高寒草地青藏苔草拮抗内生细菌筛选、鉴定及其促生作用测定

为从青藏苔草Carex moorcroftii内生细菌中开发优势拮抗菌种资源,采用对峙培养法测定其叶片内生细菌对黄瓜枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum、马铃薯炭疽病菌Colletotrichum coccodes、孜然根腐病菌F. solani等9种病原真菌的拮抗作用,对所筛选的优良拮抗内生细菌进行形态学及16S rDNA和gyr-B基因序列分析鉴定,并将其经固体发酵制成菌剂,采用生防菌剂接种方法测定其对黄瓜和辣椒的促生作用。结果显示,从青藏苔草叶片中共分离得到14株内生细菌;以黄瓜枯萎病菌作为指示菌初筛得到8株具有拮抗作用的菌株,其中菌株1Y4、1Y5、和1Y7的抑菌率均为57.53%,菌株1Y11的抑菌率为58.44%,均高于平均抑菌率56.73%;菌株1Y4具有广谱抑菌活性,对孜然根腐病和马铃薯炭疽病菌的抑菌率分别达73.33%和71.43%,且具有固氮作用;结合形态学和分子生物学鉴定,确定菌株1Y4为西姆芽胞杆菌Bacillus siamensis;以0.5%1Y4发酵菌剂处理黄瓜和辣椒,株高分别增加153.06%和117.33%,促生效果显著。表明青藏苔草内生细菌1Y4的防病促生作用良好,有开发为微生物菌剂的潜力。     

防治青枯病工程菌Hrp-菌株的固体剂型研究

本文对工程菌 Hrp-菌株的固体剂型进行了初步研究。经载体、保护剂和抑菌剂的筛选,最终得出固体菌剂的制作方法。具体为将发酵菌液以5000 r/min离心10 min后弃上清,收集菌泥;将菌泥加至石蜡油中,振荡15～20 min使其在石蜡油中充分分散,制成菌悬液;再将此菌液按1：1比例与灭菌后的草炭混合均匀,制成固体菌剂;再向这种固体菌剂中加入杂菌抑制剂乳酸链球菌素（0.75 g/kg）和纳他霉素（0.075 g/kg）,并混合均匀。制作的固体菌剂在pH值5.3左右、含水量35%、不抽真空及温度25℃的条件下保存6个月,存活率为44.4%,有效活菌量为1.12×1010 cfu/g。     

防治青枯病工程菌Hrp~-菌株的固体剂型研究

本文对工程菌Hrp-菌株的固体剂型进行了初步研究。经载体、保护剂和抑菌剂的筛选,最终得出固体菌剂的制作方法。具体为将发酵菌液以5000 r/min离心10 min后弃上清,收集菌泥;将菌泥加至石蜡油中,振荡15~20 min使其在石蜡油中充分分散,制成菌悬液;再将此菌液按1:1比例与灭菌后的草炭混合均匀,制成固体菌剂;再向这种固体菌剂中加入杂菌抑制剂乳酸链球菌素(0.75 g/kg)和纳他霉素(0.075 g/kg),并混合均匀。制作的固体菌剂在pH值5.3左右、含水量35%、不抽真空及温度25℃的条件下保存6个月,存活率为44.4%,有效活菌量为1.12×1010 cfu/g。     

杀线虫植物内生细菌和根际放线菌对根结线虫的防效

为了获得防治植物寄生线虫的微生物菌种资源和防效稳定的生防菌剂,以松材线虫为靶标,采用直接触杀法对植物根际放线菌和内生细菌进行了筛选,通过盆栽试验测定了筛选到的菌株发酵液对根结线虫的防治效果,并将有初步防效的菌株制成固体菌剂,分别测定单菌剂和复合菌剂的防效。共筛选到16株放线菌和4株内生细菌具有杀线虫活性,其中2株放线菌和3株内生细菌的发酵液对根结线虫防效明显;放线菌和内生细菌混合发酵液均保持了对根结线虫的抑制作用,但是放线菌和细菌菌株的固体菌剂混合后对根结线虫的防效低于细菌单菌株的防效。植物内生细菌BCM2和CCM7单菌株的固体菌剂对番茄根结线虫的防效最高,分别达到了83.31%和83.07%。表明高杀线虫活性的植物内生细菌制备的固体菌剂具有应用潜力。     

蜡质芽孢杆菌AR156对辣椒的防病促生机理研究

 蜡质芽孢杆菌AR156是南京农业大学与新沂中凯农用化工有限公司合作开发的生物农药。为了解AR156对辣椒的防病促生机制, 本文研究了AR156在温室条件下对青枯劳尔氏菌引起的辣椒青枯病的生防效果, 对辣椒的促生作用, 在辣椒根围的定殖能力, 诱导植物细胞防卫反应, 如活性氧积累和胼胝质沉积, 以及植物防御相关酶的活力。结果表明, 蜡质芽孢杆菌AR156对辣椒青枯病的温室防效高达73.31%。AR156的使用使辣椒植株干重增加 22.30%, 并能稳定的在辣椒根围定殖, 接种60 d后, 其定殖量为5×10⁵ cfu·g^-1FW。AR156预处理后挑战接种病原菌能诱导植株更迅速的产生细胞防卫反应, 并可显著提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活力。可见AR156菌株诱导的植物细胞防卫反应, 提高植物防御相关酶活和在辣椒根围稳定的定殖能力使其产生对病害的广谱抗性。研究还发现 AR156菌剂可增加辣椒叶片叶绿素的含量, 这可能是该菌剂促进辣椒生长的原因之一。     

4种微生物菌剂对辣椒主要病害的生物防治作用

本文选择4种不同微生物活性成分的生防菌剂,采用盆栽生物量测定、温室和田间小区试验对辣椒主要病害进行抗病效果及促生增产作用评价。结果表明,木霉-芽胞杆菌复合菌剂对辣椒的枯萎病、疫病、炭疽病和灰霉病防效分别达到72.2%、78.3%、71.9%和59.7%,枯草芽胞杆菌-粉红粘帚霉复合菌剂对辣椒4种病害的防效分别达到60.5%、62.1%、60.5%和50.9%;而淡紫紫孢菌菌剂只对辣椒炭疽病具有很好防效（77.5%）。同时,4种微生物菌剂对辣椒植株生物量均有显著促生作用,其中木霉-芽胞杆菌复合菌剂及枯草芽胞杆菌-粉红粘帚霉复合菌剂在盆栽试验中鲜重和干重增幅分别为132.79%、190.35%和211.80%、293.84%;两者在温室及田间小区试验中比对照增产182.3%、152.7%和65.0%、23.9%。本研究表明,生防菌剂可以替代化学药剂用于植物病害的防治,同时还能够促进作物植株生长,有增产作用。     

辣椒内生细菌的分离及拮抗菌的筛选

对健康辣椒植株体内的内生细菌及拮抗菌进行了分离筛选。结果表明 ,不同品种、部位及种植地 ,内生细菌的数量有所不同 ,品种间内生细菌的数量变化为 2 83× 1 0 3 ～ 1 346×1 0 4cfu/g(FW) ;各品种以叶片中内生细菌的数量最多 ,其次为根 ,再次为茎 ,果最少 ;不同种植地中 ,前作为水稻田种植辣椒叶片中内生细菌的数量比旱地种植的多 ,而根、茎、果中内生细菌的数量正相反。拮抗、防病测定表明 ,1 0 8株辣椒内生细菌中 ,有 2 8 7%的菌株对香蕉枯萎菌和黄瓜枯萎菌有拮抗作用 ;来自辣椒叶片和茎杆内的BS 2和BS 1两菌株 ,对 1 3种植物病原真菌有较强和稳定的拮抗作用 ,其中对辣椒炭疽病有 57 34%～ 94 0 8%的防病效果 ,并可以在辣椒体内定殖。经鉴定该两菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌。     

内生细菌EBS05在小麦体内的定殖动态及其对小麦纹枯病的防治作用

以抗药性突变菌株为筛选标记,采用稀释倒平板法,研究了内生细菌EBS05在小麦体内的定殖动态,并通过盆栽和大田试验研究了EBS05对小麦纹枯病的防治效果。结果表明,EBS05在小麦根内具有较强的定殖能力,且能从根部向茎、叶部转移,其定殖量与菌株的接种浓度呈正相关,当接种浓度为108 CFU/mL时,EBS05能在根、茎内有效定殖,并持续向叶内转移。以菌体浓度为108CFU/mL的发酵液进行浸种或灌根处理后,EBS05在根内定殖量始终大于同时期茎、叶内的定殖量;菌株在小麦根、茎和叶内的定殖数量均表现为接种初期逐渐增加,至接种后第10～12天达到最大值,随后逐渐降低。内生细菌EBS05对小麦纹枯病的防治效果优于对照药剂25 g/L咯菌腈（flu-dioxonil）悬浮种衣剂,带菌发酵液和除菌发酵液的盆栽防治效果分别达91.2%和88.2%,大田防治效果分别为66.3%和56.2%。     

接种嗜水气单胞菌对水稻降解毒死蜱的影响及作用机制

从受毒死蜱污染的禾本科植物水稻Oryza sativa L.中分离出一株具有毒死蜱降解活性的内生细菌ST6,经16S rRNA鉴定为嗜水气单胞菌Aeromonas hydrophila。用绿色荧光蛋白基因(gfp)标记后得到标记菌株ST6-gfp,该菌株能成功定殖到水稻植株中,通过平板回收试验得出ST6-gfp在水稻根部数量为7.0～7.2 log CFU/g,在茎叶中数量为4.9～5.1 log CFU/g。通过室内盆栽试验探究了该内生细菌定殖水稻后对毒死蜱降解的影响,并初步解析了作用机制。结果表明,内生菌的定殖可显著降低水稻植株中的毒死蜱含量并促进植株生长,与未接菌植株相比,接菌植株中的毒死蜱含量降低了58.3%,株高、鲜重和叶绿素含量分别增加了38.9%、69.5%和41.5%。在毒死蜱胁迫下,ST6-gfp定殖增强了水稻氧化还原酶系和解毒酶系的活力,其中,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）酶活性分别提升了1.1、1.3、1.2、1.8、1.22和1.7倍;细胞色素P...     

红树内生细菌RS261防治辣椒疫病机理的初步研究

 本研究从菌株内生定殖、促生、抑制和诱导防御酶活性4方面探讨了红树内生细菌RS261菌株防治辣椒疫病的机理。结果表明,该菌株能进入辣椒等多种陆生植物体内定殖,在辣椒体内的定殖时间达26d以上,且对辣椒生长表现有明显的促进作用;抑制作用测定发现,RS261能够分泌产生抗菌物质抑制辣椒疫霉菌丝的生长和游动孢子囊的形成;辣椒体内丙二醛(MDA)含量及防御性酶活测定结果显示,经过RS261培养液处理后,辣椒苗体内丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性等均较仅接种疫霉病菌的处理低,但可显著诱导辣椒体内苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)的活性。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.