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Josiane Lauper Vincent Marolf Olivier Levionnois Esther Schelling Mireille Meylan Claudia Spadavecchia 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):281-286
Objective
To investigate whether an intravenous (IV) lidocaine bolus in calves premedicated with xylazine-butorphanol reduces the amount of ketamine required to allow endotracheal intubation.Study design
Randomized, prospective clinical study.Animals
In total, 41 calves scheduled for elective umbilical surgery.Methods
Calves were randomly assigned to one of two groups (L: lidocaine or S: saline). The calves were administered xylazine (0.07 mg kg?1) and butorphanol (0.1 mg kg?1) intramuscularly and 10 minutes later lidocaine (2 mg kg?1; group L) or saline (group S) IV over 1 minute. After 2 minutes, ketamine (2.5 mg kg?1) was injected IV. If the depth of anaesthesia was insufficient for intubation, additional ketamine (1 mg kg?1) was administered every minute until intubation was successful. The amount of ketamine required for intubation, respiratory rate, pulse rate, arterial pressures, the depth of sedation and conditions of endotracheal intubation after induction of anaesthesia were compared between the two groups.Results
The calves in group L were sedated more deeply than those in group S; however, neither the median (range) amount of ketamine required for intubation, 3.5 (2.5–4.5) mg kg?1 and 3.5 (2.5–3.5) mg kg?1, respectively, nor the induction quality differed significantly between the groups.Conclusion and clinical relevance
A bolus of lidocaine (2 mg kg?1) administered 10 minutes after xylazine-butorphanol in calves deepened the degree of sedation but did not decrease the requirement of ketamine for endotracheal intubation. No adverse effects were recorded in the physiological variables measured. 相似文献3.
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Miguel Gozalo-Marcilla Stelio PL. Luna Nadia Crosignani José NP Puoli Filho Fábio S. Possebon Ludovic Pelligand Polly M. Taylor 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1116-1127
Objective
To evaluate intravenous (IV) detomidine with methadone in horses to identify a combination which provides sedation and antinociception without adverse effects.Study design
Randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded, crossover.Animals
A group of eight adult healthy horses aged (mean ± standard deviation) 7 ± 2 years and 372 ± 27 kg.Methods
A total of six treatments were administered IV: saline (SAL); detomidine (5 μg kg?1; DET); methadone (0.2 mg kg?1; MET) alone or combined with detomidine [2.5 (MLD), 5 (MMD) or 10 (MHD) μg kg?1]. Thermal, mechanical and electrical nociceptive thresholds were measured, and sedation, head height above ground (HHAG), cardiopulmonary variables and intestinal motility were evaluated at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120 and 180 minutes. Normal data were analyzed by mixed-model analysis of variance and non-normal by Kruskal–Wallis (p < 0.05).Results
Nociceptive thresholds in horses administered methadone with the higher doses of detomidine (MMD, MHD) were increased above baseline to a greater degree and for longer duration (MMD: 15–30 minutes, MHD: 30–60 minutes) than in horses administered low dose with methadone or detomidine alone (MLD, DET: 5–15 minutes). No increases in nociceptive thresholds were recorded in SAL or MET. Compared with baseline, HHAG was lower for 30 minutes in MMD and DET, and for 45 minutes in MHD. No significant sedation was observed in SAL, MET or MLD. Intestinal motility was reduced for 75 minutes in MHD and for 30 minutes in all other treatments.Conclusions
Methadone (0.2 mg kg?1) potentiated the antinociception produced by detomidine (5 μg kg?1), with minimal sedative effects.Clinical relevance
Detomidine (5 μg kg?1) with methadone (0.2 mg kg?1) produced antinociception without the adverse effects of higher doses of detomidine. 相似文献5.
Objective
To evaluate and compare the analgesic effects of a combination of lidocaine and xylazine to lidocaine or xylazine administered alone for epidural anesthesia in Egyptian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).Study design
Prospective, randomized, ‘blinded’, crossover experimental study.Animals
A total of 12 female Egyptian water buffalo.Methods
Buffalo were randomly assigned to one of three epidural treatments administered through the sacrococcygeal joint: a local anesthetic (2% lidocaine, 0.22 mg kg?1), an alpha-2-adrenergic agonist (xylazine, 0.1 mg kg?1) or a combination of both drugs in a crossover fashion with a 14 day washout period. The total volume of each treatment was fixed at 7.0 mL by adding 0.9% NaCl. Onset, maximal effect, and duration of epidural anesthesia were recorded.Results
Caudal epidural anesthesia was easily performed, and all three treatments produced local anesthesia of the tail and perineal structures of standing buffalo. Onset of epidural anesthesia was faster (p < 0.05) with lidocaine (3.4 ± 0.9 minutes) than with xylazine (9.1 ± 1.1 minutes) or lidocaine-xylazine (6.4 ± 1.1 minutes). The maximal effect of epidural anesthesia was reached faster (p < 0.05) with lidocaine (5.9 ± 0.64 minutes) than xylazine (14.4 ± 1.1 minutes) or lidocaine-xylazine (12.9 ± 0.64 minutes). The duration of epidural anesthesia was longer (p < 0.05) with lidocaine-xylazine (145.8 ± 3.3 minutes) than either lidocaine (118.4 ± 2.7 minutes) or xylazine (102.1 ± 3.7 minutes) administered alone. None of the treatments produced ataxia.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Caudal epidural anesthesia was easily performed in Egyptian water buffalo by administering a local anesthetic, an alpha-2-adrenergic agonist or a combination of both drugs through the sacrococcygeal joint. Administering a combination of lidocaine and xylazine provided a longer duration of anesthesia than either drug used alone. Epidural xylazine provided a useful level of systemic sedation without ataxia. 相似文献6.
Jaco Bakker Sandra Roubos Edmond J. Remarque Saskia S. Arndt Peter W. Kronen Jan AM. Langermans 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(3):309-319
Objective
To investigate the clinical and physiological effects of intravenous (IV) alfaxalone alone or in combination with buprenorphine, butorphanol or tramadol premedication in marmosets.Study design
Prospective, randomized, blinded, crossover design.Animals
Nine healthy marmosets (391 ± 48 g, 3.7 ± 2.2 years old).Methods
Meloxicam 0.20 mg kg?1 subcutaneously, atropine 0.05 mg kg?1 intramuscularly (IM) and either buprenorphine 20 μg kg?1 IM (BUP-A), butorphanol 0.2 mg kg?1 IM (BUT-A), tramadol 1.5 mg kg?1 IM (TRA-A) or no additional drug (control) were administered to all marmosets as premedication. After 1 hour, anaesthesia was induced with 16 mg kg?1 alfaxalone IV. All animals received all protocols. The order of protocol allocation was randomized with a minimum 28 day wash-out period. During anaesthesia, respiratory and pulse rates, rectal temperature, haemoglobin oxygen saturation, arterial blood pressure, palpebral and pedal withdrawal reflexes and degree of muscle relaxation were assessed and recorded every 5 minutes. Quality of induction and recovery were assessed. Duration of induction, immobilization and recovery were recorded. Blood samples were analysed for aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase concentrations. The protocols were compared using paired t tests, Wilcoxon's signed-rank test with Bonferroni's corrections and linear mixed effect models where appropriate.Results
Out of nine animals, apnoea was noted in eight animals administered protocol BUP-A and two animals administered protocol BUT-A. With TRA-A and control protocols, apnoea was not observed. No other significant differences in any of the parameters were found; however, low arterial blood pressures and hypoxia occurred in TRA-A.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Our study employing different premedications suggests that the previously published dose of 16 mg kg?1 alfaxalone is too high when used with premedication because we found a high incidence of complications including apnoea (BUP-A), hypotension and hypoxaemia (TRA-A). Appropriate monitoring and countermeasures are recommended. 相似文献7.
Eugenio Gaudio Laura Voltan Giulia Maria De Benedictis 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(3):351-356
Objective
To evaluate the clinical effects and quality of sedation, induction, maintenance and recovery in Lemur catta after dexmedetomidine–butorphanol–midazolam sedation and alfaxalone anaesthesia.Study design
Prospective, observational study.Animals
Six male L. catta weighing 3.0 ± 0.6 kg undergoing surgical castration.Methods
Lemurs were sedated with intramuscular dexmedetomidine (0.015 mg kg?1), butorphanol (0.2 mg kg?1) and midazolam (0.2 mg kg?1). Anaesthesia was induced with intravenous alfaxalone 0.5 mg kg?1 over 60 seconds; further boluses were administered until tracheal intubation was feasible and final dose recorded. Alfaxalone continuous infusion was used to maintain anaesthesia. Atipamezole (0.15 mg kg?1) was administered during recovery. The quality of sedation, induction, intubation, maintenance and recovery was assessed using a scoring system. Physiological parameters were recorded during sedation, maintenance and recovery.Results
Sedation was achieved in 13.6 ± 5.6 minutes and no reactions were observed during handling or venepuncture. The mean dose of alfaxalone required for induction and maintenance was 2.09 ± 0.65 and 0.08 ± 0.02 mg kg?1 minute?1, respectively. Quality of induction, intubation and maintenance was good in almost all animals. Mild self-limiting muscle twitching was observed after alfaxalone administration in three animals. Cardiorespiratory function was stable in all animals but one. One lemur showed respiratory depression and required oxygen administration and manual ventilation. The mean maintenance time was 29.2 ± 7.4 minutes. The mean times from the end of alfaxalone administration to extubation, atipamezole administration and full recovery were: 15.3 ± 8.0, 22.2 ± 4.6 and 60.0 ± 8.4 minutes, respectively. Recovery was considered good in all animals.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Dexmedetomidine–butorphanol–midazolam combination provided reliable sedation and adequate muscle relaxation in L. catta. Alfaxalone proved to be a useful drug for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia and might be considered an option for injectable anaesthesia in lemurs. 相似文献8.
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Julia Deutsch Colette Jolliffe Emma Archer Elizabeth A. Leece 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):794-802
Objective
To assess quality of sedation following intramuscular (IM) injection of two doses of alfaxalone in combination with butorphanol in cats.Study design
Prospective, randomized, ‘blinded’ clinical study.Animals
A total of 38 cats undergoing diagnostic imaging or noninvasive procedures.Methods
Cats were allocated randomly to be administered butorphanol 0.2 mg kg?1 combined with alfaxalone 2 mg kg?1 (group AB2) or 5 mg kg?1 (group AB5) IM. If sedation was inadequate, alfaxalone 2 mg kg?1 IM was administered and cats were excluded from further analysis. Temperament [1 (friendly) to 5 (aggressive)], response to injection, sedation score at 2, 6, 8, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes, overall sedation quality scored after data collection [1 (excellent) to 4 (inadequate)] and recovery quality were assessed. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR) and arterial haemoglobin saturation (SpO2) were recorded every 5 minutes. Groups were compared using t tests and Mann–Whitney U tests. Sedation was analysed using two-way anova, and additional alfaxalone using Fisher's exact test (p < 0.05).Results
Groups were similar for sex, age, body mass and response to injection. Temperament score was lower in group AB2 [2 (1–3)] compared to AB5 [3 (1–5)] (p = 0.006). Group AB5 had better sedation at 6, 8, 20 and 30 minutes and overall sedation quality was better in AB5 [1 (1–3)], compared to AB2 [3 (1–4)] (p = 0.0001). Additional alfaxalone was required for 11 cats in AB2 and two in AB5 (p = 0.005). Recovery quality, HR, fR and SpO2 were similar. Seven cats required oxygen supplementation. Complete recovery times were shorter in AB2 (81.8 ± 24.3 versus 126.6 ± 33.3 minutes; p = 0.009). Twitching was the most common adverse event.Conclusions and clinical relevance
In combination with butorphanol, IM alfaxalone at 5 mg kg?1 provided better quality sedation than 2 mg kg?1. Monitoring of SpO2 is recommended. 相似文献10.
Sarah E. Bigby Jennifer E. Carter Sébastien Bauquier Thierry Beths 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):905-909
Objective
The evaluation of alfaxalone as a premedication agent and intravenous anaesthetic in pigs.Study design
Prospective, clinical trial.Animals
Nine healthy, 6–8-week-old female Landrace pigs weighing 22.2 ± 1.0 kg, undergoing epidural catheter placement.Methods
All pigs were premedicated with 4 mg kg?1 alfaxalone, 40 μg kg?1 medetomidine and 0.4 mg kg?1 butorphanol administered in the cervical musculature. Sedation was subjectively scored by the same observer from 1 (no sedation) to 10 (profound sedation) prior to induction of anaesthesia with alfaxalone intravenously to effect. All pigs were maintained on alfaxalone infusions with the rate of administration adjusted to maintain appropriate anaesthetic depth. Quality of induction was scored from 1 (poor) to 3 (smooth) and basic cardiorespiratory variables were recorded every 5 minutes during anaesthesia. Results are reported as mean ± standard deviation or median (range) as appropriate.Results
Sedation scores were 9 (7–10). Inductions were smooth in all pigs and cardiovascular variables remained within normal limits for the duration of anaesthesia. The induction dose of alfaxalone was 0.9 (0.0–2.3) mg kg?1. Three pigs did not require additional alfaxalone after premedication to facilitate intubation.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Intramuscular alfaxalone in combination with medetomidine and butorphanol produced moderate to deep sedation in pigs. Alfaxalone produced satisfactory induction and maintenance of anaesthesia with minimal cardiovascular side effects. Appropriate monitoring of pigs premedicated with this protocol is required as some pigs may become anaesthetized after intramuscular administration of this combination of drugs. 相似文献11.
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Preet M. Singh Katherine Reid Ravindra Gaddam Madhav Bhatia Stefan Smith Antony Jacob Paul Chambers 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1149-1155
Objective
To determine the anti-inflammatory efficacy of choline in vivo and in vitro and to investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of choline.Study design
Randomized, controlled studies.Animals
In vivo trials used 16 Romney sheep. In vitro experiments utilized RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells.Methods
Hypoxaemia induced in 16 sheep by intravenous (IV) injection of 50 μg kg–1 xylazine, an α-2 agonist, was measured in sheep at 0, 1 and 4 minutes using arterial blood gas analysis with and without 50 mg kg–1 IV choline chloride premedication. Cell culture studies used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure the release of tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated macrophages with and without choline chloride premedication. TNF-α release was compared to thalidomide suppressed and untreated cells.Results
Choline premedication in sheep mitigated a reduction in arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) but did not prevent development of clinically significant hypoxaemia. Decrease in mean PaO2 of choline treated sheep was 6.36 kPa (47.7 mmHg) compared to 9.81 kPa (73.6 mmHg) in control sheep. In vitro studies demonstrate that choline administered concurrent with LPS activation did not significantly suppress TNF-α expression but that treatment of cells with choline 10 minutes prior to LPS activation did significantly suppress TNF-α expression. Choline pretreated cells expressed 23.99 ± 4.52 ng mg–1 TNF-α while LPS only control cells expressed 33.83 ± 3.20 ng mg–1.Conclusions
Choline is able to prevent macrophage activation in vitro when administered prior to LPS activation and may reduce hypoxaemia in sheep developing pulmonary oedema after xylazine administration. This effect requires premedication with choline.Clinical relevance
Pharmacological manipulation of autonomic inflammatory responses holds promise for the treatment of inflammation. However, the complex cellular mechanisms involved in this reflex means that an adequate therapy should approach multiple pathways and mechanisms of the inflammatory response. 相似文献13.
Kaylee S. Bohaychuk-Preuss M. Valentina Carrozzo Tanya Duke-Novakovski 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):483-491
Objective
To record the cardiopulmonary effects of pleural CO2 positive pressure insufflation in anesthetized horses.Study design
Prospective study.Animals
Seven horses (mean ± standard deviation, 530.9 ± 68.1 kg) undergoing terminal surgery.Methods
Horses were sedated with xylazine. Anesthesia was induced with ketamine–propofol and maintained with isoflurane, positive pressure ventilation, detomidine infusion, and butorphanol with the horses in dorsal recumbency. Baseline measurements were cardiac output, heart rate, pulmonary and systemic arterial and right atrial blood pressures, body temperature, expired and inspired gas concentrations, and arterial and mixed venous blood gases, electrolytes, glucose, and lactate concentrations. An 18 gauge 6.6 cm needle was inserted into the right pleural cavity midway between the sternum and dorsal midline in the sixth or seventh intercostal space for pleural pressure (PP) measurement. A 14 gauge 18 cm needle placed 5 cm below the previous needle allowed CO2 insufflation into the pleural cavity. All measurements were repeated after: needle insertion, at 2, 5, and 8 mmHg PPs, and after pleural gas removal (GR). Data were compared with baseline using one-way analysis of variance with repeated measures. p < 0.05 was considered significant.Results
Actual PPs were within 1.1 mmHg of the targeted PP. Pulmonary systolic and mean arterial pressures, alveolar dead space to tidal volume ratio, and isoflurane requirements increased at 8 mmHg PP and GR. Cardiac index decreased at 5 mmHg PP. Stroke index decreased at 2 mmHg PP to GR. PaO2 decreased at 5 mmHg PP to GR. PaCO2 increased at 8 mmHg PP and GR. Oxygen delivery decreased at 5 and 8 mmHg PP. Intrapulmonary shunt fraction and lactate concentration increased with GR.Conclusions and clinical relevance:
Severe adverse cardiopulmonary effects arise from CO2 positive pressure insufflation into the right hemithorax in dorsally recumbent isoflurane-anesthetized horses. PP should be ≤2 mmHg. 相似文献14.
Jill K Maney H Edward Durham Kathleen P Goucher Erika L Little 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(4):539-544
Objective
To compare the induction and recovery characteristics and selected cardiopulmonary variables of midazolam–alfaxalone or midazolam–ketamine in donkeys sedated with xylazine.Study design
Randomized, blinded, crossover experimental trial.Animals
A group of seven adult male castrated donkeys weighing 164 ± 14 kg.Methods
Donkeys were randomly administered midazolam (0.05 mg kg?1) and alfaxalone (1 mg kg?1) or midazolam (0.05 mg kg?1) and ketamine (2.2 mg kg?1) intravenously following sedation with xylazine, with ≥ 7 days between treatments. Donkeys were not endotracheally intubated and breathed room air. Time to lateral recumbency, first movement, sternal recumbency and standing were recorded. Induction and recovery were assigned scores between 1 (very poor) and 5 (excellent). Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR), invasive arterial blood pressures and arterial blood gases were measured before induction and every 5 minutes following induction until first movement.Results
Time to lateral recumbency (mean ± standard deviation) was shorter after alfaxalone (29 ± 10 seconds) compared with ketamine (51 ± 9 seconds; p = 0.01). Time to first movement was the same between treatments (27 versus 23 minutes). Time to standing was longer with alfaxalone (58 ± 15 minutes) compared with ketamine (33 ± 8 minutes; p = 0.01). Recovery score [median (range)] was of lower quality with alfaxalone [3 (2–5)] compared with ketamine [5 (3–5); p = 0.03]. There were no differences in HR, fR or arterial pressures between treatments. No clinically important differences in blood gases were identified between treatments. Five of seven donkeys administered alfaxalone became hypoxemic (PaO2 <60 mmHg; 8.0 kPa) and all donkeys administered ketamine became hypoxemic (p = 0.13).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Both midazolam–alfaxalone and midazolam–ketamine produced acceptable anesthetic induction and recovery in donkeys after xylazine sedation. Hypoxemia occurred with both treatments. 相似文献15.
Adrianna M. Sage Stephanie CJ. Keating Kara M. Lascola David J. Schaeffer Stuart C. Clark-Price 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(6):772-781
Objective
To evaluate cardiopulmonary and recovery characteristics of horses administered total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with xylazine and ketamine combined with midazolam or propofol.Study design
Randomized crossover study.Animals
A group of eight adult horses, aged 7–22 years, weighing 493–740 kg.Methods
Horses were administered xylazine (1 mg kg?1) intravenously (IV), and anesthesia was induced with ketamine (2.2 mg kg?1) IV. Anesthesia was maintained for 45 minutes via IV infusion of xylazine (0.016 mg kg?1 minute?1) and ketamine (0.03 mg kg?1 minute?1) combined with midazolam at 0.002 mg kg?1 minute?1 (MKX), propofol at 0.05 mg kg?1 minute?1 (PKXlow) or propofol at 0.1 mg kg?1 minute?1 (PKXhigh). Additional ketamine was administered if a horse moved spontaneously. Cardiopulmonary variables, blood gases, lactate concentration, packed cell volume and total solids were recorded before sedation (baseline), at 10, 20, 30 and 45 minutes during TIVA and 10 minutes after standing. Recovery variables and quantitative recovery scores were compared. Significance was set at p < 0.05.Results
Additional ketamine was required for 50% of MKX horses. Systolic arterial pressure was elevated in MKX at 20 minutes compared with baseline (p = 0.043), at 10 and 20 minutes compared with PKXhigh (p = 0.007, p = 0.024) and at 20 and 30 minutes compared with PKXlow (p = 0.009, p = 0.02). MKX horses (5/8) were hypertensive compared with PKXlow (1/8; p = 0.017). All horses became hypoxemic (PaO2 ≤80 mmHg; 10.7 kPa) during TIVA. Recovery variables did not differ among treatments.Conclusions and clinical relevance
PKXlow and PKXhigh had similar cardiopulmonary and recovery performance compared with MKX. PKX combinations provided superior quality of anesthesia to that of MKX. A combination of propofol, ketamine and xylazine administered as TIVA can be used in horses to provide anesthesia for short procedures. Supplemental oxygen is recommended. 相似文献16.
MC Niimura del Barrio Rachel C. Bennett J.M. Lynne Hughes 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):473-482
Objective
Influence of detomidine or romifidine constant rate infusion (CRI) on plasma lactate concentration and isoflurane requirements in horses undergoing elective surgery.Study design
Prospective, randomised, blinded, clinical trial.Animals
A total of 24 adult healthy horses.Methods
All horses were administered intramuscular acepromazine (0.02 mg kg?1) and either intravenous detomidine (0.02 mg kg?1) (group D), romifidine (0.08 mg kg?1) (group R) or xylazine (1.0 mg kg?1) (group C) prior to anaesthesia. Group D was administered detomidine CRI (10 μg kg?1 hour?1) in lactated Ringer's solution (LRS), group R romifidine CRI (40 μg kg?1 hour?1) in LRS and group C an equivalent amount of LRS intraoperatively. Anaesthesia was induced with ketamine and diazepam and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Plasma lactate samples were taken prior to anaesthesia (baseline), intraoperatively (three samples at 30 minute intervals) and in recovery (at 10 minutes, once standing and 3 hours after end of anaesthesia). End-tidal isoflurane percentage (Fe′Iso) was analysed by allocating values into three periods: Prep (15 minutes after the start anaesthesia–start surgery); Surgery 1 (start surgery–30 minutes later); and Surgery 2 (end Surgery 1–end anaesthesia). A linear mixed model was used to analyse the data. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant.Results
There was a difference in plasma lactate between ‘baseline’ and ‘once standing’ in all three groups (p < 0.01); values did not differ significantly between groups. In groups D and R, Fe′Iso decreased significantly by 18% (to 1.03%) and by 15% (to 1.07%), respectively, during Surgery 2 compared with group C (1.26%); p < 0.006, p < 0.02, respectively.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Intraoperative detomidine or romifidine CRI in horses did not result in a clinically significant increase in plasma lactate compared with control group. Detomidine and romifidine infusions decreased isoflurane requirements during surgery. 相似文献17.
Maja Vasiljević Vanja Krstić Sanja Stanković Petra Zrimšek Alenka Nemec Svete Alenka Seliškar 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(6):745-753
Objective
To investigate changes in serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations in dogs in which medetomidine was used for sedation or for premedication prior to anaesthesia with propofol and sevoflurane.Study design
Prospective clinical study.Animals
A total of 66 client-owned dogs.Methods
The dogs were sedated with medetomidine (0.04 mg kg?1) intravenously (IV) (group M; n = 20) and left to breath room air or anaesthetized with propofol (6.5 ± 0.76 mg kg?1 IV) and sevoflurane (4.5% vaporizer setting) in oxygen (group P + S; n = 20) or with medetomidine (0.04 mg kg?1 IV), propofol (1.92 ± 0.63 mg kg?1) and sevoflurane (3% vaporizer setting) in oxygen (group M + P + S; n = 26), respectively. After 35 minutes, medetomidine was antagonized with atipamezole (0.1 mg kg?1 intramuscularly). Blood samples for serum cTnI determination were taken before sedation or anaesthesia, 6 and 12 hours and 4 days thereafter. Serum cTnI concentrations were measured with the Architect STAT Troponin-I assay.Results
Before sedation or anaesthesia, cTnI concentrations were above the detection limit in 22 out of 66 (33%) of dogs. Compared to basal values, cTnI concentrations significantly increased at 6 and 12 hours in all groups and at day 4 in group M. There were no differences in cTnI concentration between groups at baseline, at 6 hours and at 4 days. At 12 hours, cTnI concentrations were significantly higher in groups M and P + S, respectively, compared to group M + P + S.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Oxygenation during anaesthesia and reduction of propofol and sevoflurane dose due to the sparing effects of medetomidine might have played a role in alleviation of myocardial hypoxic injury as indicated by the less severe and short-lived increase of cTnI in the M + P + S group. 相似文献18.
Objective
To assess the reaction of client-owned dogs to intravenous (IV) catheter placement after applying a local anaesthetic (EMLA) or placebo cream for either 30 or 60 minutes.Study design
Prospective, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, clinical trial.Animals
A total of 202 client-owned dogs of various breeds.Methods
With owner consent, dogs were randomly allocated to one of four treatment groups: EMLA 60 minutes, EMLA 30 minutes, Placebo 60 minutes and Placebo 30 minutes. After the cream was applied for the allocated time, an IV catheter was placed and the behavioural reaction of the dog was scored. The reaction score was analysed using a Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Mann–Whitney U tests of the multiple pairwise comparisons, with Bonferroni correction.Results
A large number of dogs, even in the placebo groups, did not react to IV catheter placement. However, the Kruskal–Wallis test showed an overall difference between treatment groups (χ2 = 11.029, df = 3, p = 0.012). The pairwise comparisons showed a lower overall reaction score in the EMLA 60 group than in the EMLA 30 and Placebo 60 groups (adjusted p = 0.018 and adjusted p = 0.044, respectively).Conclusions and clinical relevance
This study shows that EMLA cream applied for 60 minutes reduces the behavioural reaction of dogs to IV catheter placement; therefore, this intervention can be advocated for routine use in veterinary medicine to enhance the welfare of dogs undergoing IV catheter placement. 相似文献19.
Denise I. Radkey Robert J. Hardie Lesley J. Smith 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(3):241-249
Objective
To compare the effects of alfaxalone and propofol, with and without acepromazine and butorphanol followed by doxapram, on laryngeal motion and quality of laryngeal examination in dogs.Study design
Randomized, crossover, blinded study.Animals
Ten female Beagle dogs, aged 11–13 months and weighing 7.2–8.6 kg.Methods
The dogs were administered four intravenous (IV) treatments: alfaxalone (ALF), alfaxalone + acepromazine and butorphanol (ALF–AB), propofol (PRO) and propofol + AB (PRO–AB). AB doses were standardized. Dogs were anesthetized 5 minutes later by administration of alfaxalone or propofol IV to effect. Arytenoid motion during maximal inspiration and expiration was captured on video before and after IV doxapram (0.25 mg kg?1). The change in rima glottidis surface area (RGSA) was calculated to measure arytenoid motion. An investigator blinded to the treatment scored laryngeal examination quality.Results
A 20% increase in RGSA was the minimal arytenoid motion that was detectable. RGSA was significantly less in ALF before doxapram compared with all other treatments. A <20% increase in RGSA was measured in eight of 10 dogs in PRO and in all dogs in ALF before doxapram. After doxapram, RGSA was significantly increased for PRO and ALF; however, 20% of dogs in PRO and 50% of dogs in ALF still had <20% increase in RGSA. A <20% increase in RGSA was measured in five of 10 dogs in PRO–AB and ALF–AB before doxapram. All dogs in PRO–AB and ALF–AB with <20% increase in RGSA before doxapram had ≥20% increase in RGSA after doxapram. Examination quality was significantly better in PRO–AB and ALF–AB.Conclusions and clinical relevance
The use of acepromazine and butorphanol improved the quality of laryngeal examination. Any negative impact on arytenoid motion caused by these premedications was overcome with doxapram. Using either propofol or alfaxalone alone is not recommended for the evaluation of arytenoid motion. 相似文献20.
Caroline S. Monk Dennis E. Brooks Tiffany Granone Fernando L. Garcia-Pereira Alexander Melesko Caryn E. Plummer 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):502-508