不同类型玉米饲用栽培的营养品质研究

试验于2001～2002年对三个不同类型5个玉米品种饲用栽培的营养品质进行了系统研究.结果表明不同类型玉米品种各器官营养成分含量不同,营养成分在各器官中的分配也不相同,植株干物质各营养成分含量也因品种而异.就营养成分含量而言,粗蛋白含量科多8号最高,而科青1号最低,中单9409、东陵白及掖单13居中;粗脂肪含量粮饲兼用型玉米品种较高,普通型玉米品种其次,二者均高于青贮专用型;粗纤维含量青贮专用型玉米品种较高,粮饲兼用型玉米品种居中,普通型玉米品种最低;无氮浸出物的含量普通型玉米品种＞粮饲兼用型玉米品种＞青贮专用型玉米品种;粗灰分含量青贮专用型玉米品种大于普通型玉米品种与粮饲兼用型玉米品种.由于干物质中营养成分含量的不同及干物质积累量的不同,营养成分积累量不同类型品种间也存在一定的差异性.     

施钾对华北高寒区饲用玉米产量与营养品质的影响

在冀西北高寒区旱砂地条件下,研究钾肥施用量对饲用玉米产量和营养品质、根系吸收能力的影响。结果表明,施钾肥显著提高了饲用玉米的生物产量,增产5.3%～27.7%;施钾肥降低了粗蛋白、粗脂肪、全磷含量,显著增加了粗纤维、粗灰分和全钾含量,增加幅度分别为6.9%、18.0%和85.9%,3个施钾肥处理生物累积量分别提高36.1%、50.4%和137.1%;施钾肥明显提高了伤流强度、各养分流量和钾离子浓度,其中,钾离子流量和浓度分别提高240.7%和42.9%,降低了茎基部伤流液中全氮和无机磷的浓度。均衡养分管理是提高饲用玉米产量及肥料效应的关键。     

试论饲用玉米应用中的几个问题

饲用玉米分4个类型:①以子粒为原料的饲用玉米;②以茎、叶为原料的青饲玉米;③以子粒和茎叶为原料的粮饲兼用玉米;④以整株玉米(含果穗)为原料的青贮玉米.后两种类型为我国饲用玉米的发展方向.引进bm1和bm,基因,开展以提高茎秆品质为目标的育种工作,具有现实意义。     

应用体外产气法研究柱花草的饲用价值

以10个柱花草品种(品系)为试材,测定其营养成分及单宁含量,并结合体外产气法测定其体外干物质消化率和产气量。结果表明,饲料相对值RFV从大到小的排列顺序为:热研2号TPRC90028TPRC90089热研18号热研7号热研10号907CIAT11362热研5号热研13号;柱花草具有粗蛋白含量、代谢能含量较高,中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维含量适中,单宁含量低,体外干物质消化率较高等特点,是一种优良的热带豆科牧草。     

马来西亚饲用红麻的最新研究进展

在大多数红麻生产国，红麻传统上是作纤维用。马来西亚的气候条件非常适合红麻生长。由于红麻特别是在其嫩枝中蛋白含量高，故对红麻作为反刍动物的饲料作物进行了研究。在马来西亚，通常是在红麻播种后6周时收获一次，随后每6周收获2次。生长6周左右的红麻，干物质中粗蛋白含量为18％-30％。大规模种植红麻是可行的，其产量约达到每公顷10吨。红麻可以开发成不同类型的饲料如片状、粒状、粉状，直接喂养或作青贮饲料。本文介绍了这些饲料的制造全过程。红麻作为饲料的适口性对包括牛、山羊等在内各种反刍动物进行了研究。喂养试验表明牛饲料中红麻的比例为20％-30％时，最佳生长速度为日增重0．66—0．71kg，喂养山羊时饲料中红麻比例可替代50％豆粉饲料(SBM)，当红麻含量超过50％时，将导致降低动物营养的消化性能，影响动物的生长。为评价红麻对抑制动物寄生病的效果，对感病山羊进行了短期研究。在33天以上的试验期中，与对照相比，发现红麻可以降低69％的排泄量(FEC)。研究表明在小的反刍动物中，红麻具有控制寄生病的潜力，红麻是一种非常具有前景的动物饲料蛋白源，并具有商品化生产的潜力。     

应用体外产气法研究3种农业废弃物对黑山羊的饲用价值

为了测定甘蔗尾叶、香蕉茎秆、菠萝叶3种热带农业废弃物对海南黑山羊的饲用价值,采用体外产气法测定3种热带农业废弃物的体外干物质消化率和产气量,并测定其营养成分和单宁含量.结果表明:甘蔗尾叶、香蕉茎秆、菠萝叶的体外于物质消化率(IVDMD)依次为49.68％、61.86％和79.56％,饲料相对值(RFV)依次为62.65％、77.23％和139.81％.总产气量(GP)、IVDMD与粗蛋白质(CP)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)均呈负相关,RFV与CP和总能量(GE)呈不显著正相关,而与ADF和NDF呈显著负相关(p＜0.05).综上所述,甘蔗尾叶、香蕉茎秆、菠萝叶对于海南黑山羊均具有一定的饲用价值,可作为黑山羊的粗饲料;在3种废弃物中,菠萝叶的饲用价值最高.     

木薯叶的营养价值、抗营养因子及其在生猪生产中的应用

人口膨胀导致的世界范围内谷物资源短缺,使人们迫切需要研发新的非常规饲料资源用于家畜生产。木薯叶作为木薯副产物,在热带和亚热带地区产量巨大。木薯叶是良好的蛋白质和氨基酸来源,含有比较丰富的矿物质和维生素,然而抗营养因子（如单宁、氢氰酸）限制了木薯叶在单胃动物上的应用。本文主要综述了木薯叶的营养价值、抗营养因子以及在育肥猪和妊娠母猪生产中的应用。     

叶考拉F70及其后代在中国小麦品质改良中的应用

品质和产量同步改良是小麦育种的重要目标.自20世纪70年代开始,本研究利用来自CIM-MYT的优质小麦叶考拉F70(Yecora F70)进行品质育种,先后育成优质面包小麦品系京771和中作8131-1、中优9507、中优206等三个优质强筋小麦新品种,产量水平得到逐步提高.中优206较好地实现了优质和高产的结合.中作8131-1及其衍生系已成为中国小麦品质育种的重要优质源之一.本文系统介绍了Yecora F70及其后代在品质育种中应用的最新进展,目的是为中国小麦品质育种提供方法和经验.     

固体发酵技术在油料饼粕合成高附加值微生物代谢产物中的研究进展

随着加工技术的快速发展,油料饼粕简单直接的低值化应用已经无法满足产业的需求,如何将其合理转化为高附加值产品是当前社会亟需解决的问题.固体发酵技术由于具有高效、节能、环保等优势而备受关注.近年来,越来越多的研究者针对油料饼粕的特性,利用高通量筛选、代谢工程和人工诱变等方法获得了大量能够有效利用油料饼粕的微生物,以合成高附...     

Research progress of vegetable oil and derivative in microbial fermentation for high-value-added metabolite production

Vegetable oil and derivative,as well as waste cooking oil,are important resources for microbial fermentation to produce high-value-added metabolites.Diversity of their compositions not only provides more choices for the fermentation by different microorganisms,but also is a challenge for their systematic utilization.According to the previous literature,4 main functions of vegetable oil and derivative can be summarized,such as carbon source,precursor,inducer and cell protectant during fermentation process.Currently,there is still insufficient knowledge about application of vegetable oil and derivative for high-value-added metabolite production.Therefore,this article firstly presented a comprehensive summary of compositions of vegetable oils and their derivatives,variety of corresponding microbial metabolites,limiting factors and optimization of fermentation process.     

Processing of maize germ oil cake into edible food grade meal and evaluation of its protein quality

The commercial oil cake produced during expeller pressing of maize germ, was extracted with n-hexane and 80 percent ethanol followed by seiving to remove undesirable materials. In defatted maize germ oil cake (DMGOC): protein, starch, fat, crude fiber (CF) and ash were respectively 24.69, 36.55, 5.68, 7.56 and 3.90 percent and they decrease after processing except ash, which increased slightly. It contains better quality protein having only 3 percent zein and 47 percent albumin. Its amino acids like lysine and tryptophan and biological value (BV) were higher than that of whole maize grain, and was comparable with that of the amino acid requirement of preschool children and casein diets both. Its digestible energy (DE) was lower compared with whole maize grain as well as the casein diets. After processing albumin, globulin and zein decreased whereas glutelin and the residual fraction increased. Not much differences were observed in chemical composition and different amino acids, in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD), true digestibility (TD), BV and DE improved after processing.     

Influence of the cultivar,environment and management on the grain yield and bread-making quality in winter wheat

The genotype, environment and their interaction play an important role in the grain yielding and grain quality attributes. The main aim of this study was to determine the contributions of the genotype, environment and their interaction to the variation in bread-making traits. The data that were used for the analyses performed in this study were obtained from 3 locations in Poland from post-registration multi-environment trials with winter wheat in 2009 and 2010. The experimental factors were the cultivar (7 cultivars) and the crop management level (low input and high input). In the multi-environment trials, 17 traits were investigated that characterize grain, flour and dough quality. Most of the traits were affected much more strongly by environmental factors (i.e., year and location) than by genotype. The variance components revealed an especially strong effect of the year on the baking score, loaf volume and water absorption, as well a strong effect of the location on dough development and protein content. The obtained results demonstrate that the grain quality as measured by the parameters based on the protein content and quality may be substantially improved by crop management practices, especially by N fertilization level.