Introduction
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) has a variable prognosis; left atrial size, presence of clinical signs and left ventricular systolic function have been shown to predict outcomes. Mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) assess longitudinal ventricular systolic function and are decreased in cats with HCM. The aim of the study was to ascertain whether MAPSE and TAPSE have prognostic value in HCM and if cats with pleural effusion have lower MAPSE and TAPSE than cats with pulmonary oedema.Animals
One hundred eighty-four client-owned cats diagnosed with HCM.Methods
This is a retrospective study. Echocardiography was used to diagnose HCM (end-diastolic left ventricular wall thickness ≥ 6 mm) and to measure MAPSE and TAPSE. Survival information was obtained.Results
No multivariable model including MAPSE or TAPSE could be generated in this population. Cats with pleural effusion ± pulmonary oedema had lower MAPSE measured at the interventricular septum (MAPSE IVS) and TAPSE, compared with cats with pulmonary oedema only. MAPSE IVS was the only factor predicting pleural effusion on multivariable regression model.Conclusions
Lower MAPSE and TAPSE were not independently associated with outcomes on multivariable analysis. Cats with pleural effusion ± pulmonary oedema had lower TAPSE and MAPSE IVS than cats with pulmonary oedema, and MAPSE IVS was the only predictive factor associated with the development of pleural effusion in this population. 相似文献Objective
To investigate the expression and distribution of desmosomal and gap junction proteins of the intercalated disc in the atria of boxers with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC).Animals
Nineteen control dogs and 13 boxers with histopathologically confirmed ARVC.Methods
Right and left atrial samples were examined using immunofluorescence and Western blots. The intercalated disc proteins investigated included total and phosphorylated connexin43 (Cx43 and pCx43), connexin45, connexin40, plakoglobin, plakophilin-2, desmoplakin, and N-cadherin.Results
Histopathological changes characteristic of ARVC were present in the left or right atrium of 12 out of 13 boxers and were absent in all control dogs. When compared to the 19 control dogs, immunofluorescence analysis revealed a decrease in signal intensity for pCx43 and plakoglobin in the left (p = 0.03 and p = 0.014, respectively) and right atrium (p = 0.015 and p = 0.002, respectively) of affected boxers. Connexin43 and pCx43 Western blot band density was significantly decreased in the left (p = 0.025 and p = 0.027, respectively) and right atrium (p = 0.001 and p = 0.044, respectively) of affected boxers.Conclusion
Altered intercalated disc and gap junction proteins were identified in atrial myocardium of ARVC boxers, supporting atrial involvement as part of this disorder. Reduction in pCx43 in conjunction with histological changes could represent the substrate for atrial arrhythmias associated with ARVC. Furthermore, these findings detected in boxer dogs, lend support for the broader term, arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, as preferred nomenclature used to describe this disease in humans. 相似文献Introduction
Atrial premature complexes have been reported to be the most common arrhythmia in cattle and is suspected to be secondary to systemic disease, especially gastrointestinal disease. In order to properly identify pathologic arrhythmia in cattle, the normal rhythm and arrhythmia prevalence should be defined. The objective of this study was to determine the normal heart rate, rhythm, number of ventricular premature complexes (VPCs), and atrial premature complexes (APCs) in unrestrained Angus steers.Animals
Twenty-seven client owned steers with unremarkable physical examinations and serum biochemical analyses were used.Materials and methods
Twenty-four hour Holter monitors, attached by a custom-made harness, were retrospectively evaluated. Three lead electrocardiographic registrations of good quality and normal sinus rhythm were obtained from all steers in the study.Results
The mean heart rate was 66.8 bpm ± 16.4 bpm. Ventricular premature complexes were rare (noted in 14.8% of steers), and APCs were common (noted in 85% of the steers). Simple second degree AV block was observed in 18.5% of the steers.Conclusion
In summary, healthy steers have rare single VPCs, although it is possible for an individual animal to have apparent more frequent VPCs. Mean heart rate varies with a diurnal pattern similar to other species. Atrial premature complexes are the most prevalent abnormality observed in feedlot steers. 相似文献Objectives
To determine the endotracheal tube cuff pressure produced with two inflation techniques, in two brands of endotracheal tube in cats. To determine the inspiratory pressure which produces an audible leak when the intracuff pressure is 30 cmH2O.Study design
Prospective, clinical, randomized study.Animals
A total of 40 client-owned healthy adult cats.Methods
Following induction of anaesthesia, endotracheal intubation was performed with a Parker Flex-Tip PFLP (Parker; n = 20) or Flexicare VentiSeal (Flexicare; n = 20) endotracheal tube. For each cat, the endotracheal tube cuff was inflated using two methods, minimum occlusive volume (MOV) and pilot balloon palpation (PBP). Intracuff pressure was recorded. Cuff pressure was then set at 30 cmH2O and the pressure within the breathing system when a manual breath first caused an audible leak was measured.Results
PBP pressure was lower for Parker (36 ± 13 cmH2O) compared with Flexicare (45 ± 13 cmH2O, p = 0.048). MOV pressure was not different between tube types (56 ± 28 versus 66 ± 25 cmH2O for Parker and Flexicare, respectively, p = 0.247). MOV produced a higher pressure than PBP for Parker (56 ± 28 versus 36 ± 13 cmH2O, p = 0.001) and Flexicare (66 ± 25 versus 45 ± 13 cmH2O, p = 0.007). When intracuff pressure was set at 30 cmH2O, 95% of cats did not develop an audible leak until the inspiratory pressure was greater than 10 and 12 cmH2O for Parker and Flexicare tubes, respectively.Conclusions
PBP produced lower cuff pressures than MOV, although both techniques produced a cuff pressure above that at which mucosal blood flow is believed to be restricted. A cuff pressure of 30 cmH2O may be sufficient to prevent audible leak in most cats if respiratory pressures are kept at 10–12 cmH2O or below.Clinical relevance
To ensure a safe endotracheal tube cuff pressure, use of a specifically designed pressure gauge is recommended. 相似文献Objective
To assess the effects of xylazine and dexmedetomidine on equine chondrocytes, in vitro.Study design
Prospective, experimental study.Study material
Equine articular chondrocytes from five male horses.Methods
Chondrocytes were isolated from healthy equine articular cartilage of the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joints. Cell viability was assessed using the WST-8 assay by exposing chondrocytes to xylazine (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16.6, 25, 50 mg mL?1) or dexmedetomidine (0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.175, 0.25 mg mL?1) for 15, 30 and 60 minutes. Based on the results of these tests, cells were treated with xylazine (1, 4, 25 mg mL?1) or dexmedetomidine (0.05, 0.175, 0.25 mg mL?1) for 15 minutes to further evaluate: cell viability by neutral red uptake; cell membrane integrity by lactate dehydrogenase release and by fluorescence microscopy with Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide (PI), and apoptosis by flow cytometry using double staining with annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/PI and by cell morphology.Results
Both drugs reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Specifically, all xylazine concentrations, except 0.5 mg mL?1 and 1 mg mL?1, significantly reduced cell viability, whereas the effects of dexmedetomidine were evident only at 0.175 mg mL?1 and 0.25 mg mL?1. The highest concentrations of xylazine (25 mg mL?1) and dexmedetomidine (0.25 mg mL?1) caused loss of membrane integrity. Cell morphology and flow cytometry analyses demonstrated signs of late apoptosis in xylazine-treated cells, and signs of late apoptosis and necrosis in dexmedetomidine-treated cells.Conclusions and clinical relevance
This study offers new insights into the potential chondrotoxicity induced by dexmedetomidine and xylazine. Therefore, the intra-articular administration of α2-agonists should be conducted with care, especially for doses of ≥ 4 mg mL?1 of xylazine and 0.175 mg mL?1 and 0.25 mg mL?1 of dexmedetomidine. 相似文献Objective
The butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine fixed-dose combination (BAM, respectively, 30-12-12 mg mL?1) with subsequent antagonism by naltrexone-atipamezole was evaluated for reversible immobilization of captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus).Study design
Prospective, clinical trial.Animals
Twelve cheetahs (six males and six females, weighing 37–57 kg) housed in enclosures, were immobilized at Hoedspruit Endangered Species Centre in the Republic of South Africa.Methods
BAM volume dose rate was 0.009–0.014 mL kg?1 (mean ± standard deviation 0.010 ± 0.001 mL kg?1). Total dose in all animals was 0.5 mL. The actual doses were as follows: butorphanol (0.29 ± 0.04 mg kg?1), azaperone (0.12 ± 0.01 mg kg?1) and medetomidine (0.12 ± 0.01 mg kg?1). Physiologic variables and quality of immobilization were recorded every 5 minutes beginning at 15–20 minutes after darting. Arterial blood samples were collected three times at 20, 30 and 40 minutes after darting from all animals for analysis of blood oxygenation and acid-base status.Results
The inductions were calm and smooth and mean induction time was 4.0 ± 1.1 minutes. Heart rate (50 ± 9 beats minute?1) and respiratory frequency (20 ± 3 breaths minute?1) were stable throughout immobilization. The recovery time after reversing with naltrexone and atipamezole was 9.1 ± 3.6 minutes.Conclusions
and clinical relevance BAM proved to be a reliable and cardiovascular stable drug combination for immobilization of cheetahs. 相似文献2. A total of 240 one-d-old male White Pekin ducks were allotted to 5 experimental treatments and each treatment contained 6 replicate pens with 8 ducks per pen. Ducks were reared in raised wire-floor pens from hatch to 21 d of age. At 21 d of age, growth performance and intestinal morphology were determined.
3. The weight gain and feed intake of Pekin ducks increased and feed/gain of these birds decreased linearly or quadratically as dietary threonine increased from 5.0 to 8.2 g threonine/kg. Compared to ducks fed on diets containing 5.0 g threonine/kg, ducks given diets containing 7.4 g threonine/kg had higher villus height in duodenum, jejunum and ileum.
4. The threonine requirements for weight gain of White Pekin ducks from hatch to 21 d of age was estimated to be 6.72 g/kg when dietary crude protein concentration was 189.8 g/kg and threonine supply was critical for maintaining intestinal structure of these birds. 相似文献
Objectives
The objective is to describe the clinical, radiographic, echocardiographic and angiographic findings in dogs with systemic-to-pulmonary arteriovenous fistula (SPAVF).Animals
Thirteen medical records of client-owned dogs with a diagnosis of SPAVF were reviewed/analysed.Methods
This is a retrospective study of case records. Thoracic radiography, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), three-dimensional TEE, intracardiac echocardiography, fluoroscopy-guided or computed tomography (CT) angiography were carried out.Results
Based on the TTE, SPAVF was identified in seven of the included dogs. In eight cases, TEE and angiography were both performed and confirmed the diagnosis. Computed tomography angiography was performed in three dogs. A case was diagnosed by TEE alone, another one by three-dimensional TEE and the latter by intracardiac echocardiography.Conclusions
Transthoracic echocardiography identified seven cases of SPAVF, while definitive diagnosis in the remaining dogs required selective angiography or computed tomography angiography. 相似文献Objective
To evaluate three routinely used tidal volumes (VT; 10, 12 and 15 mL kg?1) for controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV) in lung-healthy anaesthetized dogs by assessing alveolar ventilation (VTalv) and dead space (DS).Study design
Prospective, randomized clinical trial.Animals
A total of 36 client-owned dogs.Methods
Dogs were randomly allocated to a VT of 10 (G10), 12 (G12) or 15 (G15) mL kg?1. After induction CMV was started. End-tidal carbon dioxide tension was maintained at 4.7–5.3 kPa by changing the respiratory frequency (fR; 6 < fR < 30 breaths minute?1). After 29 minutes, cardiovascular and respiratory variables were recorded for 3 minutes using a multiparameter monitor, volumetric capnography (VCap) and a blood gas analyser. The ratios of VTalv to body weight (VTalv kg?1) and airway DS to VT (VDaw/VT), Bohr's DS (VDBohr), Enghoff's DS (VDBE) and the volume of expired carbon dioxide per breath (VTCO2,br) were calculated. Mean airway pressure (MawP), fR and peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) were recorded. Data were analysed using one-way anova and Student–Newman–Keuls tests with a statistical significance set at p < 0.05.Results
No differences were observed for demographic data and cardiovascular variables between groups. A total of three dogs were excluded because of technical difficulties and one because of fR > 30. VTalv kg?1 (p = 0.001) increased and VDBohr (p = 0.002) decreased with greater VT. VTCO2,br (p = 0.017) increased and VDaw/VT (p = 0.006), VDBE (p = 0.008) and fR (p = 0.002) decreased between G10 and G15. PIP (p = 0.013) was significantly higher in G15 compared with that in G10 and G12. No changes were observed in MawP.Conclusions and clinical relevance
A VT of 15 mL kg?1 is most appropriate for CMV in lung-healthy dogs (as evaluated by respiratory mechanics and VCap) and does not impair cardiovascular variables. 相似文献2. Nineteen LAB strains obtained from culture collections, and 24 strains isolated from excreta of laying hens and chicks, were evaluated for inhibitory capacities against two Salmonella serotypes using a “Spot-the-lawn” technique and other in vitro properties that could be predictive of antimicrobial activity.
3. The size of the inhibition zone differed slightly between Salmonella serotypes, however, the mean size of the Salmonella inhibition zone differed greatly among the LAB strains. Lactobacillus salivarius, L. plantarum, L. rhamnosus and L. reuteri exhibited powerful inhibitory effects to each Salmonella strain.
4. The result of the acid tolerance test showed that all L. salivarius, L. kitasatonis strains and each of L. ingluviei cannot survive in a low pH environment. In the bile acid tolerance assay, growth was inhibited in all strains, except L. kitasatonis HE4, and a large inhibition was observed in most of the L. salivarius and L. crispatus strains.
5. The results demonstrate that some LAB of poultry origin were able to inhibit the growth of Salmonella and survive simulated passage through the gastrointestinal tract. The selected LAB could act in the lower gastrointestinal tract to prevent salmonellosis in poultry. 相似文献