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1.
Eugenio Gaudio Laura Voltan Giulia Maria De Benedictis 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(3):351-356
Objective
To evaluate the clinical effects and quality of sedation, induction, maintenance and recovery in Lemur catta after dexmedetomidine–butorphanol–midazolam sedation and alfaxalone anaesthesia.Study design
Prospective, observational study.Animals
Six male L. catta weighing 3.0 ± 0.6 kg undergoing surgical castration.Methods
Lemurs were sedated with intramuscular dexmedetomidine (0.015 mg kg?1), butorphanol (0.2 mg kg?1) and midazolam (0.2 mg kg?1). Anaesthesia was induced with intravenous alfaxalone 0.5 mg kg?1 over 60 seconds; further boluses were administered until tracheal intubation was feasible and final dose recorded. Alfaxalone continuous infusion was used to maintain anaesthesia. Atipamezole (0.15 mg kg?1) was administered during recovery. The quality of sedation, induction, intubation, maintenance and recovery was assessed using a scoring system. Physiological parameters were recorded during sedation, maintenance and recovery.Results
Sedation was achieved in 13.6 ± 5.6 minutes and no reactions were observed during handling or venepuncture. The mean dose of alfaxalone required for induction and maintenance was 2.09 ± 0.65 and 0.08 ± 0.02 mg kg?1 minute?1, respectively. Quality of induction, intubation and maintenance was good in almost all animals. Mild self-limiting muscle twitching was observed after alfaxalone administration in three animals. Cardiorespiratory function was stable in all animals but one. One lemur showed respiratory depression and required oxygen administration and manual ventilation. The mean maintenance time was 29.2 ± 7.4 minutes. The mean times from the end of alfaxalone administration to extubation, atipamezole administration and full recovery were: 15.3 ± 8.0, 22.2 ± 4.6 and 60.0 ± 8.4 minutes, respectively. Recovery was considered good in all animals.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Dexmedetomidine–butorphanol–midazolam combination provided reliable sedation and adequate muscle relaxation in L. catta. Alfaxalone proved to be a useful drug for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia and might be considered an option for injectable anaesthesia in lemurs. 相似文献2.
Julia Deutsch Colette Jolliffe Emma Archer Elizabeth A. Leece 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):794-802
Objective
To assess quality of sedation following intramuscular (IM) injection of two doses of alfaxalone in combination with butorphanol in cats.Study design
Prospective, randomized, ‘blinded’ clinical study.Animals
A total of 38 cats undergoing diagnostic imaging or noninvasive procedures.Methods
Cats were allocated randomly to be administered butorphanol 0.2 mg kg?1 combined with alfaxalone 2 mg kg?1 (group AB2) or 5 mg kg?1 (group AB5) IM. If sedation was inadequate, alfaxalone 2 mg kg?1 IM was administered and cats were excluded from further analysis. Temperament [1 (friendly) to 5 (aggressive)], response to injection, sedation score at 2, 6, 8, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes, overall sedation quality scored after data collection [1 (excellent) to 4 (inadequate)] and recovery quality were assessed. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR) and arterial haemoglobin saturation (SpO2) were recorded every 5 minutes. Groups were compared using t tests and Mann–Whitney U tests. Sedation was analysed using two-way anova, and additional alfaxalone using Fisher's exact test (p < 0.05).Results
Groups were similar for sex, age, body mass and response to injection. Temperament score was lower in group AB2 [2 (1–3)] compared to AB5 [3 (1–5)] (p = 0.006). Group AB5 had better sedation at 6, 8, 20 and 30 minutes and overall sedation quality was better in AB5 [1 (1–3)], compared to AB2 [3 (1–4)] (p = 0.0001). Additional alfaxalone was required for 11 cats in AB2 and two in AB5 (p = 0.005). Recovery quality, HR, fR and SpO2 were similar. Seven cats required oxygen supplementation. Complete recovery times were shorter in AB2 (81.8 ± 24.3 versus 126.6 ± 33.3 minutes; p = 0.009). Twitching was the most common adverse event.Conclusions and clinical relevance
In combination with butorphanol, IM alfaxalone at 5 mg kg?1 provided better quality sedation than 2 mg kg?1. Monitoring of SpO2 is recommended. 相似文献3.
Muriel Sacks Simone K. Ringer Andrea S. Bischofberger Sabrina M. Berchtold Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1128-1138
Objective
To compare the effects of two balanced anaesthetic protocols (isoflurane–dexmedetomidine versus medetomidine) on sedation, cardiopulmonary function and recovery in horses.Study design
Prospective, blinded, randomized clinical study.Animals
Sixty healthy adult warm blood horses undergoing elective surgery.Methods
Thirty horses each were sedated with dexmedetomidine 3.5 μg kg?1 (group DEX) or medetomidine 7 μg kg?1 (group MED) intravenously. After assessing and supplementing sedation if necessary, anaesthesia was induced with ketamine/diazepam and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen/air and dexmedetomidine 1.75 μg kg?1 hour?1 or medetomidine 3.5 μg kg?1 hour?1. Ringer's lactate (7–10 mL kg?1 hour?1) and dobutamine were administered to maintain normotension. Controlled mechanical ventilation maintained end-tidal expired carbon dioxide pressures at 40–50 mmHg (5.3–6.7 kPa). Heart rate, invasive arterial blood pressure, inspired and expired gas composition and arterial blood gases were measured. Dexmedetomidine 1 μg kg?1 or medetomidine 2 μg kg?1 was administered for timed and scored recovery phase. Data were analysed using two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance and chi-square test. Significance was considered when p ≤ 0.05.Results
In group DEX, significantly more horses (n = 18) did not fulfil the sedation criteria prior to induction and received one or more supplemental doses, whereas in group MED only two horses needed one additional bolus. Median (range) total sedation doses were dexmedetomidine 4 (4–9) μg kg?1 or medetomidine 7 (7–9) μg kg?1. During general anaesthesia, cardiopulmonary parameters did not differ significantly between groups. Recovery scores in group DEX were significantly better than in group MED.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Horses administered dexmedetomidine required more than 50% of the medetomidine dose to reach equivalent sedation. During isoflurane anaesthesia, cardiopulmonary function was comparable between the two groups. Recovery scores following dexmedetomidine were better compared to medetomidine. 相似文献4.
Shayne P. Bisetto Cristiano F. Melo Adriano B. Carregaro 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(3):320-328
Objective
To evaluate dexmedetomidine, midazolam and dexmedetomidine–midazolam for sedation and antinociception in tegus.Study design
Prospective, crossover, randomized, blinded study.Animals
Six healthy tegus (Salvator merianae) weighing 1.6 ± 0.3 kg.Methods
Tegus were administered intramuscularly saline (0.5 mL; CON), dexmedetomidine (0.2 mg kg?1; DX), midazolam (1 mg kg?1; MZ) and dexmedetomidine–midazolam (same doses; DM). Heart rate (HR) and respiratory frequency (fR) were recorded before treatment (baseline) and 15, 30 minutes, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours after the treatments. Sedation scores were recorded according to resistance to manual restraint, posture and response to noxious stimulus, at baseline and 5, 10, 15, 30 minutes, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours after the treatments. Antinociception was evaluated by measurement of latency of limb withdrawal reflex (LWR) to thermal stimulus, recorded at baseline and 15 minutes, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours after the treatments.Results
Lower HR (DX and DM) and fR (MZ, DX and DM) than CON were measured 15 minutes after the treatment and for up to 6 hours. Sedation was mild to moderate in MZ, deep in DM and absent in DX, although animals showed behavioral changes in DX, with increase in aggressiveness. Median (interquartile range) duration of sedation were 170 (50; 235) minutes in MZ and 230 (115; 235) minutes in DM. Recovery period was prolonged in both treatments, surpassing the duration of the experiment. Higher LWR than CON was detected from 15 minutes until 12 hours in DX and DM.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Midazolam provided sedation without antinociception, and dexmedetomidine provided antinociception without sedation. Drug combination increased the duration of sedation but not antinociception. Due to increased duration of sedation, reversal of effects with flumazenil and atipamezole should be considered after conclusion of clinical procedures. 相似文献5.
6.
7.
Josiane Lauper Vincent Marolf Olivier Levionnois Esther Schelling Mireille Meylan Claudia Spadavecchia 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):281-286
Objective
To investigate whether an intravenous (IV) lidocaine bolus in calves premedicated with xylazine-butorphanol reduces the amount of ketamine required to allow endotracheal intubation.Study design
Randomized, prospective clinical study.Animals
In total, 41 calves scheduled for elective umbilical surgery.Methods
Calves were randomly assigned to one of two groups (L: lidocaine or S: saline). The calves were administered xylazine (0.07 mg kg?1) and butorphanol (0.1 mg kg?1) intramuscularly and 10 minutes later lidocaine (2 mg kg?1; group L) or saline (group S) IV over 1 minute. After 2 minutes, ketamine (2.5 mg kg?1) was injected IV. If the depth of anaesthesia was insufficient for intubation, additional ketamine (1 mg kg?1) was administered every minute until intubation was successful. The amount of ketamine required for intubation, respiratory rate, pulse rate, arterial pressures, the depth of sedation and conditions of endotracheal intubation after induction of anaesthesia were compared between the two groups.Results
The calves in group L were sedated more deeply than those in group S; however, neither the median (range) amount of ketamine required for intubation, 3.5 (2.5–4.5) mg kg?1 and 3.5 (2.5–3.5) mg kg?1, respectively, nor the induction quality differed significantly between the groups.Conclusion and clinical relevance
A bolus of lidocaine (2 mg kg?1) administered 10 minutes after xylazine-butorphanol in calves deepened the degree of sedation but did not decrease the requirement of ketamine for endotracheal intubation. No adverse effects were recorded in the physiological variables measured. 相似文献8.
9.
Elizabeth R. Carvalho Tatiana Champion Francielli Ambrosini Gabrieli A. da Silva Gabrielle C. Freitas Ricardo G. D’Otaviano de Castro Vilani 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2019,46(1):43-54
Objective
To investigate the effects of a low dose of dexmedetomidine (DEX) followed by constant rate infusion (CRI) and reversal with atipamezole on systolic and diastolic functions in isoflurane-anesthetized healthy cats.Study design
Prospective cohort study.Animals
A group of 11 client-owned adult cats.Methods
Baseline transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was performed, followed by intramuscular (IM) administration of DEX (5 μg kg?1). After 10 minutes, sedation was scored, adverse effects were recorded and another TTE performed. Approximately 40 minutes after DEX administration, anesthesia was induced by isoflurane mask and maintained with 1.2% end-tidal isoflurane and DEX CRI (1 μg kg?1 hour?1) for 80 minutes. Physiological variables were recorded every 10 minutes, and TTE was repeated 10, 30 and 60 minutes after the start of anesthesia. CRI was stopped, atipamezole (30 μg kg?1) was administered IM and a final TTE was performed after 10 minutes. Repeated measures over time were submitted to one-way analysis of variance or Kruskal–Wallis test according to data distribution; significance was assumed at p < 0.05.Results
After DEX premedication, mild sedation and a slight but significant increase in systolic arterial pressure occurred, and vomiting was a common adverse effect. The cardiac output (CO) and heart rate decreased during anesthesia, with no changes after administration of atipamezole. Trivial valvular insufficiencies were commonly seen after DEX premedication and during CRI. Myocardial radial and longitudinal systolic functions were not affected by sedation or by anesthesia. The late phase of diastole on both right and left ventricles was affected by isoflurane–DEX CRI. Global left ventricular myocardial performance was not impaired.Conclusions
and clinical relevance Decreased CO and late diastolic impairment were observed in healthy cats administered a low dose of DEX for premedication followed by anesthesia with isoflurane and DEX CRI. 相似文献10.
Sarah E. Bigby Jennifer E. Carter Sébastien Bauquier Thierry Beths 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):905-909
Objective
The evaluation of alfaxalone as a premedication agent and intravenous anaesthetic in pigs.Study design
Prospective, clinical trial.Animals
Nine healthy, 6–8-week-old female Landrace pigs weighing 22.2 ± 1.0 kg, undergoing epidural catheter placement.Methods
All pigs were premedicated with 4 mg kg?1 alfaxalone, 40 μg kg?1 medetomidine and 0.4 mg kg?1 butorphanol administered in the cervical musculature. Sedation was subjectively scored by the same observer from 1 (no sedation) to 10 (profound sedation) prior to induction of anaesthesia with alfaxalone intravenously to effect. All pigs were maintained on alfaxalone infusions with the rate of administration adjusted to maintain appropriate anaesthetic depth. Quality of induction was scored from 1 (poor) to 3 (smooth) and basic cardiorespiratory variables were recorded every 5 minutes during anaesthesia. Results are reported as mean ± standard deviation or median (range) as appropriate.Results
Sedation scores were 9 (7–10). Inductions were smooth in all pigs and cardiovascular variables remained within normal limits for the duration of anaesthesia. The induction dose of alfaxalone was 0.9 (0.0–2.3) mg kg?1. Three pigs did not require additional alfaxalone after premedication to facilitate intubation.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Intramuscular alfaxalone in combination with medetomidine and butorphanol produced moderate to deep sedation in pigs. Alfaxalone produced satisfactory induction and maintenance of anaesthesia with minimal cardiovascular side effects. Appropriate monitoring of pigs premedicated with this protocol is required as some pigs may become anaesthetized after intramuscular administration of this combination of drugs. 相似文献11.
Grayson A. Doss Dustin M. Fink Kurt K. Sladky Christoph Mans 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1175-1183
Objective
To compare dexmedetomidine–midazolam with alfaxalone–midazolam for sedation in leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius).Study design
Prospective, randomized, blinded, complete crossover study.Animals
Nine healthy adult leopard geckos.Methods
Geckos were administered a combination of dexmedetomidine (0.1 mg kg?1) and midazolam (1.0 mg kg?1; treatment D–M) or alfaxalone (15 mg kg?1) and midazolam (1.0 mg kg?1; treatment A–M) subcutaneously craniodorsal to a thoracic limb. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR), righting reflex, palpebral reflex, superficial and deep pain reflexes, jaw tone and escape response were assessed every 5 minutes until reversal. Conditions for intubation and response to needle prick were evaluated. Antagonist drugs [flumazenil (0.05 mg kg?1) ± atipamezole (1.0 mg kg?1)] were administered subcutaneously, craniodorsal to the contralateral thoracic limb, 45 minutes after initial injection, and animals were monitored until recovery.Results
HR, but not fR, decreased significantly over time in both treatments. HR was significantly lower than baseline at all time points in D–M and for all but the 5 and 10 minute time points in A–M. HR was significantly higher in A–M at all time points after drug administration when compared with D–M. Sedation scores between protocols were similar for most time points. All animals in A–M lost righting reflex compared with seven out of nine (78%) geckos in D–M. Geckos in A–M lost righting reflex for significantly longer time. Mean ± standard deviation time to recovery after antagonist administration was 6.1 ± 2.2 minutes for D–M and 56 ± 29 minutes for A–M, and these times were significantly different.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Combination D–M or A–M provided sedation of a level expected to allow physical examinations and venipuncture in leopard geckos. A–M provided a faster onset of sedation compared with D–M. Recovery was significantly faster following antagonist reversal of D–M, compared with A–M. 相似文献12.
Effect of metoclopramide on nausea and emesis in dogs premedicated with morphine and dexmedetomidine
Federica A. Brioschi Daniela Gioeni Andrea Jacchetti Alessandra M. Carotenuto 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(2):190-194
Objective
To evaluate whether subcutaneous (SC) metoclopramide (0.2 mg kg?1) administered 30 minutes prior to (T30) or simultaneously with (T0) intramuscular (IM) morphine (0.2 mg kg?1) and dexmedetomidine (0.003 mg kg?1) reduces the incidence of nausea and emesis in healthy dogs.Study design
Prospective, randomized and blinded study.Animals
A total of 45 dogs scheduled for elective procedures.Methods
Dogs were assigned randomly to three groups to be administered SC metoclopramide (0.2 mg kg?1) 30 minutes before (group M30) or simultaneously (group M0) to IM morphine (0.2 mg kg?1) and dexmedetomidine (0.003 mg kg?1). Dogs in the control group (group C) were administered SC saline at T30 and T0. Dogs were observed for 30 minutes after premedication to evaluate signs of nausea (continuous lip-licking and sialorrhoea) and emesis. Signs of pain or discomfort caused by SC injections were also recorded.Results
There were no statistical differences amongst groups for age, body weight and sex. More dogs developed continuous lip-licking in group C (12/15, 80.0%) compared to dogs in group M30 (1/15, 6.7%) and dogs in group M0 (5/15, 33.3%; p = 0.0001 and p = 0.01, respectively). More dogs developed sialorrhoea in group M0 (8/15, 53.3%) and in group C (10/15, 66.7%) compared to dogs in group M30 (2/15, 13.3%; p = 0.03 and p = 0.004, respectively). More dogs vomited in group M0 (4/15, 26.7%) and in group C (9/15, 60.0%) compared to dogs in group M30 (0/15, 0.0%; p = 0.05 and p = 0.0003, respectively). None of the dogs demonstrated signs of pain or discomfort during SC metoclopramide injection.Conclusions and clinical relevance:
Subcutaneous metoclopramide at 0.2 mg kg?1 may reduce IM morphine and dexmedetomidine-induced nausea and emesis if administered 30 minutes in advance. It is effective in reducing lip-licking even when administered concurrently with IM morphine–dexmedetomidine. 相似文献13.
Ryan S. Bailey Linda S. Barter Bruno H. Pypendop 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):876-882
Objective
To characterize the pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine when administered as a short intravenous (IV) infusion to isoflurane-anesthetized rabbits.Study design
Experimental study.Animals
A total of six healthy adult female New Zealand White rabbits.Methods
Rabbits were anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen. Following determination of isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), the anesthetic dose was reduced to 0.7 × MAC, and dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (20 μg kg?1) was infused IV over 5 minutes. Arterial blood samples were obtained immediately before and at 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 240 and 360 minutes following termination of the infusion. Samples were transferred into tubes containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and centrifuged immediately. The plasma was harvested and stored at –80 °C until analyzed. Concentrations of dexmedetomidine in plasma were determined by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Compartment models were fitted to the time and concentration data using nonlinear regression.Results
A three-compartment model best fit the data set. Median volume of distribution at steady state and terminal half-life were 3169 mL kg?1 (range, 2182–3859 mL kg?1) and 80 minutes (range, 72–88 minutes), respectively.Conclusions and clinical relevance
The pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine in isoflurane-anesthetized, healthy, New Zealand White rabbits were characterized in this study. Data from this study can be used to determine dosing regimens for dexmedetomidine in isoflurane-anesthetized rabbits. 相似文献14.
Carolyn M. Doerning Michael P. Bradley Patrick A. Lester Megan H. Nowland 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(5):658-666
Objective
To characterize alfaxalone administered subcutaneously (SC) in guinea pigs, both alone and in combination with dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine.Study design
Prospective, blinded, crossover study.Animals
A total of 15 healthy female guinea pigs weighing 400–600 g.Methods
Alfaxalone (10, 20 and 40 mg kg?1) was administered SC to three guinea pigs as a pilot dose-finding study. Alfaxalone (20 mg kg?1; A20) was selected for comparison against combination protocols of alfaxalone (15 and 20 mg kg?1) with dexmedetomidine (0.25 mg kg?1) and buprenorphine (0.05 mg kg?1; A15DB, A20DB). Each protocol was randomly administered to 12 guinea pigs separated by ≥7 days. Time and quality of induction and recovery, heart rate, respiratory rate, peripheral hemoglobin oxygen saturation, rectal temperature, pedal withdrawal reflex and adverse effects were recorded.Results
The median time to induction for A20, A15DB and A20DB was 6.8–8.0 minutes with no significant difference between treatments. Mean duration of recumbency for A20 was 73.6 ± 19.6 minutes. Recumbency duration for A15DB and A20DB extended to 90 minutes, at which time dexmedetomidine was antagonized using atipamezole (0.025 mg kg?1 SC). Physiological variables were within normal limits with the exception of one animal that died 45 minutes following treatment with A20DB. Pedal withdrawal reflex remained intact with all treatments. Minor side effects such as twitching or bruxism occurred sporadically with treatment A20 but not with A15DB and A20DB.Conclusions and clinical relevance
SC alfaxalone produced uncomplicated sedation that may be recommended for nonpainful procedures that do not require complete immobility. The addition of dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine increased the duration of sedation and immobility, but did not result in general anesthesia. This combination sedation protocol may be useful for nonpainful procedures requiring extended immobility. 相似文献15.
Hong-Xiu Diao Shuai Zhang Xue-Yuan Hu Wei Guan Li Luan Hai-Yu Liu Hong-Gang Fan 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(1):114-120
Objective
To evaluate the behavior and some cardiopulmonary variables of dexmedetomidine–midazolam or dexmedetomidine–midazolam-butor-phanol in the silver fox (Vulpes vulpes).Study design
Blinded, randomized design.Animals
Sixteen adult silver foxes, aged 7–9 months, weighting 6.0–9.2 kg.Methods
Animals were randomly assigned to dexmedetomidine (50 μg kg?1) and midazolam (0.45 mg kg?1) (group DM) or to dexmedetomidine (30 μg kg?1), midazolam (0.45 mg kg?1) and butorphanol (0.25 mg kg?1) (group DMB), administered intramuscularly. Pulse rate (PR), respiratory rate (fR), noninvasive arterial pressures, oxygen saturation (SpO2), rectal temperature (T) and behavioral scores (posture, sedation, antinociception, jaw relaxation and auditory response) were measured at 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes after injection. Time from drug injection to recumbency with no response to stimuli (IT) and time from administration of atipamezole (0.2 mg kg?1) to standing with coordination (RT) were recorded. The occurrences of adverse events were recorded. Data were analyzed by two-tailed unpaired t-tests and Bonferroni post hoc tests. Significant differences were accepted at p<0.05.Results
There were no statistically significant differences between the groups for IT or RT. Arterial pressures were higher in DMB at each time point except at 5 minutes. PR was lower in DM at each time point except at 10 and 60 minutes. No significant difference was found between the groups for fR, SpO2 and T. The behavioral scores were significantly lower (lower quality immobilization) in DMB at 5,10 and 60 minutes.Conclusions and clinical relevance
IT and RT were not different between the groups. Both protocols provided immobilization for 30–40 minutes with excellent muscle relaxation and analgesia adequate for clinical examinations and some simple surgical procedures. 相似文献16.
Peripheral α2-adrenoceptor antagonism affects the absorption of intramuscularly coadministered drugs
Ira J. Kallio-Kujala Marja R. Raekallio Juhana Honkavaara Rachel C. Bennett Heta Turunen Mika Scheinin Heidi Hautajärvi Outi Vainio 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(4):405-413
Objective
We determined the possible effects of a peripherally acting α2-adrenoceptor antagonist, MK-467, on the absorption of intramuscularly (IM) coadministered medetomidine, butorphanol and midazolam.Study design
Randomized, experimental, blinded crossover study.Animals
Six healthy Beagle dogs.Methods
Two IM treatments were administered: 1) medetomidine hydrochloride (20 μg kg–1) + butorphanol (100 μg kg–1) + midazolam (200 μg kg–1; MBM) and 2) MBM + MK-467 hydrochloride (500 μg kg–1; MBM–MK), mixed in a syringe. Heart rate was recorded at regular intervals. Sedation was assessed with visual analog scales (0–100 mm). Drug concentrations in plasma were analyzed with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, with chiral separation of dex- and levomedetomidine. Maximum drug concentrations in plasma (Cmax) and time to Cmax (Tmax) were determined. Paired t-tests, with Bonferroni correction when appropriate, were used for comparisons between the treatments.Results
Data from five dogs were analyzed. Heart rate was significantly higher from 20 to 90 minutes after MBM–MK. The Tmax values for midazolam and levomedetomidine (mean ± standard deviation) were approximately halved with coadministration of MK-467, from 23 ± 9 to 11 ± 6 minutes (p = 0.049) for midazolam and from 32 ± 15 to 18 ± 6 minutes for levomedetomidine (p = 0.036), respectively.Conclusions and clinical relevance
MK-467 accelerated the absorption of IM coadministered drugs. This is clinically relevant as it may hasten the onset of peak sedative effects. 相似文献17.
Jill K. Maney 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1184-1188
Objective
To describe the sedative and physiologic effects of two doses of alfaxalone administered intramuscularly in dogs.Study design
Randomized, blinded, crossover experimental trial.Animals
Ten adult mixed-breed dogs.Methods
Dogs were assigned randomly to be administered one of three intramuscular injections [saline 0.1 mL kg?1 (S), alfaxalone 1 mg kg?1 (A1) or alfaxalone 2 mg kg?1 (A2)] on three occasions. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR) and sedation score were assessed before injection (T0) and at 5 (T5), 10 (T10), 15 (T15), 20 (T20), 30 (T30), 45 (T45) and 60 (T60) minutes postinjection. Rectal temperature was determined at T0 and T60. Adverse events occurring between the time of injection and T60 were recorded.Results
Sedation scores were higher in group A2 at T15 and T30 compared with group S. There were no additional differences between groups in sedation score. The A2 group had higher sedation scores at T15, T20 and T30 compared with T0. The A1 group had higher sedation scores at T10 and T30 compared with T0. Temperature was lower in groups A1 and A2 compared with S at T60, but was not clinically significant. There were no differences between or within groups in HR or fR. Adverse effects were observed in both A1 and A2 groups. These included ataxia (17/20), auditory hyperesthesia (5/20), visual disturbance (5/20), pacing (4/20) and tremor (3/20).Conclusions and clinical relevance
While alfaxalone at 2 mg kg?1 intramuscularly resulted in greater median sedation scores compared with saline, the range was high and adverse effects frequent. Neither protocol alone can be recommended for providing sedation in healthy dogs. 相似文献18.
Setefilla Quirós-Carmona Rocío Navarrete Juan M. Domínguez María del Mar Granados Rafael J. Gómez-Villamandos Pilar Muñoz-Rascón Daniel Aguilar Francisco J. Funes Juan Morgaz 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):228-236
Objective
To determine the effects of two dexmedetomidine continuous rate infusions on the minimum infusion rate of alfaxalone for total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA), and subsequent haemodynamic and recovery effects in Greyhounds undergoing laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy.Study design
Prospective, randomized and blinded clinical study.Animals
Twenty-four female Greyhounds.Methods
Dogs were premedicated with dexmedetomidine 3 μg kg?1 and methadone 0.3 mg kg?1 intramuscularly. Anaesthesia was induced with IV alfaxalone to effect and maintained with a TIVA mixture of alfaxalone in combination with two different doses of dexmedetomidine (0.5 μg kg?1 hour?1 or 1 μg kg?1 hour?1; groups DEX0.5 and DEX1, respectively). The alfaxalone starting dose rate was 0.07 mg kg?1 minute?1 and was adjusted (± 0.02 mg kg?1 minute?1) every 5 minutes to maintain a suitable depth of anaesthesia. A rescue alfaxalone bolus (0.5 mg kg?1 IV) was administered if dogs moved or swallowed. The number of rescue boluses was recorded. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure and arterial blood gas were monitored. Qualities of sedation, induction and recovery were scored. Differences between groups were tested for statistical significance using a Student’s t test or Mann–Whitney U test as appropriate.Results
There were no differences between groups in sedation, induction and recovery quality, the median (range) induction dose of alfaxalone [DEX0.5: 2.2 (1.9–2.5) mg kg?1; DEX1: 1.8 (1.2–2.9) mg kg?1], total dose of alfaxalone rescue boluses [DEX0.5: 21.0 (12.5–38.8) mg; DEX1: 22.5 (15.5–30.6) mg] or rate of alfaxalone (DEX0.5: 0.12 ± 0.04 mg kg?1 minute?1; DEX1: 0.12 ± 0.03 mg kg?1 minute?1).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Co-administration of dexmedetomidine 1 μg kg?1 hour?1 failed to reduce the dose rate of alfaxalone compared with dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg kg?1 hour?1 in Greyhounds undergoing laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy. The authors recommend an alfaxalone starting dose rate of 0.1 mg kg?1 minute?1. Recovery quality was good in the majority of dogs. 相似文献19.
Maja Vasiljević Vanja Krstić Sanja Stanković Petra Zrimšek Alenka Nemec Svete Alenka Seliškar 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(6):745-753
Objective
To investigate changes in serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations in dogs in which medetomidine was used for sedation or for premedication prior to anaesthesia with propofol and sevoflurane.Study design
Prospective clinical study.Animals
A total of 66 client-owned dogs.Methods
The dogs were sedated with medetomidine (0.04 mg kg?1) intravenously (IV) (group M; n = 20) and left to breath room air or anaesthetized with propofol (6.5 ± 0.76 mg kg?1 IV) and sevoflurane (4.5% vaporizer setting) in oxygen (group P + S; n = 20) or with medetomidine (0.04 mg kg?1 IV), propofol (1.92 ± 0.63 mg kg?1) and sevoflurane (3% vaporizer setting) in oxygen (group M + P + S; n = 26), respectively. After 35 minutes, medetomidine was antagonized with atipamezole (0.1 mg kg?1 intramuscularly). Blood samples for serum cTnI determination were taken before sedation or anaesthesia, 6 and 12 hours and 4 days thereafter. Serum cTnI concentrations were measured with the Architect STAT Troponin-I assay.Results
Before sedation or anaesthesia, cTnI concentrations were above the detection limit in 22 out of 66 (33%) of dogs. Compared to basal values, cTnI concentrations significantly increased at 6 and 12 hours in all groups and at day 4 in group M. There were no differences in cTnI concentration between groups at baseline, at 6 hours and at 4 days. At 12 hours, cTnI concentrations were significantly higher in groups M and P + S, respectively, compared to group M + P + S.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Oxygenation during anaesthesia and reduction of propofol and sevoflurane dose due to the sparing effects of medetomidine might have played a role in alleviation of myocardial hypoxic injury as indicated by the less severe and short-lived increase of cTnI in the M + P + S group. 相似文献20.
Ignacio Lizarraga Fernanda Castillo-Alcala Lauren S. Robinson 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):509-517