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Peter Buss Michele Miller Andrea Fuller Anna Haw Eliza Stout Francisco Olea-Popelka Leith Meyer 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(1):57-67
Objective
To investigate the effects of postinduction butorphanol administration in etorphine-immobilized white rhinoceros on respiration and blood gases.Study design
Randomized crossover study.Animals
A group of six sub-adult male white rhinoceros.Methods
Etorphine, or etorphine followed by butorphanol 12 minutes after recumbency, was administered intramuscularly [2.5 mg etorphine, 25 mg butorphanol (1000–1250 kg), or 3.0 mg etorphine, 30 mg butorphanol (1250–1500 kg)]. Sampling started at 10 minutes after initial recumbency, and was repeated at 5 minute intervals for 25 minutes. Arterial blood gases, limb muscle tremors, expired minute ventilation and respiratory frequency were measured at each sampling point. Calculated values included alveolar–arterial oxygen gradient [], expected respiratory minute volume (e), tidal volume (Vt), oxygen consumption () and carbon dioxide production ().Results
Etorphine administration resulted in an initial median (range) hypoxaemia [arterial partial pressure of oxygen 25.0 (23.0–28.0) mmHg], hypercapnia [arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide 76.2 (67.2–81.2) mmHg], increased [41.7 (36.6–45.1) mmHg, [11.1 (10.0–12.0) L minute?1] and muscle tremors. Butorphanol administration was followed by rapid, although moderate, improvements in arterial partial pressure of oxygen [48.5 (42.0–51.0) mmHg] and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide [62.8 (57.9–75.2) mmHg]. In rhinoceros administered butorphanol, [4.4 (3.6–5.1) L minute?1] and [4.2 (3.8–4.4) L minute?1] were lower than in those not administered butorphanol. Increased arterial oxygen tension was associated with lower oxygen consumption (p = 0.002) which was positively associated with lower muscle tremor scores (p < 0.0001).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Hypoxaemia and hypercapnia in etorphine-immobilized rhinoceros resulted from an increased [] and increased and associated with muscle tremors. Rather than being associated with changes in e, it appears that improved blood gases following butorphanol administration were a consequence of decreased associated with reduced muscle tremoring. 相似文献2.
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Anna Binetti Martina Mosing Muriel Sacks Luc Duchateau Frank Gasthuys Stijn Schauvliege 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(6):760-771
Objective
To describe the cardiorespiratory effects of a change in table position in anaesthetized horses.Study design
Prospective, crossover, randomized, experimental study.Animals
Six adult horses (mean body weight 621 ± 59 kg, aged 13 ± 4 years).Methods
The horses were anaesthetized twice in dorsal recumbency. They were either placed in the Trendelenburg position (head down; HD) followed by reverse Trendelenburg position (head up; HU) or in reverse order. Every position was maintained for 90 minutes. The order of positions was randomly assigned at initial anaesthesia. Extensive cardiorespiratory monitoring was performed. Statistical analysis consisted of a mixed model with horses as random effect and time, position, section of anaesthesia and interaction between those as fixed effects (p < 0.05).Results
When HU was applied during the first section of anaesthesia, PaO2, (p = 0.012), oxygen saturation (SaO2, p < 0.01) and oxygen content (CaO2, p < 0.01) were significantly higher, while venous admixture (s/t, p < 0.01), mean arterial (p = 0.039), right atrial (p < 0.01) and mean pulmonary arterial pressure (p < 0.01) were lower than in HD. After changing from HU to HD, PaO2 and SaO2 remained higher and s/t lower compared to the inverse order. Independent of the order, in the HD position s/t (p = 0.019) increased while PaO2 (p < 0.01), SaO2 (p = 0.011), CaO2 (p < 0.01), venous PO2 (PO2; p = 0.019), venous saturation (p = 0.004) and venous oxygen content (p = 0.010) decreased over time. No significant differences were found for cardiac output, oxygen delivery, oxygen consumption and dobutamine requirement between the two positions.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Gas exchange is better preserved in HU compared to HD, especially if applied from the start of the anaesthesia. 相似文献4.
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Keely AT. Wilson Anthea L. Raisis Eleanor A. Drynan Martina Mosing Guy D. Lester Jemma Hayman Giselle L. Hosgood 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(4):467-476
Objective
To determine the agreement of invasive blood pressure measured in the facial, metatarsal and carotid arteries, and evaluate the effects of two haemodynamic conditions on agreement.Study design
Prospective randomized study.Animals
A group of eight horses aged 7 (4–23) years with a body weight of 493 ± 33 kg.Methods
Horses were anaesthetized and positioned in dorsal recumbency. Invasive blood pressure was measured simultaneously via catheters placed in the facial, metatarsal and carotid arteries. Cardiovascular function and agreement between arteries was assessed before and during administration of phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside. These were administered until carotid mean pressure (MAPc) increased or decreased from baseline (65 ± 5) to >90 or <50 mmHg, respectively. Data recorded at each sample time included systolic (SAP), mean (MAP) and diastolic (DAP) arterial pressures for carotid (c), facial (f) and metatarsal (m) arteries as well as cardiac output () and systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Bland–Altman analysis was used to assess agreement between peripheral and central sites, and regression analysis to determine influence of and SVR.Results
The largest difference was observed in SAPc and SAPm with a bias and limits of agreement (LOA) of 2 (?15 to 19) mmHg. The bias (LOA) for MAPc and MAPf was 2 (?4 to 9) mmHg and for MAPc and MAPm was 5 (?4 to 14) mmHg. The best agreement for DAP was seen between DAPc and DAPf with bias (LOA) of 1 (?3 to 5) mmHg. Regression analysis indicated marginal influence on agreement by on MAPc and MAPf.Conclusions and clinical relevance
MAP and DAP of the carotid artery were higher than those of the peripheral arteries, which may lead to overzealous treatment of hypotension, albeit maintaining central pressures. and SVR did not largely influence the difference between sites. 相似文献6.
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Samuel A. Wyffels Mark K. Petersen Darrin L. Boss Bok F. Sowell Janice G.P. Bowman Lance B. McNew 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2019,72(6):878-887
Grazing dormant forage under low-input heifer development strategies typically exposes cattle to low-quality forage. Protein supplementation while grazing dormant range can enhance heifer growth and reproductive performance. We examined resource utilization of heifers and the effects of dormant season grazing on residual vegetation characteristics under two supplementation management strategies. Approximately 100 weaned composite heifer calves were randomly selected and placed into one of two supplementation treatments in each of 2 yr, one receiving a free access 62% crude protein self-fed concentrate and the other receiving a daily hand-fed 20% crude protein cake. Grazing occurred from December (2015 and 2016) through March (2016 and 2017). Thirty transects were randomly located within each pasture for measuring vegetation quality and structure before and after grazing. Daily space use and behavior was evaluated for 21 individuals within each treatment using global positioning system (GPS) collars and resource utilization functions. Heifers supplemented with concentrated protein spent more time grazing per day than heifers supplemented with cake (6.92 ± 0.18, 6.24 ± 0.17 h). Relative use by heifers in the cake treatment was negatively related to horizontal distance from the supplement delivery site early to midwinter ( = ? 0.41 ± 0.16, ? 0.53 ± 0.17). Both treatments selected grazing locations relative to standing biomass of perennial grasses ( = 0.0005 ± 0.00004) and crude protein ( = 0.12 ± 0.007). However, resource selection was highly variable among individuals for both supplementation treatments. We found no treatment effects on pre-post grazing differences in residual cover of litter, grass, forbs and shrubs (P > 0.24). However, the time period when grazing occurred had an effect on residual vegetation conditions (P < 0.01). Our results indicate high levels of variability in grazing site selection by heifers, suggesting future research should incorporate individual animal measurements in an attempt to account for individual animal variability. 相似文献
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Egill Gautason Goutam Sahana Guosheng Su Baldur Helgi Benjamínsson Gumundur Jhannesson Bernt Guldbrandtsen 《Journal of animal science》2021,99(7)
Icelandic Cattle is a local dairy cattle breed in Iceland. With about 26,000 breeding females, it is by far the largest among the indigenous Nordic cattle breeds. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of genomic selection in Icelandic Cattle. Pedigree-based best linear unbiased prediction (PBLUP) and single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction (ssGBLUP) were compared. Accuracy, bias, and dispersion of estimated breeding values (EBV) for milk yield (MY), fat yield (FY), protein yield (PY), and somatic cell score (SCS) were estimated in a cross validation-based design. Accuracy () was estimated by the correlation between EBV and corrected phenotype in a validation set. The accuracy () of predictions using ssGBLUP increased by 13, 23, 19, and 20 percentage points for MY, FY, PY, and SCS for genotyped animals, compared with PBLUP. The accuracy of nongenotyped animals was not improved for MY and PY, but increased by 0.9 and 3.5 percentage points for FY and SCS. We used the linear regression (LR) method to quantify relative improvements in accuracy, bias (), and dispersion () of EBV. Using the LR method, the relative improvements in accuracy of validation from PBLUP to ssGBLUP were 43%, 60%, 50%, and 48% for genotyped animals for MY, FY, PY, and SCS. Single-step GBLUP EBV were less underestimated (), and less overdispersed () than PBLUP EBV for FY and PY. Pedigree-based BLUP EBV were close to unbiased for MY and SCS. Single-step GBLUP underestimated MY EBV but overestimated SCS EBV. Based on the average accuracy of 0.45 for ssGBLUP EBV obtained in this study, selection intensities according to the breeding scheme of Icelandic Cattle, and assuming a generation interval of 2.0 yr for sires of bulls, sires of dams and dams of bulls, genetic gain in Icelandic Cattle could be increased by about 50% relative to the current breeding scheme. 相似文献
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Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infected animals can contaminate the environment with their secretions and excretions. To quantify the contribution of a contaminated environment to the transmission of FMDV, this study used calves that were not vaccinated and calves that were vaccinated 1 week prior to inoculation with the virus in direct and indirect contact experiments. In direct contact experiments, contact calves were exposed to inoculated calves in the same room. In indirect contact experiments, contact calves were housed in rooms that previously had held inoculated calves for three days (either from 0 to 3 or from 3 to 6 days post inoculation). Secretions and excretions from all calves were tested for the presence of FMDV by virus isolation; the results were used to quantify FMDV transmission. This was done using a generalized linear model based on a 2 route (2R, i.e. direct contact and environment) SIR model that included information on FMDV survival in the environment. The study shows that roughly 44% of transmission occurs via the environment, as indicated by the reproduction ratio that equalled 2.0, whereas the sum of and equalled 4.6. Because vaccination 1 week prior to inoculation of the calves conferred protective immunity against FMDV infection, no transmission rate parameters could be estimated from the experiments with vaccinated calves. We conclude that a contaminated environment contributes considerably to the transmission of FMDV therefore that hygiene measures can play a crucial role in FMD control.