Long-term facial artery catheter implantation for serial arterial blood sampling and invasive arterial blood pressure measurement in horses

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate surgical catheter implantation in the facial artery of horses and the long-term maintenance of such arteries using heparin and ascorbic acid as filling solution. Nine horses were implanted with a polyurethane catheter. The catheters were flushed with a heparin/ascorbic acid solution every 8h and remained patent for 25 days. Arterial blood samples were collected twice a day, and one exercise test that included serial blood samples and arterial pressure recordings was performed on a treadmill. Polyurethane catheters surgically implanted in the facial artery can be kept patent by filling with a heparin/ascorbic acid solution and provide convenient invasive arterial access in horses which is suitable for use for serial blood sampling and blood pressure recordings, even during exercise on treadmill.     

Effects of blood donation on arterial blood pressure in retired racing Greyhounds

The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in systolic arterial blood pressure (SABP) immediately after collection of blood for transfusion in retired racing Greyhounds. We prospectively evaluated 19 blood donor Greyhounds before and after the collection of a unit (450 mL) of blood. The SABP was measured with Doppler in the right forearm after the dogs had been in the blood collection room for a few minutes (PRE-FLOOR) and again 5-10 minutes after the dogs were placed on the table where they would be bled (PRE-TABLE). A total of 3-5 minutes after completing the blood collection, the SABP was measured again while the dogs were still in lateral recumbency on the table (POST-TABLE) and once more 60-90 minutes later, when the dogs were on the floor after completing the donation (POST-FLOOR). All dogs were monitored for clinical signs of hypotension, including depression, weakness, collapse, and pallor, for a minimum of 2 hours after donation. There was a significant difference in SABP for the group between PRE-FLOOR and POST-TABLE (P = .02) and between PRE-TABLE and POST-TABLE determinations (P = .01). There were no significant differences for any of the other time points; there were no adverse events. Therefore, we conclude that the collection of 450 mL of blood from normal Greyhounds results in a short-lived yet significant decrease in SABP, but the likelihood of adverse events is negligible.     

Central venous pressure and arterial blood pressure measurements.

Arterial blood pressure measurement and central venous pressure monitoring are important tools in the management of the critically ill pet. Central venous pressure is reflective of right atrial pressure and provides information concerning volume status. Arterial blood pressure is helpful in determining if perfusion to vital tissues is adequate. By providing more information with which to tailor fluid therapy and by prompt recognition of hypo- or hypertension, these monitoring tools are instrumental in the management of the critically ill pet.     

Mixed venous and arterial blood in bovine coccygeal vessel samples for blood gas analysis

Abstract: Bovine coccygeal (median, caudal) vessel samples are not always venous in origin but may be arterial or a mixture of venous and arterial blood. Results of blood gas analysis of blood samples collected from 39 cows were consistent with typical venous, mixed venous-arterial, or typical arterial blood. This observation was made while establishing reference intervals for a new blood gas instrument. The pO₂ and the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SO₂) were most reflective of the amount of arterial blood contamination in the sample, but pCO₂ and pH also were altered. The pO₂ values ranged from 21 to 127 mm Hg, and SO₂ ranged from 35% to 100%. The mean pCO₂ in venous type samples was 46.3 mm Hg compared to 36.7 mm Hg in arterial type samples. The mean pH in venous type samples was 7.42 compared to 7.47 in arterial type samples.     

犬腹腔镜结肠固定术对犬动脉血气的影响

在进行犬腹腔镜结肠固定术的过程中，分别于麻醉前、术中1Omin、术中3Omin、术中5Omin和术后即刻抽取犬股动脉血，监测动脉血酸碱度（pH）值、二氧化碳分压（PacO2）、氧分压（PaO2）和氧饱和度（SatO2），以评价犬腹腔镜手术术对犬动脉血气的影响。试验结果显示，腹腔镜结肠固定术使犬动脉血pH在术中下降极显著，PCO2先升高后降低，PO2和satO2先降低后升高，但是术后即刻pH、PaCO2、PaO2和satO2都基本恢复到正常，与麻醉前相比没有显著差异。本试验表明犬在腹腔镜结肠固定术中虽然不会发生低氧血症，但是会出现暂时性的呼吸性酸中毒，因此在犬结肠固定术过程中应该注意对血气进行监护。     

Ultrasonic measurement of arterial blood pressure in conditioned thoroughbreds.

Indirect systolic and diastolic arterial pressure measurements of 456 Thoroughbred horses of various ages and sex stabled at 9 different race tracks were measured with an ultrasonic-Doppler device interfaced with a sphygmomanometer cuff. The mean systolic pressure was 111.8 +/- 13.3 mmHg and the mean diastolic pressure was 69.6 +/- 13.8 mmHg in this population.     

Mineral levels of the arterial and venous blood in cows

The values of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium and sodium in the arterial and venous blood of cows before and after milking two to three months from calving were found to be within the standard range. The differences are not significant. In venous blood the values are lower than in arterial blood, which proves that minerals are utilized by the organisms for milk production. The values of minerals in the blood of the Slovak Spotted cows are higher than in the blood of the Black--Pied Lowland cows; they are also higher in the blood of lower-performance cows than in the blood of cows giving high milk yields. This means in practice that Black-Pied Lowland cows and high-performance cows need a higher supply of minerals to their blood stream.     

Comparison of femoral and auricular arterial blood pressure monitoring in pigs

Objective To compare arterial blood pressure measurements obtained from the femoral and auricular arteries in anaesthetized pigs. Study design Prospective experimental study. Animals Fifteen female Large White pigs were used weighing 21.3 ± 2.3 kg. Methods The pigs were anaesthetized with tiletamine/zolazepam and xylazine administered intramuscularly, and anaesthesia maintained with isoflurane delivered in oxygen/nitrogen. Arterial oxygen partial pressures were maintained between 11.3 and 13.3 kPa and PaCO₂ between 4.6 and 6.0 kPa. Monitoring included electrocardiogram, capnography and invasive blood pressure. The auricular and femoral arteries were catheterized for continuous systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) measurements. Measurements were recorded every 15 minutes. Statistical analysis involved a Bland–Altman plot analysis. Results The mean difference ± confidence intervals between the femoral and the auricular arterial diastolic, systolic and mean blood pressure measurements during hypotension were 2 ± 7, 2 ± 5 and 2 ± 5 mmHg respectively. In conditions of normotension mean difference ± confidence intervals, of femoral and auricular arterial blood pressure measurements of diastolic, systolic and mean blood pressure were 4 ± 5, 3 ± 7 and 4 ± 4 mmHg respectively. In conditions of increased arterial blood pressure, mean difference ± confidence intervals, of femoral and auricular arterial blood pressure measurements of diastolic, systolic and mean blood pressure were 4 ± 5, 3 ± 8 and 4 ± 4 mmHg respectively. Conclusion Auricular artery catheterization is easier and quicker to perform. Pressure measurements from the auricular artery compared well with the femoral artery. Clinical relevance We found that auricular arterial blood pressures were similar to femoral arterial values under the conditions of this experiment. We did not test extremes of blood pressure or significant alterations in body temperature.     

Comparison of blood counts in splenic, renal and mesenteric arterial and venous blood in post-pubertal rabbits

OBJECTIVES: To compare blood counts between arterial and venous blood to and from visceral organs and indirectly look into the function of the organs. METHODS: Splenic, renal and superior mesenteric arterial and venous blood samples were obtained from the arteries and veins in 38 post-pubertal rabbits and blood profile, including complete and differential blood counts, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit, were measured with an automatic haematology analyser. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The rabbit spleen released a large amount of leucocytes (both lymphocytes and granulocytes) into the splenic venous blood (a venous increase of 33% in total leucocyte count), and also received more leucocytes (36-58% more in terms of concentration) from the artery than the kidney or intestine. Significantly fewer red blood cells were present in the renal venous blood than in the arterial blood (a venous reduction of 5% in erythrocyte count), but it remains to be clarified why and how the reduction was induced. More than 3-4% of water might be taken into the mesenteric venous blood during microcirculation (a venous reduction of 3-4% in erythrocyte-related parameters) and a significant number of leucocytes (mainly large leucocytes) in the mesenteric blood capillaries might migrate into the surrounding intestinal tissue (a venous reduction of 13% in leucocyte count).     

The effect of arterial blood sampling sites on blood gases and acid-base balance parameters in calves.

In 21 healthy calves, 1-6 months old, the interrelationship and comparability of acid-base balance variables (pH, HCO3-, BE) and blood gases (pCO2, pO2, and sat-O2) were evaluated in arterial blood collected from a larger, centrally localised (the a. axillaris) and a smaller peripheral artery (the a. auricularis caudalis). Sampling was done by direct puncture of the vessels without local anaesthesia. Except for blood pH, significant differences were observed in the average values of pCO2, pO2, HCO3-, sat-O2 (P < 0.001), and BE (P < 0.05). Analyses of blood from the a. axillaris showed higher pH, pO2, and sat-O2 values, and lower pCO2, HCO3-, and BE values compared with that from the a. auricularis caudalis. Despite statistically significant differences between some variables, in all indices high and significant correlation relationships were recorded (R = 0.928-0.961; P < 0.001). Therefore, from the biological and clinical point of view, these differences are unimportant and the presented method of peripheral arterial blood sampling can be considered suitable for evaluating blood gases and acid-base status.     

Effects of blood collection for transfusion on arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and PCV in cats

BACKGROUND: Collection of 50 mL of blood (standard unit) in cats is a common procedure. There are several studies on the health status of donors, but to our knowledge there are no reports on the effects of blood collection on the feline donor. HYPOTHESIS: Collection of a standard unit of blood from cats does not significantly change arterial blood pressure (BP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), PCV, and heart rate (HR) in healthy blood donor cats. ANIMALS: Twenty-six healthy blood donor cats (6 spayed females and 20 castrated males). METHODS: An oscillometric method was used to measure MAP, SAP, DAP, and to quantify HR before and after blood collection; PCV was obtained before and immediately after blood collection. RESULTS: Despite a significant decrease (P < .05) in all variables (ie, BP, PCV, HR) after blood collection, no adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The collection of a unit of blood for transfusion from healthy donor cats weighing more than 5 kg appears to be safe, but this procedure leads to a decrease in arterial BP, PCV, and HR.     

Comparison of capillary ear blood and arterial blood to validate capillary sampling as an accurate assay of blood gas in swine.

Capillary sampling in swine can be performed as an accurate assay of arterial blood gases. Studies with swine provided results similar to, or slightly more favorable than, those reported for human beings, depending upon which cutaneous technique was used on human beings. On the basis of free flow or arterilization of the cutaneous sample and of the correlation between capillary and arterial pH, CO2 partial pressure (PCO2), and O2 partial pressure (PO2) values, the capillary sampling technique of complete incisement of a 2-mm section from the tip of the warmed porcine ear could be a substitution technique for arterial blood sampling. Free flow with this technique was maximized and high correlation coefficients (r) for pH (r = 0.96), PCO2 (r = 0.82), and PO2 (r = 0.90) capillary-arterial values (n = 37) were obtained.     

Blood gas and acid-base analysis of arterial blood in 57 newborn calves

The pH, partial pressure of oxygen (pO(2)), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO(2)), concentration of bicarbonate (HCO(3)(-)), base excess and oxygen saturation (SO(2)) were measured in venous and arterial blood from 57 newborn calves from 55 dams. Blood samples were collected immediately after birth and 30 minutes, four, 12 and 24 hours later from a jugular vein and a caudal auricular artery. The mean (sd) pO(2) and SO(2) of arterial blood increased from 45.31 (16.02) mmHg and 64.16 (20.82) per cent at birth to a maximum of 71.89 (8.32) mmHg and 92.81 (2.32) per cent 12 hours after birth, respectively. During the same period, the arterial pCO(2) decreased from 57.31 (4.98) mmHg to 43.74 (4.75) mmHg. The correlation coefficients for arterial and venous blood were r=0.86 for pH, r=0.85 for base excess and r=0.76 for HCO(3)(-). The calves with a venous blood pH of less than 7.2 immediately after birth had significantly lower base excess and HCO(3)(-) concentrations for 30 minutes after birth than the calves with a venous blood pH of 7.2 or higher. In contrast, the arterial pO(2) was higher in the calves with a blood pH of less than 7.2 than in those with a higher pH for 30 minutes after birth.     

Study of arterial blood pressure in newborn foals using an electronic sphygmomanometer

An electronic sphygmomanometer which functions on oscillometric principles, was used to measure arterial blood pressure in foals. Its accuracy was assessed by comparison with results obtained by direct measurement in anaesthetised pony foals, aged 34 to 64 days. Correlations between data obtained by the two methods were highly significant but the sphygmomanometric readings were consistently lower than those obtained by direct measurement. An equation was derived from the pooled values for mean, systolic and diastolic pressure measurements. This was used as a correction factor when the oscillometric method was employed in the field on Thoroughbred foals, during the first three days post partum, and on pony foals during the first day only. There were no significant differences between systolic, diastolic and mean values in Thoroughbreds on Days 1, 2 or 3 after birth. Measurements recorded on the first day after foaling were significantly lower (P less than 0.025) in ponies than in Thoroughbreds. Blood pressure measurements in Thoroughbreds and ponies were substantially higher than those reported previously using the ultrasonic Doppler technique.