浙江森林旅游资源及旅游线路的特色分析

通过对浙江省森林旅游资源的分析,概括了浙江森林旅游资源具有9个特色,提出了开发浙东水乡宗教文化游、浙西秀水钱江溯源游、浙南名山奇峰森林游、浙北竹乡民俗风情游4条森林旅游线路的构想,以此树立浙江森林旅游的整体形象.     

基于SWOT-AHP模型的森林公园旅游开发战略研究——以浙江丽水白云国家森林公园为例

浙江丽水白云国家森林公园拥有良好的生态与游憩环境等资源。目前该森林公园仍为开放式森林公园,存在景点发展不平衡和森林旅游产品开发策划不到位等问题,针对此问题,基于SWOT-AHP模型就森林公园的旅游开发战略定位进行了探索。对森林公园旅游开发的优势、劣势、机遇、挑战方面进行了定性和定量分析,构建了层次分析结构模型,计算了SWOT力度、战略方位角、战略强度系数,确定了适合浙江丽水白云国家森林公园的旅游开发战略。浙江丽水白云国家森林公园的优势>机遇>挑战>劣势。森林公园战略方位角θ为0～π/4,确定森林公园旅游开发属于实力型,战略强度系数为ρ=0.9559> 0.5,应采取正强度发展战略。通过SWOT-AHP模型分析,森林公园旅游开发应采取积极的增长型发展战略,开发以城郊休闲养生、森林自然教育、森林运动体验、森林文化旅游四大系列为主的森林旅游产品,以期为森林公园的旅游开发,资源保护,文化传承及可持续发展提供借鉴。     

浅析浙江森林旅游中人文景观的作用

介绍了浙江丰富的人文景观资源及人文景观的涵义、组成和特点,结合浙江森林旅游开展的实际情况,分析人文景观的作用,提倡森林旅游开发建设中要重视人文景观资源的保护和科学合理的利用.     

论森林文化旅游产品体系构建

森林旅游本质上是旅游者对森林文化的旅游经历与体验,但现实中森林文化内涵的缺乏严重制约着森林旅游的健康发展.针对这一问题,在分析森林旅游本质属性的基础上,基于旅游体验视角,依托营造氛围的森林文化旅游产品(A)、森林物质文化旅游产品(M)、森林行为文化旅游产品(B)、森林精神文化旅游产品(M)4个层次(A-MBM架构)构建了产品库式的森林文化旅游产品体系,并对各层次开发的具体内容进行了详细阐述.     

依托国家森林公园发展森林康养旅游的探讨--以浙江雁荡山国家森林公园为例北大核心

以浙江雁荡山国家森林公园为例,探讨森林康养旅游的发展。通过对浙江雁荡山国家森林公园的自然地理、景观资源和旅游现状等基本情况的分析,综合评价森林康养旅游的发展条件,结合宜人气候、独特地貌和丰富生物资源等有利条件,打造森林康养旅游;最后提出公园康养旅游发展设想和思路,进而策划环境、情致、运动和理疗四大类型旅游产品。     

依托国家森林公园发展森林康养旅游的探讨——以浙江雁荡山国家森林公园为例

以浙江雁荡山国家森林公园为例,探讨森林康养旅游的发展。通过对浙江雁荡山国家森林公园的自然地理、景观资源和旅游现状等基本情况的分析,综合评价森林康养旅游的发展条件,结合宜人气候、独特地貌和丰富生物资源等有利条件,打造森林康养旅游;最后提出公园康养旅游发展设想和思路,进而策划环境、情致、运动和理疗四大类型旅游产品。     

森林文化与森林旅游

森林旅游作为一种独特的旅游方式,越来越受到人们的青睐。现阐述森林文化与森林旅游的关系,探讨在森林旅游中注入、挖掘森林文化,开展文化层次的森林旅游的重要性,对当前发展森林旅游、保护森林资源具有借鉴意义。     

“文化融入+寓教于游+志工服务”森林旅游模式的建构

受传统游乐资源经营理念等因素影响,当前大陆森林旅游总体存在文化挖掘不足、自然资源的文化内涵难以有效融入教育、旅游过程服务人员质量跟不上、区域的森林旅游仍以经济效益为追求目标等问题,极大地影响了森林旅游的内涵和品质。分析、借鉴台湾森林游乐的开发现状及森林文化、自然教育、人员配置等方面在森林游乐开发过程的融合及具体做法,构建了新形势下基于"文化融入+寓教于游+志工服务"的大陆森林旅游建设模式,可以为大陆森林旅游模式的开发与建设提供辅助决策。     

森林体验与文化旅游在森林公园中的共生模式构建——以江西庐山山南国家森林公园为例

介绍国内外森林体验与文化旅游研究现状,以江西庐山山南国家森林公园养生基地建设实践为例,论述森林体验与文化旅游的共生模式。对庐山山南国家森林公园森林风景资源进行分类评价,提出森林体验和文化旅游共生发展的规划内容:以森林公园优美迤逦的森林景观、鬼斧神工的地质景观为主题,以森林体验和文化旅游为内核,将森林公园定位为"名山名瀑之境,翰墨遗香之地",并将森林公园布局为历史文化、茶文化、诗词文化、禅修文化、归宗文化五大功能区,结合森林公园的特点和总体定位,归纳出5类文化旅游与森林体验复合型产品体系,将森林公园打造一个集森林体验、文化旅游、科普观光、休闲养生于一体的多元综合型国家森林公园。     

瓦屋山森林生态文化的保护与传承

森林旅游作为新兴的林业产业,必须站在保护生态文明建设成果的高度上,发掘和传承森林生态文化,全面加强和促进森林生态文化的健康发展。洪雅瓦屋山是国家级森林公园和四川省级地质公园和自然保护区,在保护自然生态、开发森林旅游的同时,亟待高度重视森林生态文化的保护与传承,充分实现文化与旅游的有机融合。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.