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1.
Álvaro J. Gutiérrez-Bautista Juan Morgaz María del Mar Granados Rafael J. Gómez-Villamandos Juan M. Dominguez José A. Fernandez-Sarmiento Daniel Aguilar-García Rocío Navarrete-Calvo 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(6):820-830
Objective
To evaluate and compare the analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of dexketoprofen and methadone using a noninferiority trial, during the first 24 postoperative hours in dogs undergoing orthopaedic surgery.Study design
Randomized, blinded clinical study.Animals
A total of 38 healthy dogs undergoing orthopaedic surgery.Methods
Dogs were premedicated with dexmedetomidine [1 μg kg–1 intravenously (IV)] followed by dexketoprofen (1 mg kg–1 IV; group DK) or methadone (0.2 mg kg–1 IV; group M). Anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane in 60% oxygen. Postoperatively, dexketoprofen was administered every 8 hours (group DK) and methadone every 4 hours (group M). Analgesia was assessed at baseline and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 18 and 24 hours after extubation using a dynamic and interactive visual analogue scale (DIVAS), the short form of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS-SF), mechanical wound thresholds (MWTs) and plasma cortisol levels. If CMPS-SF score was ≥5, rescue analgesia was administered. Data were analysed using a general linear mixed model, Mann–Whitney U test and chi-squared test as appropriate; a p value <0.05 was considered significant.Results
The CMPS-SF and DIVAS scores were significantly higher in group M compared with group DK and remained higher for a longer period in group M, although the differences were not clinically significant. No significant differences were found in MWT assessment between groups. Plasma cortisol level significantly increased 2 hours after extubation, without significant differences between treatments. Rescue analgesia was administered to three animals (one in group DK; two in group M).Conclusion and clinical relevance
We conclude that 1 mg kg–1 IV dexketoprofen administered every 8 hours during the first 24 hours postoperatively is noninferior to methadone in controlling pain after orthopaedic surgery in dog, although frequent pain assessments are recommended to adjust the analgesia plan. 相似文献2.
Ilaria Cerasoli Alexandru Tutunaru Alessia Cenani Juan Ramirez Johann Detilleux Marc Balligand Charlotte Sandersen 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):337-345
Objective
To evaluate the efficacy, in terms of the amount of rescue analgesia required, and the clinical usefulness of epidural injection of morphine with bupivacaine or levobupivacaine for elective pelvic limb surgery in dogs during a 24-hour perioperative period.Study design
Prospective, blinded, randomized clinical study.Animals
A group of 26 dogs weighing 31.7 ± 14.2 (mean ± standard deviation) kg and aged 54 ± 36 months.Methods
All dogs were premedicated with methadone intravenously (0.2 mg kg–1) and anaesthesia induced with diazepam (0.2 mg kg–1) and propofol intravenously to effect. After induction of anaesthesia, dogs randomly received a lumbosacral epidural injection of morphine 0.1 mg kg–1 with either levobupivacaine 0.5% (1 mg kg–1; group LevoBM) or bupivacaine 0.5% (1 mg kg–1; group BM). Cardiovascular, respiratory and temperature values were recorded during the intra- and postoperative period. A visual analogue scale, subjective pain scale, sedation scale and the short form of the Glasgow pain scale were assessed every 6 hours after epidural injection during 24 hours. The ability to stand and walk, neurological deficits and other side effects were assessed at the same time points. The amount of rescue analgesia (sufentanil intraoperatively and methadone postoperatively) was recorded.Results
No statistically significant differences were found between groups for any of the recorded data, with the exception of the incidence of spontaneous urination and postoperative rescue analgesia requirement. In group LevoBM four dogs spontaneously urinated at recovery while none of the dogs in group BM did (p = 0.03) and seven dogs of group LevoBM required postoperative rescue analgesia versus none of the dogs in the BM group (p = 0.005).Conclusions
and clinical relevance Epidural LevoBM is a suitable alternative to BM in healthy dogs during elective pelvic limb surgery. Epidural BM produced more urinary retention but better pain control compared to the same concentration and dose of LevoBM in dogs. 相似文献3.
Yishai Kushnir Noa Toledano Liat Cohen Tali Bdolah-Abram Yael Shilo-Benjamini 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):346-355
Objective
To evaluate whether intratesticular and incisional ropivacaine infiltration produces sufficient intra- and postoperative analgesia for castrating dogs under sedation.Study design
Randomized, blinded, controlled clinical study.Animals
Twenty-three healthy dogs weighing 5.8–35.6 kg admitted for castration.Methods
Dogs were sedated with medetomidine (0.01 mg kg?1), butorphanol (0.2 mg kg?1) and midazolam (0.2 mg kg?1) intramuscularly, and were randomly assigned to group R, 0.2–0.4 mL kg?1 of ropivacaine 0.5%, or group S, an equivalent volume of saline injected intratesticularly and along the incision line. If persistent motion was observed during surgery, sedation was considered to be insufficient and general anaesthesia was induced. Carprofen 2.2 mg kg?1 was administered postoperatively. Pain was evaluated in all dogs before sedation and postoperatively following atipamezole administration at 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours using an interactive visual analogue scale (IVAS; 0–100), the Glasgow composite pain scale-short form (CMPS-SF; 0–24), and a mechanical algometer. Methadone 0.3 mg kg?1 was administered intravenously to dogs if IVAS >30 or CMPS-SF >4.Results
There was no significant difference between groups for the number of dogs administered general anaesthesia. The time from the beginning of surgery to induction of general anaesthesia was significantly shorter [median (range)] in group S [6 (3–25) minutes] than in group R [56 (36–76) minutes]. At 8 hours IVAS was significantly higher in group S (14 ± 10) than in group R (6 ± 4).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Intratesticular and incisional ropivacaine infiltration delayed the time to anaesthesia induction, and provided analgesia after castration performed under deep sedation in dogs. Intratesticular local anaesthesia can be an important part of the anaesthetic plan for castration. 相似文献4.
Objective
The aim of this study was to determine whether lumbosacral epidural administration of magnesium sulphate added to ropivacaine prolongs and improves perioperative analgesia, without adverse effects on motor block duration or hind limb neurological function, in dogs undergoing hip arthroplasty.Study design
Investigator-blind, controlled, randomized, prospective clinical trial.Animals
A group of 20 client-owned dogs undergoing hip arthroplasty were allocated randomly to either group C (control, 1 mg kg?1epidural ropivacaine) or group M (magnesium, epidural injection of 1 mg kg?1 ropivacaine and 2 mg kg?1magnesium sulphate).Methods
All dogs were premedicated with intramuscular acepromazine. General anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Intraoperatively, nociception was assessed based on changes in heart rate, respiratory rate and mean arterial pressure above baseline values. Postoperatively, pain was evaluated with a Sammarco pain score, a Glasgow pain scale and a visual analogue scale (VAS). Tarlov’s scale was used to quantify motor block. All dogs were evaluated at recovery and then 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 24 hours after that. Rescue analgesia was provided during surgery with fentanyl and, postoperatively, with buprenorphine. Groups were compared using one-way repeated-measure analysis of variance followed by the Holm–Sidak method for multiple comparison or nonparametric tests when appropriate.Results
The two treatment groups did not differ (p > 0.05) with respect to intraoperative physiological variables, rescue analgesia, postoperative pain scores (Sammarco q = 1.00; Glasgow q = 3.10; VAS q = 0.50) and duration of the motor block (Tarlov’s q = 2.40).Conclusions and clinical relevance
The addition of epidural magnesium to ropivacaine did not improve or prolong the analgesia provided by ropivacaine alone. Further studies are needed to determine whether an epidural magnesium dose of >2 mg kg?1 would exert better analgesia, without causing adverse effects, in dogs undergoing orthopaedic surgery. 相似文献5.
Daisy Norgate Gert Ter Haar Nicola Kulendra Kata Orsolya Veres-Nyéki 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(6):729-736
Objective
To compare the effect of propofol and alfaxalone on laryngeal motion under a light plane of anaesthesia in nonbrachycephalic and brachycephalic dogs anaesthetized for nonemergency procedures.Study design
Prospective, randomized clinical trial.Animals
A total of 48 client-owned dogs (24 nonbrachycephalic and 24 brachycephalic).Methods
A standardized premedication of methadone (0.2 mg kg?1) and acepromazine (0.01 mg kg?1) was administered intramuscularly. Dogs were randomly assigned to be induced with increments of propofol (1–4 mg kg?1) or alfaxalone (0.5–2 mg kg?1). Laryngeal assessment was performed under a light plane of anaesthesia by a surgeon (GTH) who was unaware of the induction protocol. Laryngeal movement was assessed as either being present when abduction of the laryngeal cartilages upon inspiration was identified, or absent when abduction was not recognized. Simultaneously, a 60-second video was recorded. The same surgeon (GTH) and an additional surgeon (NK) re-evaluated the videos 1 month later. Categorical comparisons were studied using Chi square and Fisher’s exact test where appropriate. Pairwise evaluation of agreement between scorers was undertaken with the kappa statistic (κ).Results
There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) identified between the presence or absence of laryngeal motion between dogs administered propofol or alfaxalone, as well as when analysing nonbrachycephalic and brachycephalic dogs separately. The majority of dogs (>75%) maintained some degree of laryngeal motion with both protocols. Agreement between assessors was excellent (κ = 0.822).Conclusions
Alfaxalone maintained laryngeal motion similarly to propofol in nonbrachycephalic and brachycephalic dogs.Clinical relevance
Both agents would appear appropriate for allowing assessment of laryngeal motion in nonbrachycephalic and brachycephalic dogs. The assessment technique of subjective evaluation of laryngeal motion via peroral laryngoscopy under a light plane of anaesthesia produced consistent results amongst assessors, regardless of the induction agent used. 相似文献6.
Objective
To compare the analgesic efficacy and suitability of an existing oral tramadol-based protocol with a transdermal fentanyl-based protocol following lateral thoracotomy in dogs.Study design
Prospective randomized clinical trial.Animals
A group of 16 healthy laboratory beagle dogs.Methods
Dogs were randomly allocated to one of two treatment groups: group F (intramuscular methadone 0.2 mg kg–1 and transdermal fentanyl 2.6 mg kg–1 both administered on discontinuation of anaesthesia, n = 8) or group T (intramuscular methadone 0.2 mg kg–1 on discontinuation of anaesthesia and again 4 hours later, followed by oral tramadol 12 mg kg–1 per 24 hours commencing 7 hours after discontinuation of anaesthesia, n = 8). Intercostal bupivacaine (0.5–1 mg kg–1) and subcutaneous carprofen (4 mg kg–1) were administered to all dogs at induction. Body weight (BW), presence of clinical signs, pain score, activity, heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were assessed for 72 hours postoperatively.Results
No significant differences were observed in BW change, presence of clinical signs or gross locomotor activity between groups. Pain scores were low at all times for all dogs, and rescue analgesia was not required. Dogs in group T exhibited higher pedometric activity (p = 0.006), HR (p < 0.001) and MAP (p < 0.001) than those in group F, in particular on night 1 following surgery. Least squared mean (LSM) pedometric activity was 1.81 and 1.02 jerks minute–1, LSM HR was 111.13 and 78.64 beats minute–1 and LSM MAP was 111.62 and 105.24 mmHg, respectively, in groups T and F.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Both regimes appear to provide adequate analgesia following lateral thoracotomy in dogs. Ease of administration of transdermal fentanyl compared to oral tramadol is advantageous. Reduced activity observed with the fentanyl regime was not associated with any adverse effects and may be desirable following some invasive surgeries. However, while transdermal fentanyl remains currently unavailable in the European Union, the oral tramadol-based regime provides an acceptable alternative. 相似文献7.
Andrea Barbarossa Julie Rambaldi Massimo Giunti Anna Zaghini Marco Cunto Daniele Zambelli Simond Valgimigli Francesco Santoro Noemi Romagnoli 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):435-443
Objective
To investigate the pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine and its main active metabolite, norbuprenorphine, after administration of an intravenous loading dose followed by constant rate infusion (CRI) in dogs.Study design
Prospective, clinical study.Animals
A total of seven healthy dogs undergoing elective ovariectomy.Methods
Buprenorphine was administered as a loading dose (intravenous bolus of 15 μg kg?1) followed by CRI (2.5 μg kg?1 hour?1 for 6 hours). Moreover, intraoperative analgesia was supplemented by an intramuscular carprofen (4 mg kg?1) injection, administered prior to surgery, and by lidocaine, administrated through subcutaneous infiltration and through a splash on the ovarian vascular pedicle during surgery. Pain and sedation were scored for all animals throughout the 24-hour study period and rescue analgesia was administered when a visual analogue scale score was > 40 mm. Blood samples were collected from a jugular catheter at regular intervals, and plasma concentrations of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine were determined by a validated liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method.Results
Buprenorphine showed a two-compartment kinetic profile. Maximum concentration was 23.92 ± 8.64 ng mL?1 at 1 minute (maximum time); elimination half-life was 41.87 ± 17.35 minutes; area under the curve was 486.68 ± 125.66 minutes ng?1 mL?1; clearance was 33.61 ± 13.01 mL minute?1 kg?1, and volume of distribution at steady state was 1.77 ± 0.50 L kg?1. In no case was rescue analgesia required. Norbuprenorphine resulted below the lower limit of quantification in almost all samples.Conclusions and clinical relevance
The results suggest that a buprenorphine CRI can be a useful tool for providing analgesia in postoperative patients, considering its minor side effects and the advantages of a CRI compared to frequent boluses. The negligible contribution of norbuprenorphine to the therapeutic effect was confirmed. 相似文献8.
PenTing Liao Melissa Sinclair Alexander Valverde Cornelia Mosley Heather Chalmers Shawn Mackenzie Brad Hanna 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1016-1026
Objectives
To compare propofol and alfaxalone, with or without midazolam, for induction of anesthesia in fentanyl-sedated dogs, and to assess recovery from total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA).Study design
Prospective, incomplete, Latin-square study.Animals
Ten dogs weighing 24.5 ± 3.1 kg (mean ± standard deviation).Methods
Dogs were randomly assigned to four treatments: treatment P-M, propofol (1 mg kg?1) and midazolam (0.3 mg kg?1); treatment P-S, propofol and saline; treatment A-M, alfaxalone (0.5 mg kg?1) and midazolam; treatment A-S, alfaxalone and saline, administered intravenously (IV) 10 minutes after fentanyl (7 μg kg?1) IV. Additional propofol or alfaxalone were administered as necessary for endotracheal intubation. TIVA was maintained for 35–55 minutes by infusions of propofol or alfaxalone. Scores were assigned for quality of sedation, induction, extubation and recovery. The drug doses required for intubation and TIVA, times from sedation to end of TIVA, end anesthesia to extubation and to standing were recorded. Analysis included a general linear mixed model with post hoc analysis (p < 0.05).Results
Significant differences were detected in the quality of induction, better in A-M than A-S and P-S, and in P-M than P-S; in total intubation dose, lower in P-M (1.5 mg kg?1) than P-S (2.1 mg kg?1), and A-M (0.62 mg kg?1) than A-S (0.98 mg kg?1); and lower TIVA rate in P-M (268 μg kg?1 minute?1) than P-S (310 μg kg?1 minute?1). TIVA rate was similar in A-M and A-S (83 and 87 μg kg?1 minute?1, respectively). Time to standing was longer after alfaxalone than propofol, but was not influenced by midazolam.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Addition of midazolam reduced the induction doses of propofol and alfaxalone and improved the quality of induction in fentanyl-sedated dogs. The dose rate of propofol for TIVA was decreased. 相似文献9.
Patricia Biello Shane W. Bateman Carolyn L. Kerr 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(5):673-683
Objective
To compare the efficacy and quality of analgesia provided by constant rate infusions (CRIs) of hydromorphone and fentanyl in dogs in the intensive care unit (ICU).Study design
Prospective, randomized, blinded, clinical trial.Animals
A total of 29 client-owned dogs.Methods
Dogs prescribed a μ-opioid agonist infusion for postsurgical or medical pain were randomized to be administered either hydromorphone (0.025 or 0.05 mg kg?1 bolus, followed by a 0.03 mg kg?1 hour?1 infusion) or fentanyl (2.5 or 5 μg kg?1 bolus, followed by a 3 μg kg?1 hour?1 infusion). The technical staff and clinicians were blinded as to which drug was administered. Pain scores, using the Colorado State University Canine Acute Pain Scale, sedation scores and nausea scores were assigned at regular intervals and compared between groups. Dose escalation and de-escalation of the study drug were performed according to set protocols. Adverse clinical signs and all other medications administered were recorded and compared between groups. The study drug was discontinued if the animal remained painful despite dose escalations, or if adverse effects were noted.Results
The pain scores were of low magnitude and were not significantly different between groups. The use of concurrent analgesia, sedation/anxiolytic medications and antacid/antiemetic medications was not different between groups. Sedation and nausea scores were not statistically different between groups.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Hydromorphone and fentanyl CRIs appear to be equally effective for adequate pain relief in dogs, with no significant differences in adverse effects. Therefore, either drug may be chosen for control of postsurgical or medical pain in an ICU setting. 相似文献10.
Peter M. DiGeronimo Anderson F. da Cunha Bruno Pypendop João Brandão Rhett Stout Max Rinaldi Thomas N. Tully 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):287-294
Objective
To determine the median effective dose (ED50) of intravenous (IV) bupivacaine associated with a 50% probability of causing clinically relevant cardiovascular effects [defined as 30% change in heart rate (HR) or mean arterial pressure (MAP)] in chickens anesthetized with isoflurane.Study design
Randomized up-and-down study.Animals
A total of 14 Ross-708 broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) weighing 1.70–2.75 kg.Methods
Anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane. Monitoring included the electrocardiogram and invasive arterial pressures. Chickens were administered bupivacaine IV over 2 minutes using a dose based on the response of the previous animal. Dose was decreased when HR and/or MAP in the previous animal increased or decreased ≥30% after bupivacaine administration, or increased when HR or MAP changed <30%. The ED50 was defined as the dose resulting in ≥30% variation in HR or MAP in 50% of the population studied.Results
The IV ED50 of bupivacaine was 1.94 mg kg?1 using Dixon’s up-and-down method and 1.96 mg kg?1 by logistic regression.Conclusions and clinical relevance
These results suggest that 1.33 and 1.96 mg kg?1 of IV bupivacaine are associated with a respective 1 or 50% probability of a clinically significant change in MAP in isoflurane-anesthetized chickens. Identification of the cardiovascular changes associated with different doses of bupivacaine can be used as the basis for studies of therapeutic applications in the domestic chicken. Further studies are required to determine interspecies variation. 相似文献11.
Mathieu Raillard Julien Michaut-Castrillo Damien Spreux Olivier Gauthier Gwenola Touzot-Jourde Delphine Holopherne-Doran 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(1):17-27
Objective
To compare the effects of intravenous (IV) medetomidine-morphine and medetomidine-methadone on preoperative sedation, isoflurane requirements and postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing laparoscopic surgery.Study design
Randomized, crossover trial.Animals
Twelve adult Beagle dogs weighing 15.1 ± 4.1 kg.Methods
Dogs were administered medetomidine (2.5 μg kg?1) IV 5 minutes before either methadone (MET) or morphine (MOR) (0.3 mg kg?1) IV. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol, maintained with isoflurane in oxygen, and depth was clinically assessed and adjusted by an anaesthetist blinded to the treatment. Animals underwent laparoscopic abdominal biopsies. Sedation and nausea scores, pulse rate (PR), respiratory rate (fR), noninvasive systolic arterial blood pressure (SAP), rectal temperature (RT) and pain scores were recorded before drug administration, 5 minutes after medetomidine injection and 10 minutes after opioid administration. Propofol dose, PR, fR, SAP, oesophageal temperature (TOES), end-tidal carbon dioxide and end-tidal isoflurane concentration (Fe′Iso) were recorded intraoperatively. Pain scores, PR, fR, SAP and RT were recorded 10 minutes after extubation, every hour for 6 hours, then at 8, 18 and 24 hours. The experiment was repeated with the other drug 1 month later.Results
Nine dogs completed the study. After opioid administration and intraoperatively, PR, but not SAP, was significantly lower in MET. Fe′Iso was significantly lower in MET. Temperature decreased in both treatments. Pain scores were significantly higher in MOR at 3 hours after extubation, but not at other time points. Two dogs required rescue analgesia; one with both treatments and one in MOR.Conclusion and clinical relevance
At the dose used, sedation produced by both drugs when combined with medetomidine was equivalent, while volatile anaesthetic requirements and PR perioperatively were lower with methadone. Postoperative analgesia was deemed to be adequate for laparoscopy with either protocol, although methadone provided better analgesia 3 hours after surgery. 相似文献12.
Yael Shilo-Benjamini Bruno H. Pypendop Georgina Newbold Peter J. Pascoe 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(1):178-182
Objective
To determine plasma bupivacaine concentrations after retrobulbar or peribulbar injection of bupivacaine in cats.Study design
Randomized, crossover, experimental trial with a 2 week washout period.Animals
Six adult healthy cats, aged 1–2 years, weighing 4.6 ± 0.7 kg.Methods
Cats were sedated by intramuscular injection of dexmedetomidine (36–56 μg kg?1) and were administered a retrobulbar injection of bupivacaine (0.75 mL, 0.5%; 3.75 mg) and iopamidol (0.25 mL), or a peribulbar injection of bupivacaine (1.5 mL, 0.5%; 7.5 mg), iopamidol (0.5 mL) and 0.9% saline (1 mL) via a dorsomedial approach. Blood (2 mL) was collected before and at 5, 10, 15, 22, 30, 45, 60, 120, 240 and 480 minutes after bupivacaine injection. Atipamezole was administered approximately 30 minutes after bupivacaine injection. Plasma bupivacaine and 3-hydroxybupivacaine concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Bupivacaine maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax (Tmax) were determined from the data.Results
The bupivacaine median (range) Cmax and Tmax were 1.4 (0.9–2.5) μg mL?1 and 17 (4–60) minutes, and 1.7 (1.0–2.4) μg mL?1, and 28 (8–49) minutes, for retrobulbar and peribulbar injections, respectively. In both treatments the 3-hydroxybupivacaine peak concentration was 0.05–0.21 μg mL?1.Conclusions and clinical relevance
In healthy cats, at doses up to 2 mg kg?1, bupivacaine peak plasma concentrations were approximately half that reported to cause arrhythmias or convulsive electroencephalogram (EEG) activity in cats, and about one-sixth of that required to produce hypotension. 相似文献13.
Irene Dimopoulou Tilemahos L. Anagnostou Nikitas N. Prassinos Ioannis Savvas Michael Patsikas 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1189-1197
Objective
To test the efficacy of intraoperative intrafragmentary administration of bupivacaine (haematoma block) in controlling postoperative pain in dogs undergoing osteosynthesis of long-bone isolated diaphyseal fractures.Study design
Randomized, ‘blinded’, placebo-controlled, prospective study.Animals
A total of 23 client-owned dogs with isolated long-bone fractures.Methods
Dogs were allocated randomly to two groups: bupivacaine group (B) or placebo group (P). Group B dogs (n = 11) were administered an intraoperative intrafragmentary injection of 0.5% bupivacaine (1.1 mg kg–1) just before fracture fixation, whereas group P dogs (n = 12) were administered normal saline. Postoperative pain evaluations using the University of Melbourne Pain Scale (UMPS) and algometer were performed upon arrival to the recovery room and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 20 and 32 hours later. Algometer measurements were performed on: the incision site, a healthy region near the fracture line and the contralateral healthy limb. When the pain score exceeded 14 points in the UMPS, rescue analgesia was administered. The time-standardised area under the curve (AUCst) was used to compare UMPS scores and mechanical pain thresholds between the two groups.Results
None of the group B dogs required rescue analgesia, whereas eight of the 12 group P dogs did (p = 0.001). The pain threshold AUCst at the incision line was higher in group B [16.3 (2.9–41.6) N] than in group P [5.6 (2.5–17.4) N] (p = 0.029). The mean UMPS score AUCst was lower in group B (3.7 ± 1.8) than in group P (9.4 ± 4.6) (p = 0.016). In a small number of animals of both groups that were evaluated radiologically, adequate bone healing was noted.Conclusions and clinical relevance
An intraoperative bupivacaine haematoma block is a simple, quick and effective method that can be used to aid in postoperative pain control in dogs submitted to long-bone osteosynthesis. 相似文献14.
Hsiao-Chun Huang Shih-Wei Huang Kuan-Hua Yu Jiann-Hsiung Wang Jui-Te Wu 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1035-1041
Objective
To investigate the sedative effects in dogs of tiletamine–zolazepam–acepromazine (TZA) or ketamine–flunitrazepam (KF) administered orally and to evaluate the effectiveness of encapsulated TZA for capturing free-roaming dogs.Study design
Experimental study followed by a field trial.Animals
Six research dogs and 27 free-roaming dogs.Methods
In a pilot study, six research dogs were administered liquid TZA (20 mg kg?1 tiletamine–zolazepam and 2 mg kg?1 acepromazine) or liquid KF (50 mg kg?1 ketamine and 2 mg kg?1 flunitrazepam) orally: treatment 1, forcefully squirting liquid medication into the mouth; treatment 2, encapsulating liquid medication for administration in canned food; treatment 3, administering liquid medication mixed with gravy. Sedation was scored. A follow-up field trial attempted capture of 27 free-roaming dogs.Results
In the pilot study, the median time (range) to lateral recumbency (% dogs) after TZA administration was: treatment 1, 47.5 (35–80) minutes (67%); treatment 2, 30 (15–65) minutes (83%); and treatment 3, 75 (45–110) minutes (100%). No dogs in KF treatment 2 or 3 achieved lateral recumbency. Based on these results, 20 free-roaming dogs were offered encapsulated TZA in canned food: TZ (20 mg kg?1) and acepromazine (2 mg kg?1). Of these, no further drugs to four dogs (one dog captured), 10 dogs were administered a second dose within 30 minutes (five dogs captured) and six dogs were administered TZ (5 mg kg?1) and xylazine (1.1–2.2 mg kg?1) intramuscularly by blow dart (six dogs captured). Seven dogs were initially offered twice the TZA dose (five dogs captured). In total, 63% free-roaming dogs were captured after administration of encapsulated TZA in canned food.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Oral administration of encapsulated TZA in canned dog food can aid in the capture of free-roaming dogs, but additional drugs may be required. The sedation onset time and medication palatability influenced the capture rate. 相似文献15.
Henning A. Haga Vanessa Bettembourg Andreas Lervik 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2019,46(1):28-35
Objective
To determine the infusion rates that maintain the train-of-four (TOF) ratio within 20–70% in dogs and compare the infusion rates between diabetic and nondiabetic dogs.Study design
Prospective clinical study.Animals
In total, 47 dogs scheduled for phacoemulsification were included with a median (80% central range) bodyweight of 10.6 (5.7–35.5) kg and age of 7 (1–11) years. Diabetes mellitus was previously diagnosed in nine dogs.Methods
After premedication using acepromazine and methadone, anaesthesia was induced by intravenous (IV) propofol and maintained by isoflurane and fentanyl or remifentanil. The TOF ratio was monitored by stimulating the peroneal nerve and the response quantified by accelerometry. Rocuronium 0.5 mg kg?1 was administered IV, and further infused to maintain the TOF ratio between 20% and 70%. The infusion rates of rocuronium were compared by the Mann–Whitney test between diabetic and nondiabetic dogs, and the influence of age, sex, bodyweight, body temperature, end-tidal carbon dioxide, end-tidal isoflurane concentration, mean arterial blood pressure, pulse rate and time from induction and time from rocuronium bolus to stable rocuronium infusion rate were investigated in a stepwise, forward regression model.Results
A stable infusion rate was found in 42 dogs. A higher median (80% central range) infusion rate was found in diabetic [0.43 (0.35–0.50) mg kg?1 hour?1] compared with nondiabetic dogs [0.30 (0.20–0.50) mg kg?1 hour?1] (p = 0.013). None of the other variables investigated were found to significantly influence the infusion rate.Conclusions and clinical relevance
There is a quite large individual variation in the infusion rates of rocuronium needed to maintain a stable neuromuscular block in a varied population of dogs. Of the variables investigated, diabetes mellitus was the only one found to significantly influence the infusion rate of rocuronium. 相似文献16.
Jonathon M. Congdon Pedro Boscan Clara S.S. Goh Marlis Rezende 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):915-924
Objective
To assess the efficacy of psoas compartment and sacral plexus block for pelvic limb amputation in dogs.Study design
Prospective clinical study.Animals
A total of 16 dogs aged 8 ± 3 years and weighing 35 ± 14 kg (mean ± standard deviation).Methods
Dogs were administered morphine (0.5 mg kg?1) and atropine (0.02 mg kg?1); anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. Regional blocks were performed before surgery in eight dogs with bupivacaine (2.2 mg kg?1) and eight dogs were administered an equivalent volume of saline. The lumbar plexus within the psoas compartment was identified using electrolocation lateral to the lumbar vertebrae at the fourth–fifth, fifth–sixth and sixth–seventh vertebral interspaces. The sacral plexus, ventrolateral to the sacrum, was identified using electrolocation. Anesthesia was monitored using heart rate (HR), invasive blood pressure, electrocardiography, expired gases, respiratory frequency and esophageal temperature by an investigator unaware of the group allocation. Pelvic limb amputation by coxofemoral disarticulation was performed. Dogs that responded to surgical stimulation (>10% increase in HR or arterial pressure) were administered fentanyl (2 μg kg?1) intravenously for rescue analgesia. Postoperative pain was assessed at extubation; 30, 60 and 120 minutes; and the morning after surgery using a visual analog scale (VAS).Results
The number of intraoperative fentanyl doses was fewer in the bupivacaine group (2.7 ± 1.1 versus 6.0 ± 2.2; p < 0.01). Differences in physiologic variables were not clinically significant. VAS scores were lower in bupivacaine dogs at extubation (0.8 ± 1.9 versus 3.8 ± 2.5) and at 30 minutes (1.0 ± 1.4 versus 4.3 ± 2.1; p < 0.05).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Psoas compartment (lumbar plexus) and sacral plexus block provided analgesia during pelvic limb amputation in dogs. 相似文献17.
Aleksandr Semjonov Jacobus P. Raath Liesel Laubscher Toomas Orro Silke Pfitzer Toomas Tiirats Peter Stewart Rogers Vladimir Andrianov 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2019,46(1):90-95
Objective
The butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine fixed-dose combination (BAM, respectively, 30-12-12 mg mL?1) with subsequent antagonism by naltrexone-atipamezole was evaluated for reversible immobilization of captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus).Study design
Prospective, clinical trial.Animals
Twelve cheetahs (six males and six females, weighing 37–57 kg) housed in enclosures, were immobilized at Hoedspruit Endangered Species Centre in the Republic of South Africa.Methods
BAM volume dose rate was 0.009–0.014 mL kg?1 (mean ± standard deviation 0.010 ± 0.001 mL kg?1). Total dose in all animals was 0.5 mL. The actual doses were as follows: butorphanol (0.29 ± 0.04 mg kg?1), azaperone (0.12 ± 0.01 mg kg?1) and medetomidine (0.12 ± 0.01 mg kg?1). Physiologic variables and quality of immobilization were recorded every 5 minutes beginning at 15–20 minutes after darting. Arterial blood samples were collected three times at 20, 30 and 40 minutes after darting from all animals for analysis of blood oxygenation and acid-base status.Results
The inductions were calm and smooth and mean induction time was 4.0 ± 1.1 minutes. Heart rate (50 ± 9 beats minute?1) and respiratory frequency (20 ± 3 breaths minute?1) were stable throughout immobilization. The recovery time after reversing with naltrexone and atipamezole was 9.1 ± 3.6 minutes.Conclusions
and clinical relevance BAM proved to be a reliable and cardiovascular stable drug combination for immobilization of cheetahs. 相似文献18.
Sachie Shimada Miki Shimizu Miori Kishimoto 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1208-1215
Objective
To determine whether an ultrasound (US)-guided femoral nerve block using a ventral suprainguinal approach could be successfully achieved in sedated dogs; to measure the time to execute the nerve block, onset time, duration, and complete block rate in sensory and motor nerves; and to examine any differences between two volumes for injection.Study design
Blinded crossover experimental study.Animals
A total of 10 clinically healthy adult Beagle dogs.Methods
The femoral nerve of the right pelvic limb was infiltrated with 0.5% bupivacaine at 0.4 (treatment 0.4B) or 0.2 mL kg?1 (treatment 0.2B), or saline at 0.4 mL kg?1 (control) in sedated dogs. The sensory and motor nerve functions were scored on a scale of 0 (complete blockade) to 2 (normal). The onset time and duration of the sensory and motor nerve blockade were compared between treatments 0.4B and 0.2B using a Wilcoxon signed rank test. Sensory and motor nerve function scores for each of the three treatments were compared at multiple time points using a nonparametric multiple comparisons test.Results
The time to execute the nerve block was 2.5 ± 0.9 minutes (n = 30). For both 0.4B and 0.2B treatments, the onset times of both the sensory and motor nerve blockades were 15 minutes. The durations of the sensory nerve blockade for 0.4B and 0.2B were 9.9 ± 1.4 and 10.0 ± 1.2 hours, respectively, and those of the motor nerve blockades were 10.5 ± 1.3 and 10.2 ± 1.3 hours, respectively. No adverse effects were noted. No significant difference was observed between 0.4B and 0.2B.Conclusions and clinical relevance
A US-guided femoral nerve block using a ventral suprainguinal approach demonstrated a short onset and long duration with 0.5% bupivacaine 0.2 mL kg?1 and can be performed under sedation in dogs. 相似文献19.
Sarah E. Bigby Thierry Beths Sébastien Bauquier Jennifer E. Carter 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1007-1015
Objective
To compare incidence and duration of postinduction apnoea in dogs after premedication with methadone and acepromazine (MA) or methadone and dexmedetomidine (MD) followed by induction with propofol (P) or alfaxalone (A).Study design
Prospective, randomized clinical trial.Animals
A total of 32 American Society of Anesthesiologists class I dogs (15 females, 17 males), aged between 4 months and 4 years, weighing between 3 and 46 kg.Methods
Dogs were randomly allocated to be administered MA+P, MA+A, MD+P or MD+A (methadone 0.5 mg kg?1 and acepromazine 0.05 mg kg?1 or dexmedetomidine 5 μg kg?1). Induction agents were administered intravenously via syringe driver (P at 4 mg kg?1 minute?1 or A at 2 mg kg?1 minute?1) until successful endotracheal intubation and the endotracheal tube connected to a circle system with oxygen flow at 2 L minute?1. Oxygen saturation of haemoglobin (SpO2), end tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide and respiratory rate were monitored continuously. If apnoea (≥ 30 seconds without breathing) occurred, the duration until first spontaneous breath was measured. If SpO2 decreased below 90% the experiment was stopped and manual ventilation initiated. Data were analysed with general linear models with significance set at p ≤ 0.05.Results
There was no statistical difference in the incidence (11 of 16 dogs in A groups and 12 of 16 dogs in P groups), or mean ± standard deviation duration (A groups 125 ± 113 seconds, P groups 119 ± 109 seconds) of apnoea. The SpO2 of one dog in the MD+P group decreased below 90% during the apnoeic period.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Propofol and alfaxalone both cause postinduction apnoea and the incidence and duration of apnoea is not influenced by the use of acepromazine or dexmedetomidine in premedication. Monitoring of respiration is recommended when using these premedication and induction agent combinations. 相似文献20.
Tilemahos L. Anagnostou George M. Kazakos Ioannis Savvas Charalampos Kostakis Paraskevi Papadopoulou 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(1):35-41