伊犁河流域鱼类生物完整性指数构建初探

为了评价伊犁河流域的健康状况,应用鱼类生物完整性指数(F-IBI)建立了伊犁河流域河流生态系统健康评价体系。2012年-2014年在伊犁河流域设置了6个采样断面,进行鱼类资源调查。从36个候选指标中筛选了8个核心指标用于构建伊犁河流域F-IBI评价体系。通过分析评价,结果显示有1个采样断面处于极好的健康状态,3个处于好的健康状态,2个处于一般状态。伊犁河流域生态系统健康整体上处于好的水平。基于FIBI体系的健康评价结果与其他方法评价结果基本一致,这表明构建的F-IBI体系对伊犁河流域的健康状况评估具有良好的适用性,可作为伊犁河流域水环境监测的一种有效手段。     

Development of a fish-based index for the assessment of river health in Europe: the European Fish Index

Abstract  A fish-based index applicable at the pan-European scale should encompass the relative importance of regional and local factors influencing the distribution of riverine fish. An effective way of using information available from fish assemblages to establish such a multimetric index is through the use of the reference condition approach that involves testing a fish assemblage exposed to a potential stressor against a reference condition. In this study, a variety of metrics based on count and abundance data and reflecting different aspects of the fish assemblage structure and function were selected from the literature for their potential to indicate degradation. Logistic and multiple linear regression procedures were applied, using an initial data set of 1000 reference sites fairly evenly distributed across European rivers (11 countries) and defined by some easily measured regional and local characteristics, to elaborate the simplest possible response model that adequately explains the observed patterns of each metric for a given site. A final list of 10 metrics was retained and the European Fish Index was tested using new independent datasets. The advantage of the resulting index to serve as a practical technical reference for cost-effective biological assessments of lotic systems in Europe is related to its ability to encompass basins and river size, and its sensitivity to physical and chemical alteration of the river ecosystem.     

Stream bed organic carbon and biotic integrity

• 1. Allochthonous carbon is the basis of the detrital food web in low‐order, warmwater stream ecosystems, and stream‐bed sediments typically function as carbon reservoirs. Many of the same factors that govern carbon input and storage to streams (e.g. riparian vegetation, large wood, heterogeneous boundaries) have also been identified as key attributes of stream fish habitat.
• 2. Effects of channel incision on sand‐bed stream carbon reservoirs and indices of biological integrity (IBIs) based on fish collections were examined for four streams exhibiting a range of incisement in northern Mississippi. Observed mean C concentrations (mass percentage) ranged from 0.24±0.36% for a non‐incised stream to only 0.01±0.02% for a severely incised channel, and were not correlated with large wood (LW) density, perhaps because LW density at one site was elevated by a habitat rehabilitation project and at another site by accelerated inputs from incision‐related riparian tree fall. Fish IBI was positively correlated with bed C (r=0.70, p=0.003), and IBIs for reference streams were more than 50% greater than those computed for the most severely degraded sites.
• 3. More testing is needed to determine the efficacy of stream bed C as an indicator, but its importance to warmwater stream ecosystems, and the importance of covarying physical and hydrologic conditions seems evident.

Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鱼类生物完整性评价体系的构建及其在赤水河的应用

基于河流生态系统相关理论模型以及鱼类适应与河流生态系统结构和功能的对应关系,提出了河流生态系统的四个属性：一般格局、空间连续性、空间异质性和时间过程,并选取33个候选指标用于构建鱼类生物完整性评价体系。结果表明,以期望值10代表各江段的最佳情况,赤水河各江段（赤水河镇、赤水市和合江县江段）的生态完整性相对较好,平均得分为7.16。赤水河各江段的生态完整性在时空上均无显著性差异。诊断分析显示,赤水河镇江段的时间过程受到一定的干扰;赤水市江段的空间异质性受到一定的干扰;而合江江段的一般格局和空间异质性均受到一定的干扰。建议加强赤水河流域的生态保护,并根据不同江段生态完整性的退化原因制定相应的管理和保护措施。     

Development and evaluation of a fish‐based index to assess biological integrity of Mediterranean streams

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黄河口及其邻近水域鱼类生物完整性评价

根据2013—2014年在黄河口及其邻近海域进行的鱼类资源底拖网调查数据,并结合20世纪80年代和90年代的历史资料,依照黄河口水域鱼类区域组成特征,从鱼类种类组成、繁殖共位体、鱼类耐受性和营养结构等方面提出了12个评价指标,初步构建了黄河口水域鱼类生物完整性指数评价指标体系,并制定了评价标准,根据不同年代数据之间的差距分3个层次赋值打分,研究了黄河口水域鱼类生物完整性及其年代际变化。结果表明,20世纪80年代初期黄河口水域鱼类生物完整性表现为"极好"水平;90年代处于"差"水平;2013年处于"极差"的水平。与20世纪80年代初期相比,黄河口及其邻近水域的鱼类生物完整性呈下降趋势,人为因素对生态环境干扰较大,过度捕捞等造成黄河口水域鱼类种类减少甚至消失,黄河口水域生态健康状况下降。     

我国南海区海洋捕捞现状分析

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Biology and habitat use of three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in intermittent Mediterranean streams

Abstract –  We present the first data on three-spined stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ) life history and habitat use in seasonal Mediterranean streams, analysing populations from NE Iberian Peninsula. Stickleback populations were strictly annual, with reproduction events involving exclusively 1+ fish. Somatic growth was concentrated in two periods, one in spring and early summer, and another in autumn and winter. During summer there was a clear stop in the somatic growth, coupled with low values of somatic condition. This growth pattern contrasts both with that of other Mediterranean stream fish species and that of stickleback in other European locations. Stickleback populations occupied mainly intermediate locations along fluvial gradients. The presence of abundant aquatic vegetation was identified as one of the main factors related with both stickleback presence and the abundance of its populations, while the latter was also negatively related with that of invasive fish and crayfish species. Stickleback tended to occur in native-dominated fish communities, being almost absent from lower stream reaches, which bear high abundances of invasive fish species.     

Comparative assessment of stream acidity using diatoms and macroinvertebrates: implications for river management and conservation

• 1. Macroinvertebrates and phytobenthic organisms (e.g. diatoms) are frequently used as bioindicators of water quality, yet few studies compare their effectiveness despite both being emphasized in the EC Water Framework Directive.
• 2. Here, as a case study, the efficacy of each group in assessing acid–base status in the catchment of the Welsh River Wye was evaluated from surveys in 2 years.
• 3. Ordination showed that both diatom and macroinvertebrate assemblages varied highly significantly with pH, alkalinity and calcium concentrations. Moreover, ordination scores were highly inter‐correlated between these groups in both study years.
• 4. There were also contrasts, with diatoms and macroinvertebrates changing in differing ways with catchment land‐use and channel hydromorphology. These differing responses suggest complementary indicator value, while variation in generation times between diatoms and macroinvertebrates suggests potentially contrasting speeds of response to variations over different timescales.
• 5. These data reveal that significant water quality problems in the River Wye, a proposed Special Area of Conservation, are generated from the continued acidification of low‐order, headwater streams and this has considerable significance for the objectives of the Water Framework Directive, and the EC Habitats Directive.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A comparative analysis of habitat quality between artificial and natural creeks in the Mediterranean killifish Aphanius fasciatus: Implications for conservation

1. In transitional water ecosystems, habitat loss is one of the major threats to fish biodiversity. This is particularly true in the case of temperate salt marshes. Good quality artificial novel habitats may compensate for the loss of natural habitats, acting as a refuge for fish populations.
2. The aim of this study was to use coloured ornamental traits exhibited by the males of a small lagoon-resident fish, the Mediterranean killifish Aphanius fasciatus (Valenciennes, 1821), to assess habitat quality in both the natural and artificial creeks of the Venice lagoon.
3. The conspicuousness of two secondary sexual traits, the yellow/orange caudal fin pigmentation and the contrast between white and dark vertical bars on body sides, proved to be greater in artificial habitats compared to natural salt marshes, highlighting the refuge function of artificial creeks.
4. The use of secondary sexual traits could be extended to other fish species and to other aquatic habitats as a non-invasive approach. This would allow the identification of good quality habitats in the context of fish population management and conservation.

     

Temporal and spatial dynamics of fish community structure during watershed alteration in two Ouachita River systems

Fish community composition is highly dynamic, but generally exhibits loose equilibrium within bounds of community structure in upland stream systems with minimal anthropogenic disturbance. Chronic anthropogenic disturbance can exceed ecological thresholds and shift fish community composition to an alternative state. Therefore, long‐term datasets are critical to understand spatiotemporal dynamics of fish community structure. We quantified temporal changes in fish communities in two Ouachita River systems during watershed alteration (i.e., development and reservoir construction) using a suite of multivariate and univariate analyses to assess changes in fish community structure and taxonomic and functional β‐diversity. We found fish community composition shifted in the Saline River basin possibly in response to human disturbance (e.g., development) and hydrologic variability. Furthermore, functional homogenisation occurred through time. In the Ouachita Headwaters basin, taxonomic homogenisation was evident and two fluvial specialists were not detected during the current period. Taxonomic and functional β‐diversity patterns were not consistent across basins demonstrating the complexity of biotic homogenisation. Our retrospective analyses showed human activities played a role in restructuring fish communities despite minimal invasion of exotic species. Ultimately, our study characterised fish community structure across snapshots of time and demonstrates the importance of increasing the frequency of sampling intervals and continuing long‐term collections with similar methods to enhance the understanding of community dynamics.     

Short‐term variation in the ecological status of a Mediterranean coastal lagoon (NE Iberian Peninsula) after a man‐made change of hydrological regime

• 1. The Ter Vell (NE Iberian Peninsula) is a eutrophic coastal lagoon that has been mostly flooded by excessive irrigation water during recent decades. During 2001 and 2002 the lagoon was subject to several water management actions, the main consequence of which was a change in the hydrological regime due to drastically reduced irrigation water inputs to the lagoon.
• 2. In order to comply with the Water Framework Directive, all the management actions in an ecosystem should be focused on protecting and, where necessary, improving its ecological status.
• 3. The aims of this study were (1) to analyse whether the hydrological change caused by management actions have affected the ecological status of the lagoon, and (2) to discuss the suitability of several physicochemical and biological indicators for the assessment of the ecological status in this kind of coastal ecosystem.
• 4. After the change in the hydrological regime, a general improvement of the ecological status was observed mainly as a result of the significant decrease in the nitrogen Trophic State Index and in the abundance of rotifer indicative of eutrophy, and in turn by the significant increase in the water quality index QAELS, based on crustaceans and insect assemblages.
• 5. Contradictory results emerged with regard to some of the indicators used. After the hydrological change, the increase in the phosphorus Trophic State Index was related with the fact that Mediterranean confined coastal ecosystems are typically P‐enriched. In contrast with general assumptions, low diversity and richness of the zooplankton and the dominance of a few species have been related with an improvement of the ecological status after the hydrological change, when freshwater inputs were reduced and the lagoon became more confined.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A simple field method for assessing the ecological quality of riparian habitat in rivers and streams: QBR index

• 1. An index of riparian quality useful for the management of streams and rivers is presented. The purpose of the index is to provide managers with a simple method to evaluate riparian habitat quality. The index is easy to calculate and can be used together with any other index of water quality to assess the ecological status of streams and rivers. It may also be a useful tool for defining ‘high ecological status’ under the EC Water Framework Directive.
• 2. The index, named QBR, is based on four components of riparian habitat: total riparian vegetation cover, cover structure, cover quality and channel alterations. It also takes into account differences in the geomorphology of the river from its headwaters to the lower reaches. These differences are measured in a simple, quantitative way. The index score varies between 0 and 100 points.
• 3. The QBR index is calculated in the field through a two‐sided A4 page form that may be completed in 10 min.
• 4. The development of the QBR index included trials in four Mediterranean stream catchments in Catalonia (NE Spain). Seventy‐two sampling sites were assessed and results were used to test the index.
• 5. No taxonomic expertise is needed to apply the index, although some knowledge of local flora is required to differentiate between native and non‐native tree species.
• 6. These results show that the QBR index may be used despite regional differences in plant communities. The quality ranges obtained when the index is applied are not heavily influenced by observers at the same site.
• 7. At present, the index is being used by different research teams and tested in a comparative study of 12 watersheds along the Mediterranean Spanish coast.
• 8. It is expected that the QBR index may be adapted for use in other geographical areas in temperate and semi‐arid zones without changes in the index rationale.

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Trophometric index: a predictor for fish density, biomass and production in Mediterranean reservoirs in Spain

Abstract  A trophometric index (TMI) is proposed to estimate fish density, biomass and production in Mediterranean reservoirs. It consists of simple and integrated environmental variables such as the form index ( IF  =  S / V ), the volume percentage of water with sufficient oxygen to sustain fish life, conductivity, chlorophyll a concentration and perimeter, the synergic effect of which explains the fish structure and accounts for the functioning of the ecosystems. This index was tested in eight reservoirs in the Guadalquivir River basin, showing a good fit with a potential model for fish density and a linear model for fish biomass and production ( P  < 0.01; r ² > 0.8). The TMI is a valuable tool for evaluating fishery production in Mediterranean reservoirs and allows these to be classified by type for better management and evaluation in the framework of the European Water Directive.     

Analysis of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes as a tool for assessing the environmental impact of aquaculture: a case study from the western Mediterranean

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios ( ¹³C/ ¹² C and ¹⁵N/¹⁴ N) of in situ dominant primary producers and consumers were investigated to assess the impact on a natural ecosystem of a land-based fish farm along the south-western coast of Sicily (Italy). The putatively impacted area close to the farm along outfall was compared with other locations at increasing distances from the outfall. Carbon and mainly nitrogen stable isotopes revealed evidence of widespread aquaculture waste in the study site: benthic organisms collected in the impacted area showed more enriched ¹⁵N signatures than those at greater distances from the outfall, suggesting a large contribution of aquaculture waste to the food web. By contrast, both nekton-benthic and pelagic organisms seemed to be less influenced by discharge, probably due to their mobile habit.     

Fish assemblages in European Western Highlands and Western Plains: a type-specific approach to assess ecological quality of running waters

Abstract  After typological pre-classification of 398 calibration sites, fish-based metric models were used to predict the impact of human activities on river quality in European Western Highlands and Western Plains ecoregions. Calibration sites were grouped into six assemblage types and according to their geomorphology; test sites were assigned to their corresponding assemblage type. Five anthropogenic variables were used to describe the impact level of each site and stepwise discriminant analysis was performed to: (i) avoid redundancy between metrics; (ii) examine how selected metrics discriminated impact classes and (iii) predict ecological status for each site of the given fish type. Globally, this approach predicted the impact class correctly for 64% of sites. The difference between observed and predicted impact was more than one class for only 2.5% of the sites. When validating this approach with an independent data set, differences between observed and predicted impact values never exceeded 2 impact classes, but these differences varied in size among countries.     

Conservation of otter (Lutra lutra) in a Mediterranean area: the importance of habitat quality and temporal variation in water availability

1. This study analyses quantitatively the association between habitat characteristics and annual variation in water availability on otter (Lutra lutra L.) distribution in a large Mediterranean area (13 717 km²) in southern Spain. 2. There was a strong positive correlation between habitat quality, estimated after the two first components of a principal component analysis of a matrix of habitat variables×sites, and an index of otter presence/absence, otter presence being most commonly associated with unpolluted and undisturbed sites surrounded by woodland. 3. After univariate analysis, the main freshwater habitat features were statistically different between sites with otters and sites lacking them. In general, otters occurred in medium‐sized fluvial habitats, with high bankside vegetation cover, unpolluted, with low or very low human disturbance and surrounded by forests or dehesas (Mediterranean‐like savannah). 4. Water availability, inferred from the water balance, strongly influenced otter distribution and the type of water body used the most. As water availability increased so did the otter distribution range and during these periods they tended to colonize low‐order streams. During periods of water shortage, otters were usually found in high‐order streams and reservoirs, the only sites that kept water. 5. This work shows that otter distribution in Mediterranean areas is strongly influenced by two factors — man‐induced habitat degradation and natural variability in water availability. The addition of the second factor to the first one introduces additional risks to the survival of otter populations in Mediterranean areas compared with more northerly and humid areas. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Perspectives for development of low impact aquaculture in a Western Mediterranean lagoon: the case of the carpet clam Tapes decussatus

Some 30,000 specimens of the Mediterranean clam Tapes decussatus were suspended in nylon bags of two different mesh sizes and pre-grown in the Calich lagoon (Sardinia, Italy) from March to June 2001. The samples differed in size at the end of the pre-growth stage. They were then sown at a density of 650 specimens m^–2 in two stations of the lagoon. The growth rates in the stations were different according to the Von Bertalanffy model. Primary and secondary plankton production was calculated by field measurements as well as by modelling. The results indicate that the Calich lagoon could produce a maximum of 753.25 g m^–2 yr ^–1 WW, with shell, for Tapes decussatus. Our culture experiments lasted 15 months with an estimated mortality of 50% and the yield of T. decussatus was 4.3 times greater than the calculated natural production.     

Effectiveness of protected area networks in representing freshwater biodiversity: the case of a Mediterranean river basin (south‐eastern Spain)

• 1. Biodiversity is probably at greater risk in freshwater systems than in other ecosystems. Although protected areas (PAs) play a vital role in the protection of biodiversity and are the mainstay of most conservation polices, the coverage of biodiversity by existing PA networks is often inadequate and few reserves are created that take into consideration freshwater biota.
• 2. In this paper an attempt is made to address the performance of protected areas in the context of freshwater biodiversity conservation using data records for water beetles in a Mediterranean river basin.
• 3. Although the present PAs in the study area cover a relatively high number of water beetle species, the distribution and extent of reserves is still inadequate or insufficient to protect freshwater biodiversity, especially species of conservation concern.
• 4. Alternative area‐selection methods (hotspots and complementary) were more efficient than PAs for representing water beetles. Within these, complementarity was the most efficient approach, and was able to represent all species in a significantly lower area than the current PA network. On the other hand, the future Natura 2000 Network will result in a great increase in the total area of protected land as well as in the biodiversity represented.
• 5. Unfortunately, the occurrence of a species within a protected area is not a guarantee of long‐term survival because the extent of PAs is often insufficient and disturbances occur outside park boundaries. Thus, whole‐catchment management and natural‐flow maintenance are indispensable strategies for freshwater biodiversity conservation.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.