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Francesco Mancini Sara Nannarone Sandra Buratta Giuseppina Ferrara Anna Maria Stabile Matteo Vuerich Isabella Santinelli Alessandra Pistilli Elisabetta Chiaradia 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):295-308
Objective
To assess the effects of xylazine and dexmedetomidine on equine chondrocytes, in vitro.Study design
Prospective, experimental study.Study material
Equine articular chondrocytes from five male horses.Methods
Chondrocytes were isolated from healthy equine articular cartilage of the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joints. Cell viability was assessed using the WST-8 assay by exposing chondrocytes to xylazine (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16.6, 25, 50 mg mL?1) or dexmedetomidine (0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.175, 0.25 mg mL?1) for 15, 30 and 60 minutes. Based on the results of these tests, cells were treated with xylazine (1, 4, 25 mg mL?1) or dexmedetomidine (0.05, 0.175, 0.25 mg mL?1) for 15 minutes to further evaluate: cell viability by neutral red uptake; cell membrane integrity by lactate dehydrogenase release and by fluorescence microscopy with Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide (PI), and apoptosis by flow cytometry using double staining with annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/PI and by cell morphology.Results
Both drugs reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Specifically, all xylazine concentrations, except 0.5 mg mL?1 and 1 mg mL?1, significantly reduced cell viability, whereas the effects of dexmedetomidine were evident only at 0.175 mg mL?1 and 0.25 mg mL?1. The highest concentrations of xylazine (25 mg mL?1) and dexmedetomidine (0.25 mg mL?1) caused loss of membrane integrity. Cell morphology and flow cytometry analyses demonstrated signs of late apoptosis in xylazine-treated cells, and signs of late apoptosis and necrosis in dexmedetomidine-treated cells.Conclusions and clinical relevance
This study offers new insights into the potential chondrotoxicity induced by dexmedetomidine and xylazine. Therefore, the intra-articular administration of α2-agonists should be conducted with care, especially for doses of ≥ 4 mg mL?1 of xylazine and 0.175 mg mL?1 and 0.25 mg mL?1 of dexmedetomidine. 相似文献3.
Description of a regional anaesthesia technique for the dorsal cranium in the dog: a cadaveric study
Yishai Kushnir Gal S. Marwitz Yael Shilo-Benjamini Joshua Milgram 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(5):684-694
Objective
To identify landmarks and to describe a technique for nerve blockade of the dorsal cranium in dogs.Study design
Anatomic cadaveric study.Animals
A total of 39 dog cadavers, weighing 18.0 ± 9.7 kg (mean ± standard deviation).Methods
The study was performed in three parts. In the initial part, cadavers were dissected to determine the location of the frontal, zygomaticotemporal, and major occipital nerves, and to identify prominent landmarks for their blockade. In the second part, one technique was developed to block each of the frontal and zygomaticotemporal nerves, and two techniques, rostral and caudal, were developed to block the major occipital nerve. Injection solution was 0.05% methylene blue in 0.5% bupivacaine. In the third part, cadavers were used to test the techniques developed in the second part with 0.04 mL kg?1 of the same injectate administered at each site (maximal volume 0.5 mL per site). The length of nerve stained was measured, with a length ≥6 mm considered successful. Confidence intervals were calculated using Fisher’s exact test.Results
Success rates (95% confidence interval) for the frontal, zygomaticotemporal, and rostral and caudal locations for the major occipital nerve were 94% (80–99%), 91% (76–98%), 74% (58–86%) and 77% (59–89%), respectively. With a combination of both locations, the success rate for the major occipital nerve was 100% (90–100%).Conclusion and clinical relevance
This study describes a simple regional anaesthesia technique using palpable anatomical landmarks that may provide analgesia for dogs undergoing craniotomy. 相似文献4.
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Alice R. Bird David J. Bird Matthew W. McMillan 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2019,46(1):55-63
Objectives
To determine the endotracheal tube cuff pressure produced with two inflation techniques, in two brands of endotracheal tube in cats. To determine the inspiratory pressure which produces an audible leak when the intracuff pressure is 30 cmH2O.Study design
Prospective, clinical, randomized study.Animals
A total of 40 client-owned healthy adult cats.Methods
Following induction of anaesthesia, endotracheal intubation was performed with a Parker Flex-Tip PFLP (Parker; n = 20) or Flexicare VentiSeal (Flexicare; n = 20) endotracheal tube. For each cat, the endotracheal tube cuff was inflated using two methods, minimum occlusive volume (MOV) and pilot balloon palpation (PBP). Intracuff pressure was recorded. Cuff pressure was then set at 30 cmH2O and the pressure within the breathing system when a manual breath first caused an audible leak was measured.Results
PBP pressure was lower for Parker (36 ± 13 cmH2O) compared with Flexicare (45 ± 13 cmH2O, p = 0.048). MOV pressure was not different between tube types (56 ± 28 versus 66 ± 25 cmH2O for Parker and Flexicare, respectively, p = 0.247). MOV produced a higher pressure than PBP for Parker (56 ± 28 versus 36 ± 13 cmH2O, p = 0.001) and Flexicare (66 ± 25 versus 45 ± 13 cmH2O, p = 0.007). When intracuff pressure was set at 30 cmH2O, 95% of cats did not develop an audible leak until the inspiratory pressure was greater than 10 and 12 cmH2O for Parker and Flexicare tubes, respectively.Conclusions
PBP produced lower cuff pressures than MOV, although both techniques produced a cuff pressure above that at which mucosal blood flow is believed to be restricted. A cuff pressure of 30 cmH2O may be sufficient to prevent audible leak in most cats if respiratory pressures are kept at 10–12 cmH2O or below.Clinical relevance
To ensure a safe endotracheal tube cuff pressure, use of a specifically designed pressure gauge is recommended. 相似文献6.
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1. This study examined the effect of α-tocopherol (α-T), sweet chestnut wood extract (SCW) and their combination on oxidative stress in vivo and oxidative stability of meat in broilers given diets rich in PUFA. 2. A total of 60 male broilers were individually caged and divided into 6 groups of 10. The C-PALM group received a diet with 7·5% palm fat and the other 5 groups with 7·5% linseed oil. The linseed oil groups were either un-supplemented (C-LIN) or supplemented with α-T or/and SCW as follows: αT-85 (C-LIN diet?+?68?IU vit E as all-rac-α-T/kg), αT-200 (C-LIN diet?+?183?IU vit E as all-rac-α-T/kg), SCW (C-LIN diet?+?3?g SCW/kg) and αT-SCW (C-LIN diet?+?68?IU vit E as all-rac-α-T/kg?+?3?g SCW/kg). Different parameters of oxidative stress were measured. 3. Linseed oil induced DNA fragmentation and malondialdehyde (MDA) formation, while α-T reduced both parameters, and SCW reduced the DNA damage. A combination (αT-SCW) also reduced plasma MDA. Larger antioxidant capacity of lipid soluble compounds were recorded in groups αT-85, αT-200 and αT-SCW than in the controls but there were no differences between these groups in antioxidant enzymes and total antioxidant status. A combination (αT-SCW) increased tocopherol concentrations in breast muscle and in comparison to the C-LIN group MDA concentrations were reduced in groups αT-85, αT-200 and αT-SCW. 4. It can be concluded that neither of the α-T concentrations were able to prevent all the negative effects of lipid oxidation in vivo and only high concentrations of α-T improved the stability of meat. With the exception of DNA damage, SCW had no impact on in vivo and in vitro measured markers of oxidative stress but may have a sparing or regenerating effect on α-T. 相似文献
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J. Vila R. Pariaut N.S. Moïse E.M. Oxford P.R. Fox C.A. Reynolds C. Saelinger 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2017,19(1):57-67
Objective
To investigate the expression and distribution of desmosomal and gap junction proteins of the intercalated disc in the atria of boxers with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC).Animals
Nineteen control dogs and 13 boxers with histopathologically confirmed ARVC.Methods
Right and left atrial samples were examined using immunofluorescence and Western blots. The intercalated disc proteins investigated included total and phosphorylated connexin43 (Cx43 and pCx43), connexin45, connexin40, plakoglobin, plakophilin-2, desmoplakin, and N-cadherin.Results
Histopathological changes characteristic of ARVC were present in the left or right atrium of 12 out of 13 boxers and were absent in all control dogs. When compared to the 19 control dogs, immunofluorescence analysis revealed a decrease in signal intensity for pCx43 and plakoglobin in the left (p = 0.03 and p = 0.014, respectively) and right atrium (p = 0.015 and p = 0.002, respectively) of affected boxers. Connexin43 and pCx43 Western blot band density was significantly decreased in the left (p = 0.025 and p = 0.027, respectively) and right atrium (p = 0.001 and p = 0.044, respectively) of affected boxers.Conclusion
Altered intercalated disc and gap junction proteins were identified in atrial myocardium of ARVC boxers, supporting atrial involvement as part of this disorder. Reduction in pCx43 in conjunction with histological changes could represent the substrate for atrial arrhythmias associated with ARVC. Furthermore, these findings detected in boxer dogs, lend support for the broader term, arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, as preferred nomenclature used to describe this disease in humans. 相似文献9.
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《Journal of aquatic animal health》2013,25(3):156-163
Abstract Prebiotics recently have been shown to increase immune responses and disease resistance in certain fish species; therefore, the current study was conducted to evaluate the commercially available dairy–yeast prebiotic, GroBiotic-A, for use with juvenile goldfish Carassius auratus. The study consisted of two 10-week feeding trials in which juvenile goldfish were fed practical diets that were either unsupplemented or supplemented with the dairy–yeast prebiotic at 2% by dry weight. Juvenile fish were sorted by size and stocked into 12 units within each of two culture systems: one indoor system supplied with recirculated well water and one system located outdoors with a continuous flow of pond water to provide a source of phytoplankton and zooplankton. Both diets were fed to fish in six units within each system at the same fixed percentage of body weight twice daily. Culture system (i.e., presence or absence of phytoplankton and zooplankton) was the primary factor influencing (P < 0.0001) percent weight gain, feed efficiency, and survival of goldfish during the feeding trials. No dietary effect was detected, although there was a significant (P < 0.05) interaction between culture system and diet, with supplementation of the dairy–yeast prebiotic tending to improve weight gain and feed efficiency of fish in the presence of phytoplankton/zooplankton. During a controlled disease challenge with an intraperitoneally administered dose of Aeromonas hydrophila that was equivalent to a predetermined LD50 (dose lethal to 50% of test fish), average survival values ranged between 67% and 83% for fish that previously had access to phytoplankton/zooplankton compared with 17–33% for fish that had no access to phytoplankton/zooplankton. The dairy–yeast prebiotic, however, did not enhance resistance of goldfish to the bacterial pathogen and did not greatly alter microbiota of the anterior or posterior gastrointestinal tract based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis. In conclusion, the dairy–yeast prebiotic did not improve feed efficiency in goldfish or resistance to a bacterial pathogen as previously observed in golden shiners Notemigonus crysoleucas and hybrid bass (white bass Morone chrysops × striped bass M. saxatilis). 相似文献
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Amélie Choquette Jérôme R.E. del Castillo Maxim Moreau Martin Guillot Kate Alexander Jean-Jacques Kona-Boun Dominique Gauvin Eric Troncy 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):317-328
Objective
To compare the motor and sensory block efficacy and duration of a modified paravertebral brachial plexus block (PBPB) after administration of lidocaine alone (LI) or combined with epinephrine (LE).Study design
Prospective, randomized, blinded, crossover study.Animals
A total of eight healthy female Beagle dogs.Methods
Under general anesthesia, modified PBPB was performed on the left thoracic limb using neurostimulation and/or ultrasound guidance to administer lidocaine (2 mg kg–1; 0.2 mL kg–1) either alone (treatment LI, n = 10) or with epinephrine (1:100,000; treatment LE, n = 9). Sensory block was evaluated through reaction to a painful mechanical stimulus applied at five sites on the limb. Motor block effect was evaluated according to visual gait assessments and thoracic limb vertical force measurements under dynamic and static conditions. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures generalized estimating equations. All statistical tests were performed two-sided at the α = 0.05 significance threshold.Results
The duration of sensory block did not differ significantly between treatments. Visible gait impairment was more persistent in LE than in LI (118 ± 63 minutes for LI and 163 ± 23 minutes for LE; mean ± standard deviation) (p = 0.027). At nadir value, dynamic peak vertical force was lower in LE than in LI (p = 0.007). For both dynamic and static evaluations, the nadir and the return to baseline force were delayed in LE (return to normal at 180–200 minutes) when compared with LI (130–140 minutes) (p < 0.005).Conclusions and clinical relevance
The addition of epinephrine to lidocaine prolonged the duration and increased the intensity of the regional block, as verified by visual gait assessment and kinetic analysis. No significant difference was noted between treatments regarding sensory blockade. Kinetic analysis could be useful to evaluate regional anesthetic effect in dogs. 相似文献13.
Sophie Wilford Ella Woodward Bettina Dunkel 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2014,55(7):683-686
A retrospective questionnaire-based survey was used to determine the perceived efficacy of Newmarket bloodroot ointment in treating equine sarcoids. In 49 horses with 74 sarcoids, 64 sarcoids responded either completely (n = 49) or partially (n = 15) while 10 did not respond or worsened. Sarcoids < 2 cm responded better to treatment (P < 0.001) than did larger sarcoids. 相似文献
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J. B. A. Loomans P. R. van Weeren H. Vaarkamp P. W. Th. Stolk A. Barneveld 《Equine Veterinary Education》2008,20(3):159-165
Quality control and client satisfaction are topics of considerable current interest in both human and veterinary healthcare. Crucial to this discussion is a proper definition of ‘quality of care’. This study applied, to (equine) veterinary care, a conceptual framework designed for assessing the quality of human healthcare and featuring structural deficiency, procedural inadequacy and disappointing outcome as key elements. This was done using court cases against equine practitioners as a yardstick for client dissatisfaction. Applying a system for evaluating the quality of healthcare may be a good way of monitoring and improving (equine) veterinary services, particularly once reliable indices for client satisfaction have been validated. 相似文献
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Aleksandr Semjonov Jacobus P. Raath Liesel Laubscher Toomas Orro Silke Pfitzer Toomas Tiirats Peter Stewart Rogers Vladimir Andrianov 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2019,46(1):90-95
Objective
The butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine fixed-dose combination (BAM, respectively, 30-12-12 mg mL?1) with subsequent antagonism by naltrexone-atipamezole was evaluated for reversible immobilization of captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus).Study design
Prospective, clinical trial.Animals
Twelve cheetahs (six males and six females, weighing 37–57 kg) housed in enclosures, were immobilized at Hoedspruit Endangered Species Centre in the Republic of South Africa.Methods
BAM volume dose rate was 0.009–0.014 mL kg?1 (mean ± standard deviation 0.010 ± 0.001 mL kg?1). Total dose in all animals was 0.5 mL. The actual doses were as follows: butorphanol (0.29 ± 0.04 mg kg?1), azaperone (0.12 ± 0.01 mg kg?1) and medetomidine (0.12 ± 0.01 mg kg?1). Physiologic variables and quality of immobilization were recorded every 5 minutes beginning at 15–20 minutes after darting. Arterial blood samples were collected three times at 20, 30 and 40 minutes after darting from all animals for analysis of blood oxygenation and acid-base status.Results
The inductions were calm and smooth and mean induction time was 4.0 ± 1.1 minutes. Heart rate (50 ± 9 beats minute?1) and respiratory frequency (20 ± 3 breaths minute?1) were stable throughout immobilization. The recovery time after reversing with naltrexone and atipamezole was 9.1 ± 3.6 minutes.Conclusions
and clinical relevance BAM proved to be a reliable and cardiovascular stable drug combination for immobilization of cheetahs. 相似文献16.
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