenBank中AIV NA基因序列进行了同源性比较和氨基酸编码分析,绘制了NA基因的系统发育进化树。结果表明,AIVCK/HB/1/02分离株NA基因的完整序列长度为1467bp,包括5′-末端和3′-末端的非编码区,其最大阅读框(ORF)编码469个氨基酸,第61~65位氨基酸序列为-NITGI-,不同于国内H9N2AIV的特殊遗传标记。该病毒NA基因的核苷酸序列与GenBank中人类流感病毒A/Leningrad/134/57(H2N2)的NA基因同源性最高,为93.3%;其次为香港的鸭源、人源、猪源H3N2病毒(89%~93%);而与我国北京、广东、香港和韩国的H9N2AIV以及美国的H7N2AIV的同源性较低(85%~88%)。在N2基因系统发育进化树中,CK/HB/1/02分离株处于欧亚分支内,与H2N2人流感病毒的亲缘关系较近;与北美H7N2AIV处在不同分支,遗传距离较远。     

禽流感病毒神经氨酸酶基因在重组杆状病毒中的表达

根据已知H5N1亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)神经氨酸酶(NA)基因序列设计并合成引物。从H5N1亚型病毒感染的鸡胚尿囊液中提取总RNA,反转录后采用高保真DNA聚合酶扩增NA基因,构建转移载体pFastBacHTA-NA,并与大肠杆菌DH10Bac的Bacmid质粒重组,构建重组转座质粒rBacmid-NA。在脂质体介导下将rBacmid-NA转染sf9昆虫细胞获得重组杆状病毒。在sf9昆虫细胞中表达NA蛋白,通过SDS-PAGE、Western blot和激光共聚焦检测蛋白。结果表明:表达的NA蛋白分子量约为53 ku,该蛋白能与H5N1亚型AIV血清发生特异性反应,证明NA蛋白表达正确,具有良好的免疫反应性。     

Generation and evaluation of reassortant influenza vaccines made by reverse genetics for H9N2 avian influenza in Korea

The prevalence and continuous evolution of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in poultry have necessitated the use of vaccines in veterinary medicine. Because of the inadequate growth properties of some strains, additional steps are needed for producing vaccine seed virus. In this study, we generated three H9N2/PR8 reassortant viruses using a total cDNA plasmid-transfection system, as an alternative strategy for developing an avian influenza vaccine for animals. We investigated the vaccine potency of the reassortant viruses compared with the existing vaccine strain which was adapted by the 20th serial passages in embryonated eggs with A/Ck/Kor/01310/01 (H9N2). The H9N2/PR8 reassortant viruses, containing the internal genes of the high-yielding PR8 strain and the surface gene of the A/Ck/Kor/01310/01 strain, could be propagated in eggs to the same extent as existing vaccine strain without additional processing. Similar to vaccine strain, the H9N2/PR8 reassortant viruses induced hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies in chickens and prevented virus shedding and replication in multiple organs in response to homologous infection. However, due to the continuing evolution and increasing biologic diversity of H9N2 influenza in Korea, the vaccine provided only partial protection against currently isolates. Taken together, our results suggest that the H9N2/PR8 reassortant virus can be used as a seed virus for avian influenza vaccines in poultry farm. Considering the constant genetic changes in H9 strains isolated in Korea, this reverse genetic system may offer a prompt and simple way to change the vaccine seed virus and mitigate the impact of unexpected influenza outbreaks.     

Immunoadjuvant effects of hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E) on the inactivated H9 subtype avian influenza virus vaccine

Avian influenza viruses (AIV) of the H9 subtype cause serious health problems in chickens, resulting in great economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. The killed vaccine (KV) against H9 subtype AIV has been widely used in China since 1998 but has been linked with side effects in chickens and only partial protection. A few studies have demonstrated the immunostimulatory effects of the hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E) in cancer therapy. In this study, the adjuvant efficacy and the protective effects of HVJ-E, in combination with H9N2 AI KV against AIV were evaluated. The maturation of murine dendritic cells treated by HVJ-E was verified by FACS in the current experiment, then the antibody hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers and cytokines and the post-challenge virological profiles (oropharyngeal and cloacal virus shedding) were investigated to define the immune responses in chickens. Our findings indicate that HVJ-E could induce dendritic cell (DC) maturation in mice. Injection of HVJ-E in chickens resulted in raised levels of IFN-β and IFN-γ being present in sera suggesting a stimulatory effect in these animals. The antibody responses to AIV of chickens inoculated with HVJ-E adjuvanted killed H9-AIV were higher than those of chickens inoculated with oil adjuvanted H9-HIV. Furthermore, although inoculation of either HVJ-E or oil adjuvanted AIV reduced virus shedding following challenge, compared to controls, HVJ-E adjuvanted AIV was more effective in reducing shedding than oil adjuvant.     

新型重配A（H7N9）流感病毒NA基因序列分析

试验旨在分析2013年新型重配A（H7N9）流感病毒分子流行病学特点。作者从GenBank数据库下载不同分离宿主的流感毒株NA全基因序列,应用分子生物学软件进行遗传进化分析。结果显示,2013年新型重配A（H7N9）流感毒株NA蛋白颈部氨基酸发生缺失,其唾液酸结合（HB）位点发生一定程度适应性变化,NA蛋白糖基化位点为7个,NA蛋白酶活性中心未发生变异。与A/Hangzhou/1/2013（H7N9）株中NA片段的核苷酸同源性较高的前10个序列均分离自亚洲5个国家的禽类,同源性达96%以上。至于此次新型重配A（H7N9）流感毒株NA基因是否是禽传给人尚不清楚,还有待进一步研究。     

免疫鸡群H5N1和H9N2亚型禽流感病毒混合感染及H9N2亚型病毒进化分析

本研究分析了免疫鸡群H5N1和H9N2亚型禽流感病毒混合感染中H9N2亚型分离毒株A/chicken/Yuyao/01/2010(H9N2)的基因组特征。氨基酸序列分析显示,HA蛋白裂解位点为PSRSSR/GL,具有低致病性禽流感病毒特征,HA受体结合位点出现了人流感病毒结合位点226L,D基因出现了S31N的突变。遗传分析表明,A/chicken/Yuyao/01/2010病毒的HA基因、NA基因和NS基因在进化上属于CK/BJ/94-Like谱系,D基因和PB2基因属于G1-Like谱系,NP基因、PA基因和PB1基因属于Ck/SH/F/98-Like谱系。结果表明,从H5N1和H9N2亚型混合感染鸡体内分离的H9N2亚型禽流感病毒是一株来源于CK/BJ/94-Like谱系、G1-Like谱系和Ck/SH/F/98-Like谱系的重组病毒。     

2018年上海市活禽市场6株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒全基因进化分析

为了解上海市活禽市场H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)分离株的遗传变异情况,本研究对2018年分离的6株H9N2AIV的8个基因片段进行PCR扩增、克隆和测序,并对获得的HA和NA基因序列进行同源性和关键位点分析。结果显示:6个分离株的HA裂解位点均为RSSR↓GLF,符合低致病性AIV的分子特征;并对6株分离株HA基因分析了糖基化位点;受体结合位点除198位、202位和203位有变异外,其他位点均保守;226位氨基酸均为L,因此具有与哺乳动物唾液酸α2-6受体结合的特征。此外也对NA基因红细胞结合位点,活性中心以及抗原决定簇进行了分析,在红细胞结合位点403位发生突变,在活性中心(同时为抗原决定簇)143位发生突变,这6株病毒其余位点均保守。HA基因进化树显示,上述6株分离株均属于近几年在中国鸡群中流行的Y280分支。从8个基因片段组成方式分析这6个毒株属于G57基因型。以上研究为H9N2亚型AIV的防控和疫苗研制提供了科学参考。     

中药复方对H9N2亚型禽流感病毒在MDCK细胞增殖的作用

为了筛选对H9N2亚型禽流感病毒（Avian influenza virus,AIV）有独特防治效果的中药复方,本试验基于禽流感发病临床症状、结合中药复方用药基本原则,组方芩根提取液（Qingen extract,QG）,以奥司他韦（达菲,DF）为阳性对照药,通过研究药液对神经氨酸酶（neuraminidase,NA）的抑制作用,采用CCK-8法测定药液对犬肾上皮细胞（MDCK）毒性作用,并从病毒吸附、增殖和灭活3个方面做了药效评价。结果表明,QG对NA的抑制作用在一定浓度范围内呈浓度依赖性增高,半数抑制浓度（IC₅₀）约为1 130 μg/mL;QG和DF的最大安全浓度分别为2 500和500 μg/mL,H9N2 AIV的TCID₅₀为10^-4.36/100 μL;QG浓度为156.25~2 500 μg/mL范围内,对H9N2 AIV的病毒毒力有一定抑制作用,并在MDCK细胞上呈现出一定的抗吸附、抑制病毒复制作用。表明QG在对抗H9N2 AIV的NA活性、抑制H9N2 AIV吸附靶细胞和在细胞内复制有一定的作用。     

Detection of antibodies to the nonstructural protein (NS1) of avian influenza viruses allows distinction between vaccinated and infected chickens

To differentiate avian influenza virus (AIV)-infected chickens vs. chickens immunized with inactivated avian influenza virus, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed using a recombinant nonstructural protein (NS1) as the diagnostic antigen, which was cloned from an AIV H9N2 subtype strain isolated during the avian influenza outbreak of 2003-04 and expressed in Escherichia coli. Antibodies to the AIV NS1 protein was only detected in the sera of chickens experimentally infected with AIV but not in the sera of chickens immunized with inactivated vaccine. This ELISA is useful for serological diagnosis to distinguish chickens infected with influenza viruses from those immunized with inactivated vaccine.     

高效表达H9亚型禽流感病毒HA基因的重组鸡痘病毒的构建及免疫效力试验

将禽流感病毒血凝素 H9A基因克隆入插入载体 p FG11S中 ,通过酶切鉴定获得了正向转移载体 p FG11SHA;将其与禽痘病毒疫苗株 (w FPV)共转染鸡成纤维细胞 (CEF) ,通过蓝白斑筛选纯化得到重组病毒 r FPV- Ps- HA;以间接免疫荧光法证实 HA基因得到了表达。将该病毒经颈部皮下免疫 1日龄 SPF鸡 ,免疫后 15 d以 H9亚型禽流感病毒 F株翅静脉攻毒 ,攻毒后第 5天采集泄殖腔棉拭子样品进行病毒分离。将此重组病毒与以痘苗病毒 P7.5启动子表达相同基因的重组病毒 r FPV- P7.5 - HA作比较 ,结果表明 ,r FPV- Ps- HA相对于 r FPV- P7.5 - HA明显抑制了病毒的排出 ;攻毒后第 2、5、7、9、11天分别对 r FPV- Ps- HA、油乳剂灭活苗免疫鸡进行泄殖腔、气管排毒规律的检测 ,发现疫苗组均能很好地抑制排毒 ,攻毒对照组泄殖腔的排毒率明显高于气管排毒率